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Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

by: Cummings, Michael

Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

by: Cummings, Michael

ISBN 13: 9780534523725
ISBN 10: 0534523722
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/30/1999
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Preface

xix

Genetics as a Human Endeavor

(13)

Welcome to Genetics

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Genetic Disorders in Culture and Art

(1)

What are Genes and How do They Work?

(1)

How are Genes Transmitted From Parents to Offspring?

(1)

How do Scientists Study Genes?

(3)

Approaches to the Study of Genetics

(2)

Basic and Applied Research

(1)

What is the Historical Impact of Genetics on Society?

(1)

Genetics and Social Policy

(1)

Eugenics and Immigration Laws

(1)

Eugenics and Reproductive Rights

(1)

Eugenics and the Nazi Movement

(1)

When did Human Genetics Get Started?

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Genetics, Eugenics, and Nazi Germany

(1)

Where is Human Genetics Going in the Future?

(2)

Internet Activities

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Cells, Chromosomes, and Cell Division

(32)

Two Main Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

(1)

Cell Structure Reflects Function

(7)

There is a Wide Range of Cell Sizes

(1)

The Plasma Membrane and the Cytoplasm Are Two Cellular Domains

(1)

Organelles Are Specialized Structures in the Cytoplasm

(4)

Guest Essay Exploring Membranes

(1)

Anne Walter

Chromosomes Have a Characteristic Structure

(2)

The Cell Cycle Describes the Life History of A Cell

(2)

Interphase Has Three Stages

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Sea Urchins, Cyclins, and Cancer

(5)

Cell Division by Mitosis Occurs in Four Stages

(5)

Mitosis is Essential for Growth and Cell Replacement

(1)

Cell Division by Meiosis: The Basis of Sex

(7)

Meiosis I Reduces the Chromosome Number

(2)

Meiosis II Begins with Haploid Cells

(1)

Meiosis Produces New Combinations of Genes in Two Ways

(5)

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis are Processes That Form Gametes

(3)

Case Studies

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(2)

Internet Activities

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Transmission of Genes from Generation to Generation

(28)

Heredity: How Does it Work?

(1)

Mendel's Experimental Approach Resolved Many Unanswered Questions

(2)

Crossing Pea Plants: The Principle of Segregation

(2)

Results and Conclusions from Mendel's First Series of Crosses

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Ockham's Razor

(3)

Inheritance of a Single Trait: The Principle of Segregation

(2)

More Crosses With Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment

(3)

Crosses Involving Two Traits

(1)

Methods, Results, and Conclusions

(1)

The Principle of Independent Assortment

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Evaluating Results---The Chi-Square Test

(2)

Meiosis Explains Mendel's Results: Genes are on Chromosomes

(2)

Many Genes Have More Than Two Alleles

(1)

Variations on a Theme by Mendel

(2)

Both Codominant Alleles are Expressed in the Phenotype

(1)

Incomplete Dominance Has a Distinctive Phenotype

(1)

The Concepts of Dominance and Recessiveness

(1)

Mendelian Inheritance in Humans

(2)

Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Solving Genetics Problems

(3)

Case Studies

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(2)

Internet Activities

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Pedigree Analysis in Human Genetics

(36)

Humans as a Subject for Genetics

(1)

Pedigree Construction is a Basic Method in Human Genetics

(2)

There is a Catalog of Mendelian Genetic Disorders

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Was Noah an Albino?

(1)

Autosomal Recessive Traits

(6)

Cystic Fibrosis is a Recessive Trait

(3)

Sickle Cell Anemia Is a Recessive Trait

(2)

Autosomal Dominant Traits

(3)

The Pattern of Inheritance for Autosomal Dominant Traits

(1)

Marfan Syndrome Is an Autosomal Dominant Trait

(3)

Sex-Linked Inheritance Involves Genes on the X and Y Chromosomes

(7)

X-Linked Dominant Inheritance

(1)

X-Linked Recessive Inheritance

(2)

Muscular Dystrophy Is an X-Linked Recessive Trait

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Hemophilia and History

(1)

Y-Linked Inheritance Involves Transmission from Male to Male

(1)

Mitochondrial Inheritance is From Mother to Offspring

(1)

Several Factors Cause Variations in Gene Expression

(1)

Temperature and Gene Expression

(1)

Guest Essay Nothing in Biology Makes Sense without Evolution

(2)

