THE BASICS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

1. INTRODUCING PUBLIC SPEAKING
   What Is Public Speaking?
   Why Study Public Speaking?
   Using Public Speaking as a Student
   Video 1.1: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms”
   Using Public Speaking in Your Career
   Using Public Speaking in Your Community
   Public Speaking: A Great Tradition
   Public Speaking: A Dynamic Discipline
   From Linear to Transactional: Evolving Views of the Public Speaking Process
   New Technologies, New Channels
   Awareness of Audiences’ Cultural Diversity
    Video 1.2: “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”
   Emphasis on Critical Thinking
   A Focus on Free, Engaged, and Ethical Communication
   Chapter Review


2. DEVELOPING YOUR FIRST SPEECH
   Why Prepare?
   The Classical Approach to Speech Preparation
   Preparing and Delivering Your First Speech
   Analyze Your Audience
   Select Your Topic
   Determine Your Speech’s Rhetorical Purpose
   Create a Thesis Statement
   Determine Your Main Points
   Video 2.1: “Previews, Transitions, and Summaries”
   Develop Supporting Materials
   Organize and Outline the Body of Your Speech
   Outline Your Introduction and Conclusion
   Key Term: Introduction
   Key Term: Conclusion
   Incorporate Transitions
   Key Term: Transition
   Consider Your Word Choice
   Consider Presentation Aids
   Practice Your Speech
   Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery
   Video 2.2: “Lui, Preventing Cyberbullying”
   Deliver Your Speech
   Video 2.3: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”
   Overcoming Speech Anxiety
   Prepare Early and Follow a Plan
   Practice Your Speech
   Take Care of Yourself
   Visualize Success
   Use Relaxation Techniques
   Check Out Some Apps
   Volunteer to Speak First
   Never Defeat Yourself
   Chapter Review
   Video 2.4: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”


3. SPEECH ETHICS
   Codes of Ethics: Absolute, Situational, and Culturally Relative
   Legal Speech vs. Ethical Speech
   Communicating Truthfully
   Lying
   Half-Truths
   False Inference
   Acknowledging the Work of Others
   Video 3.1: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
   Quoting from a Source
   Video 3.2: “Citing Someone Else’s Idea”
   Paraphrasing the Work of Others
   Key Term: Paraphrasing
   Common Knowledge
   Using Sound Reasoning
   Being an Ethical Listener
   Show Courtesy
   Demonstrate an Open Mind
   Hold the Speaker Accountable
   Chapter Review


4. LISTENING SKILLS
   The Listening Process
   Listening vs. Hearing
   Processing What You’ve Heard
   Retaining What You’ve Processed
   Listening Styles
   The Culprits behind Poor Listening
   Unprocessed Note Taking
   Nonlistening
   Interruptive Listening
   Agenda-Driven Listening
   Argumentative Listening
   Nervous Listening
   Becoming a Better Listener
   Filter Out Distractions
   Focus on the Speaker
   Show That You Are Paying Attention
   Maximizing Your Audience’s Listening
   Anticipate Ineffective Listening before Your Speech
   Encourage Active Listening during Your Speech
   Listening When You Are in the Audience
   Chapter Review


5. AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
   Understanding Situational Characteristics
   Size
   Time
   Location
   Mobility
   Incorporating Demographics
   Key Term Video: Demographics
   Age
   Video 5.1: “Poplin, The Importance of Community Service and Civic Engagement”
   Gender Composition
   Video 5.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time”
   Sexual Orientation
   Race and Ethnicity
   Religious Orientation
   Socioeconomic Background
   Political Affiliation
   Putting the Demographic Pieces Together
   Seeking Common Ground
   Video 5.3: “Kim, The Non-monetary Use of Gold”
   Identifying Prior Exposure
   Identifying Audience Disposition
   Gathering Information about Your Audience
   Surveying Your Audience
   Interviewing Your Audience
   Considering and Observing Your Audience
   Situational Audience Analysis
   Chapter Review


6. SELECTING YOUR TOPIC
   Developing a Set of Potential Topics
   Research
   Brainstorming
   Word Association
   Mind Mapping
   Selecting the Best Topic
   Consider the Assignment
   Consider Your Audience
   Consider Your Knowledge and Interests
   Video 6.1 “Humanity 4 Haitian Development”
   Consider the Speech Context
   Choose a Topic and Stick with It
   Refining Your Topic
   Decide Your Rhetorical Purpose
   Narrow Your Topic
   Video 6.2: “Overused Topic (Needs Improvement)”
   Drafting Your Specific Purpose
   Drafting Your Thesis Statement
   Key Term: Thesis Statement
   Video 6.3: “Thesis Statement” and “Thesis Statement: Needs Focus (Needs Improvement)”
   Chapter Review
   Video 6.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”


7. RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH
   Research Is Essential
   Video 7.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
   Research Works Best When You Have a Plan
   Inventory Your Research Needs
   Find the Sources You Need
   Keep Track of Your Sources
   Key Term Video: Citation
   Evaluating a Source’s Credibility
   Expertise
   Objectivity
   Observational Capacity
   Recency
   Video 7.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Testimony)”
   Conducting Library Research
   Books
   Periodicals
   Newspapers
   Reference Works
   Government Documents
   Using the Internet
   Benefits of Internet Research
   Disadvantages of Internet Research
   Evaluating the Credibility of Online Sources
   Credibility of Social Media
   Searching the World Wide Web
   Interviewing Sources
   Prepare for Your Interview
   Set Up Your Interview
   Plan Your Interview Questions
   Conduct the Interview
   Evaluate Your Notes
   Presenting Evidence in Your Speeches
   Clearly Cite Your Source
   Present the Information Accurately
   Key Term Video: Paraphrase
   Video 7.3: “Citing Sources (Statistics)”
   Chapter Review
   Video 7.4: “Kruckenberg, John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer”


8. USING SUPPORTING MATERIALS FOR YOUR SPEECH
   Key Term: Supporting Materials
   Why Use Supporting Materials?
   Building Audience Interest
   Enhancing Audience Understanding
   Strengthening Audience Memory
   Winning Audience Agreement
   Evoking Audience Emotion
   Types of Supporting Materials
   Examples
   Key Term: Example
   Definitions
   Testimony
   Key Term: Testimony
   Video 8.1: “Royzpal, Litter”
   Statistics
   Key Term: Statistic
   Video 8.2: “Citing Sources (Statistics and Facts)”
   Narratives
   Key Term: Narrative
   Analogies
   Key Term: Analogy
   Guidelines for Using Supporting Materials
   Choose the Most Credible Proof
   Use a Variety of Supporting Materials
   Appeal to Different Learning Styles
   Avoid Long Lists
   Consider Your Audience
   Video 8.3: “Examples (Humorous)”
   Respect the Available Time
   Chapter Review
   Video 8.4: “Kim, The Nonmonetary Uses of Gold”


9. ORGANIZING YOUR SPEECH
   Selecting Your Main Points
   Consider Your Purpose
   Take Your Audience into Account
   Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points
   Organizing Your Supporting Materials
   Subordination and Coordination
   Video 9.1: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”
   When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit
   Arranging Your Main Points
   Spatial Pattern
   Key Term: Spatial Pattern
   Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
   Key Term: Chronological (Temporal) Pattern
   Causal Pattern
   Key Term: Causal Pattern
   Comparison Pattern
   Categorical (Topical) Pattern
   Key Term: Categorical (Topical) Pattern
   Video 9.2: “Singh, The Importance of Playing Sports Has Grown over Time”
   Persuasive Speech Patterns
   Using Organizing Words, Phrases, and Sentences
   Transitions
   Key Term: Transition
   Video 9.3: “Patterns of Arrangement: Causal”
   Signposts
   Internal Previews and Internal Summaries
   Chapter Review
   Video Activity 9.4: “List, Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chat Rooms”


10. INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
    Introducing Your Speech
    Gain Your Audience’s Attention
    Key Term: Attention-Getter
    Key Term: Rhetorical Question
    Video 10.1: “Anecdote (Personal) in an Informative Introduction”
    Signal Your Thesis
    Show Your Audience What’s in It for Them
    Establish Your Credibility
    Preview Your Main Points
    Key Term: Preview
    Video 10.2: “Attention-Getter, Support, Creative Preview”
    Concluding Your Speech
    Transition to Your Conclusion
    Summarize Your Main Points
    Finish with a Memorable Clincher
    Key Term: Clincher
    Video 10.3: “Clincher: Evokes Response”
    Chapter Review
    Video Activity 10.4: “Full Introduction: Attention-Getter, Thesis, and Preview” and “Full Conclusion”


11. OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
    Two Stages of Outlining
    The Detailed Outline
    The Speaking Outline
    Key Term: Extemporaneous Delivery
    Creating Your Detailed Outline
    Outlining the Body of Your Speech
    Key Term: Transition
    Video 11.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
    Outlining Your Introduction
    Key Term: Introduction
    Outlining Your Conclusion
    Key Term: Conclusion
    Video 11.2: “Without Liberty and Justice for All”
    Creating a List of References
    Inserting the Title, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
    A Sample Detailed Outline