Michael Rose

Age and Gene Expression

(1)

Penetrance and Expressivity Are Variations in Gene Expression

(1)

Genes on the Same Chromosome are Linked

100

(1)

Using Linkage and Recombination Frequencies to Make Genetic Maps

101

(1)

Linkage and Recombination can be Measured by a Lod Score

102

(2)

Case Studies

104

(1)

Summary

105

(1)

Questions and Problems

105

(3)

Internet Activities

108

(1)

For Further Reading

108

(2)

Polygenes and Multifactorial Inheritance

110

(30)

Some Traits are Controlled by Two or More Genes

111

(1)

Polygenes and Variations in Phenotype

112

(5)

The Additive Model for Polygenic Inheritance

115

(1)

Averaging Out the Phenotype: Regression to the Mean

116

(1)

Polygenes and the Environment: Multifactorial Traits

117

(1)

Threshold Effects and the Expression of Multifactorial Traits

117

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Is Autism a Genetic Disorder?

118

(1)

Estimating the Interaction between Genotype and Environment

119

(1)

Phenotypic Variation is Measured by Heritability

119

(2)

Heritability Estimates are Based on Genetic Relatedness

119

(1)

Using Fingerprints to Estimate Heritability

120

(1)

Twin Studies and Multifactorial Traits

121

(5)

The Biology of Twins

122

(1)

Concordance and Twins

123

(1)

Using Twins to Study Obesity

124

(1)

Genetic Clues to Obesity

125

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Twins, Quintuplets, and Armadillos

126

(1)

A Survey of Some Multifactorial Traits

127

(9)

Cardiovascular Disease Has Genetic and Environmental Components

127

(3)

Skin Color Is a Multifactorial Trait

130

(2)

Intelligence and IQ: Are They Related?

132

(2)

The Controversy about IQ and Race

134

(1)

Searching for Genes That Control Intelligence

135

(1)

Case Studies

136

(1)

Summary

137

(1)

Questions and Problems

137

(1)

Internet Activities

138

(1)

For Further Reading

138

(2)

Cytogenetics

140

(34)

The Human Chromosome Set

141

(3)

Concepts and Controversies Making a Karyotype

144

(2)

Analyzing Chromosomes and Karyotypes

146

(2)

Getting Cells for Chromosome Studies

146

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Using Fetal Cells from the Mother's Blood

148

(3)

Amniocentesis Collects Cells from the Fluid Surrounding the Fetus

148

(2)

Chorionic Villus Sampling Retrieves Fetal Tissue from the Placenta

150

(1)

Variations in Chromosomal Number

151

(6)

Polyploidy Changes the Number of Chromosomal Sets

151

(2)

Aneuploidy Changes the Number of Individual Chromosomes

153

(1)

Monosomy Is Rare

153

(1)

Trisomy is Relatively Common

154

(3)

What are the Risks for Autosomal Trisomy?

157

(1)

Maternal Age Is the Leading Risk Factor for Trisomy

157

(1)

Why Is Age a Risk Factor?

158

(1)

Aneuploidy of the Sex Chromosomes

158

(4)

Turner Syndrome (45,X)

158

(2)

Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)

160

(1)

XYY Syndrome (47,XYY)

161

(1)

Aneuploidy of the Sex Chromosomes: Some Conclusions

161

(1)

Structural Alterations Within Chromosomes

162

(4)

Deletions Involve Loss of Chromosomal Material

163

(1)

Translocations Involve Exchange of Chromosomal Parts

164

(2)

What are Some Consequences of Aneuploidy?

166

(1)

Other Forms of Chromosomal Abnormalities

167

(3)

Uniparental Disomy

167

(1)

Fragile Sites

167

(3)

Case Studies

170

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

Questions and Problems

171

(1)

Internet Activities

172

(1)

For Further Reading

172

(2)

Development and Sex Determination

174

(26)

Human Development from Fertilization to Birth

175

(6)

Human Development Is Divided into Three Stages

178

(3)

Birth Occurs in Stages

181

(1)

Reproduction and Technology

181

(2)

Contraception Uncouples Sexual Intercourse from Pregnancy

181

(1)

Technology Expands Reproductive Choices

182

(1)

Teratogens Pose a Risk to the Developing Fetus

183

(2)

Little Is Known about Teratogens

184

(1)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

184

(1)

Sex Determination in Humans

185

(2)

Chromosomes Can Help Determine Sex

185

(2)

The Sex Ratio in Humans

187

(1)

Sex Differentiation Follows Sex Determination

187

(1)

Chromosomal Sex and Phenotypic Sex

187

(1)

Events in Embryogenesis Begin Sex Differentiation

187

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Sex Testing in International Athletics---Is It Necessary?

188

(3)

Genetic Control of Sexual Differentiation

191

(2)

Androgen Insensitivity and Phenotypic Sex

192

(1)

Gene Expression and Sexual Phenotype

192

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Joan of Arc---Was It Really John of Arc?

193

(1)

Dosage Compensation and the X Chromosome

193

(4)

Expression of Genes on the X Chromosome

193

(1)

Barr Bodies and X Inactivation

194

(1)

Females are Mosaics for X-Linked Genes

195

(1)

Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Traits

196

(1)

Case Studies

197

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Questions and Problems

198

(1)

Internet Activities

199

(1)

For Further Reading

199

(1)

DNA Structure and Chromosomal Organization

200

(19)

DNA Carries Genetic Information

202

(1)

Transfer of Genetic Traits in Bacteria

202

(1)

Concepts and Controversies DNA as a Commercial Product

203

(1)

DNA Is a Part of Chromosomes

203

(1)

Watson, Crick, and the Structure of DNA

204

(7)

Reviewing Some Basic Chemistry

204

(1)

Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids

205

(1)

DNA Is a Double Helix

206

(4)

RNA Is Single-Stranded

210

(1)

DNA is Coiled With Proteins to Form Chromosomes

211

(3)

The Mitochondrial Chromosome Is a Circular DNA Molecule

211

(1)

Nuclear Chromosomes Have a Complex Structure

211

(3)

DNA Replication Depends on Base Pairing

214

(1)

Case Studies

215

(1)

Summary

216

(1)

Questions and Problems

216

(1)

Internet Activities

217

(1)

For Further Reading

218

(1)

Gene Expression: How Proteins Are Made

219

(21)

The Link Between Genes and Proteins

220

(2)

Genes and Metabolism

221

(1)

The Relationship between Genes and Enzymes

221

(1)

How is Genetic Information Stored in DNA?

222

(1)

The Flow of Genetic Information is a Multistep Process

222

(4)

Transcription Produces Genetic Messages

223

(1)

Genes Can Have a Complex Internal Organization

224

(1)

Messenger RNA Is Processed and Spliced

224

(1)

Translation Requires the Interaction of Several Components

225

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis

226

(4)

The Genetic Code: The Key to Life

230

(1)

The Polypeptide Product of Translation

231

(5)

Proteins Have Several Levels of Structure

232

(1)

Proteins Have Many Functions

232

(4)

Case Studies

236

(1)

Summary

236

(1)

Questions and Problems

237

(2)

Internet Activities

239

(1)

For Further Reading

239

(1)

From Proteins to Phenotypes

240

(27)

The Role of Proteins

241

(1)

Proteins are the Link Between Genotype and Phenotype

242

(1)

Metabolic Pathways and Genetic Disorders

242

(3)

Phenylketonuria: A Defect in Amino Acid Metabolism

244

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Garrod and Metabolic Disease

245

(3)

Other Metabolic Disorders in the Phenylalanine Pathway

246

(1)

Defects in Carbohydrate Metabolism

246

(2)

Concepts and Controversies Dietary Management and Metabolic Disorders

248

(2)

Mutations in Receptor Proteins: Familial Hypercholesterolemia

250

(2)

The Globin Genes: Unlocking the Protein-Phenotype Link

252

(8)

Sickle Cell Anemia

255

(1)

Other Hemoglobin Variants

256

(1)

Thalassemias

257

(2)

Treatment of Hemoglobin Disorders by Gene Switching

259

(1)

Pharmacogenetics and Ecogenetics

260

(3)

Taste and Smell Differences: We Live in Different Sensory Worlds

260

(1)

Drug Sensitivities are Genetic Traits

261

(1)

Pesticide Metabolism

262

(1)

Case Studies

263

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Questions and Problems

264

(2)

Internet Activities

266

(1)

For Further Reading

266

(1)

Mutation: The Source of Genetic Variation

267

(23)

The Nature of Mutation

268

(1)

Detecting Mutations

269

(1)

Measuring Mutation Rates

270

(2)

Gene-Specific Mutation Rates

271

(1)

Factors That Influence the Mutation Rate

271

(1)

Enrivonmental Factors That Influence Mutation Rates

272

(3)

Radiation Is One Source of Mutations

272

(1)

How Much Radiation Are We Exposed To?

273

(1)

Action of Chemical Mutagens

274

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Irradiated Food

275

(1)

Mutation at the Molecular Level: DNA as a Target

276

(5)

Nucleotide Substitutions

276

(2)

Deletions and Insertions

278

(1)

Trinucleotide Repeats, Gene Expansion, and Mutation

279

(1)

Allelic Expansion and Anticipation

280

(1)

DNA Repair Mechanisms

281

(1)

DNA Repair Systems

281

(1)

Genetic Disorders and DNA Repair

282

(1)

Mutation, Genotypes, and Phenotypes

282

(1)

Mutation Can Cause a Range of Phenotypes

283

(1)

Genomic Imprinting: Reversible Alterations to the Genome

283

(2)

Case Studies

285

(1)

Summary

286

(1)

Questions and Problems

286

(2)

Internet Activities

288

(1)

For Further Reading

289

(1)

An Introduction to Cloning and Recombinant DNA

290

(23)

What are Clones?

291

(4)

Plants Can Be Cloned from Single Cells

292

(1)

Animals Can Be Cloned by Several Methods

293

(2)

Cloning Genes is a Multistep Process

295

(7)

Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific Sites

295

(1)

Vectors Serve as Carriers of DNA

296

(2)

Steps in the Process of Cloning DNA

298

(4)

Concepts and Controversies Asilomar: Scientists Get Involved

302

(1)

Cloned Libraries

302

(1)

Finding a Specific Clone in a Library

303

(1)

A Revolution in Cloning: The Polymerase Chain Reaction

303

(2)

Analyzing Cloned Sequences

305

(3)

Southern Blotting

305

(1)

DNA Sequencing

306

(2)

Guest Essay The Human Genome Project: Reading Our Own Genetic Blueprint

308

(1)

Francis Sellers Collins

Case Studies

309

(1)

Summary

310

(1)

Questions and Problems

310

(2)

Internet Activities

312

(1)

For Further Reading

312

(1)

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

313

(27)

Recombinant DNA Techniques Have Revolutionized Human Gene Mapping

314

(5)

RFLPs Are Heritable Genetic Markers

315

(2)

Mapping Genes Using RFLPs

317

(1)

Mapping the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis: RFLPs and Positional Cloning

317

(2)

Mapping at the Chromosomal Level

319

(1)

Prenatal and Presymptomatic Testing for Genetic Disorders

319

(3)

Prenatal Testing for Sickle Cell Anemia

320

(1)

Preimplantation Testing

321

(1)

Presymptomatic Testing for Genetic Disorders

321

(1)

DNA Chips and Genetic Testing

321

(1)

DNA Fingerprinting

322

(4)

Minisatellites and VNTRs

323

(1)

Forensic Applications of DNA Fingerprinting

324

(1)

Other Applications of DNA Fingerprinting

325

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Death of a Czar

326

(1)

The Human Genome Project is an international Effort

327

(3)

The Genome Project Has Several Steps

327

(2)

The Human Genome Project: A Progress Report

329

(1)

Gene Transfer Technology Has Many Applications

330

(4)

The Rise of Biotechnology

330

(1)

Bio-Pharming: Making Human Proteins in Animals

330

(2)

Genetic Disorders Can Be Corrected by Gene Therapy

332

(1)

New Plants and Animals Can Be Created by Gene Transfer

333

(1)

Ethical Questions About Cloning and Recombinant DNA

334

(2)

Case Studies

336

(1)

Summary

337

(1)

Questions and Problems

337

(2)

Internet Activities

339

(1)

For Further Reading

339

(1)

Genes and Cancer

340

(27)

Cancers and Malignant Tumors

342

(1)

Mutations in Specific Genes Can Predispose to Cancer

342

(2)

Tumor Suppressor Genes, Oncogenes, and the Cell Cycle

344

(4)

Retinoblastoma Is Caused by Mutation in a Tumor Suppressor Gene

344

(2)

The Search for Breast Cancer Genes

346

(2)

Oncogenes and Cancer

348

(4)

Rous Sarcoma Virus and the Discovery of Oncogenes

348

(2)

The Conversion of Proto-Oncogenes to Oncogenes

350

(2)

A Genetic Model for Cancer: Colon Cancer

352

(2)

Genomic Changes and Cancer

354

(1)

DNA Repair Mutations Can Result in Genomic Instability

354

(1)

Gatekeeper and Caretaker Genes: Insights from Colon Cancer

354

(1)

Chromosome Changes and Cancer

355

(2)

Chromosome Rearrangements and Leukemias

355

(1)

Translocations, Hybird Genes, and Leukemias

356

(1)

Cancer and the Environment

357

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Epidemiology, Asbestos, and Cancer

358

(2)

Epidemiology and Links to Environmental Factors

358

(1)

Occupational Hazards and Cancer Risk

359

(1)

Guest Essay A Journey through Science

360

(2)

Bruce Ames

Environmental Factors and Cancer

360

(1)

Behavior and Cancer

361

(1)

Case Studies

362

(1)

Summary

363

(1)

Questions and Problems

363

(2)

Internet Activities

365

(1)

For Further Reading

365

(2)

Genetics of the Immune System

367

(27)

The Immune System Defends the Body Against Infection

368

(1)

The Inflammatory Responses is a General Reaction

369

(2)

Nonspecific Responses are Activated by the Inflammatory Reaction

369

(1)

The Complement System Kills Microorganisms Directly

370

(1)

The Immune Response is a Specific Defense Against Infection

371

(7)

An Overview of the Immune Response

371

(2)

The Antibody-Mediated Immune Response Involves Several Steps

373

(1)

Antibodies are Molecular Weapons against Antigens

374

(1)

Antibody Genes Undergo Recombination in B Cells

375

(1)

T Cells Mediate the Cellular Immune Response

376

(1)

The Immune System Has a Memory Function

377

(1)

Blood Types are Determined by Cell-Surface Antigens

378

(2)

ABO Blood Typing Allows Safe Blood Transfusions

379

(1)

Rh Blood Types Can Cause Immune Reactions between Mother and Fetus

379

(1)

Organ Transplants Must be Immunologically Matched

380

(3)

Successful Transplants Depend on HLA Matching

381

(1)

Animal-Human Organ Transplants

381

(2)

The HLA System and Disease Associations

383

(1)

Disorders of the Immune System

383

(3)

Overreaction in the Immune System Causes Allergies

383

(2)

Autoimmune Reactions Cause the Immune System to Attack the Body

385

(1)

Genetic Disorders Can Impair the Immune System

385

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Why Bee Stings Can Be Fatal

386

(3)

AIDS Attacks the Immune System

387

(2)

Guest Essay Medicine---A Scientific Safari

389

(1)

M. Michael Glovsky

Case Studies

390

(1)

Summary

390

(1)

Questions and Problems

391

(1)

Internet Activities

392

(1)

For Further Reading

392

(2)

Genetics of Behavior

394

(27)

Models, Methods, and Phenotypes in Studying Behavior

396

(2)

Genetic Models of Inheritance and Behavior

396

(1)

Methods of Studying Behavior Genetics

397

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Is Going to Medical School a Genetic Trait?

398

(1)

Phenotypes: How Is Behavior Defined?

398

(1)

Animal Models: The Search for Behavior Genes

399

(2)

Open-Field Behavior in Mice

399

(1)

Learning in Drosophila

399

(2)

Single-Gene Effects on Human Behavior

401

(3)

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome Is a Disorder of Nucleic Acid Metabolism

401

(1)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Affects Nerve Fibers

402

(1)

Huntington Disease Is an Adult Onset Disorder

403

(1)

Single Genes, Aggressive Behavior, and Brain Metabolism

404

(2)

Mapping a Gene for Aggression

405

(1)

Problems with Single-Gene Models

406

(1)

The Genetics of Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

406

(3)

Mood Disorders: Unipolar and Bipolar Illnesses

406

(2)

Schizophrenia Has a Complex Phenotype

408

(1)

Concepts and Controversies The Link between Madness and Genius

409

(1)

Genetics and Social Behavior

410

(4)

Tourette Syndrome Affects Speech and Behavior

410

(1)

Alzheimer Disease Has Genetic and Nongenetic Components

410

(2)

Alcoholism Has Several Components

412

(1)

Sexual Orientation is a Multifactorial Trait

413

(1)

Guest Essay Neurogenetics: From Mutants to Molecules

414

(1)

Summing Up: The Current Status of Human Behavior Genetics

415

(2)

Case Studies

417

(1)

Summary

417

(1)

Questions and Problems

418

(1)

Internet Activities

419

(1)

For Further Reading

419

(2)

Genes in Populations

421

(20)

The Population as a Genetic Reservoir

423

(2)

Measuring Allele Frequencies in Populations

425

(2)

Codominant Allele Frequencies Can Be Measured Directly

425

(1)

Recessive Allele Frequencies Cannot by Measured Directly

426

(1)

Concepts and Controversies The Thrifty Genotype

427

(1)

The Hardy-Weinberg Law: Measuring Allele and Genotype Frequencies

427

(2)

Assumptions for the Hardy-Weinberg Law

428

(1)

Calculating Allele and Genotype Frequencies

428

(1)

Populations Can Be in Genetic Equilibrium

429

(1)

Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law in Human Genetics

429

(6)

Autosomal Dominant and Recessive Alleles

430

(1)

Autosomal Codominant Alleles

430

(1)

X-Linked Traits

430

(1)

Multiple Alleles

431

(1)

Estimating the Frequency of Heterozygotes in a Population

431

(4)

Anthropology, Population Structure, and Genetics

435

(3)

Case Studies

438

(1)

Summary

438

(1)

Questions and Problems

439

(1)

Internet Activities

439

(1)

For Further Reading

440

(1)

Human Diversity and Evolution

441

(27)

Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations

442

(5)

New Alleles are Generated by Mutation

443

(1)

Genetic Drift Can Change Allele Frequencies

444

(1)

Natural Selection Acts on Variation in Populations

445

(2)

Selection and the Genetic History of a Population

447

(1)

Natural Selection and the Frequency of Genetic Disorders

447

(1)

Human Activity as a Force in Changing Allele Frequencies

448

(6)

Migration Reduces Genetic Variation between Populations

448

(2)

Mate Selection Is Usually Nonrandom

450

(1)

Culture Is a Force in Altering Allele Frequencies

451

(3)

Genetic Variation in Human Populations

454

(2)

The Spread of Polymorphisms

454

(1)

Measuring Gene Flow among Populations

455

(1)

The Question of Race

456

(2)

Races as Subspecies

457

(1)

Are There Human Races?

457

(1)

Human Genetic Variation: Summing Up

458

(1)

Primate Evolution and Human Origins

458

(4)

Humanlike Hominids Appeared about Four Million Years Ago

458

(2)

The Genus Homo Appeared about Two Million Years Ago

460

(1)

Homo Erectus Originated in Africa

461

(1)

Concepts and Controversies Tool Time: Did Homo erectus Use Killer Frisbees?

462

(1)

The Appearance and Spread of Homo Sapiens

463

(2)

Two Theories Differ on How and Where Homo sapiens Originated

463

(1)

The Spread of Humans Across the World

464

(1)

Case Studies

465

(1)

Summary

465

(1)

Questions and Problems

466

(1)

Internet Activities

466

(1)

For Further Reading

467

(1)

Genetic Screening and Genetic Counseling

468

(20)

Genetic Screening

469

(5)

Newborn and Carrier Screening

470

(2)

Occupational Screening

472

(1)

Reproductive Screening

473

(1)

Prenatal Testing

474

(4)

Ultrasonography

475

(1)

Fetoscopy

476

(1)

Testing Embryonic Blastomeres

476

(1)

Risks and Problems Associated with Prenatal Testing

477

(1)

Genetic Counseling

478

(1)

Who are Genetic Counselors?

478

(1)

Concepts and Controversies The Business of Making Babies

479

(3)

Reasons to Seek Genetic Counseling

480

(1)

How Does Genetic Counseling Work?

480

(2)

Future Directions

482

(1)

The Impact of Genetic Testing and Genetic Screening

482

(3)

Personal Consequences

482

(1)

Social Consequences

483

(1)

Legal Implications

484

(1)

Case Studies

485

(1)

Summary

485

(1)

Questions and Problems

486

(1)

Internet Activities

487

(1)

For Further Reading

488

Appendix A Probability

A-a

Appendix B Answers to Selected Questions and Problems

B-a

Glossary

G-a

Credits

C-a

Index

I-a

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Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

Human Heredity (with InfoTrac) Principles and Issues

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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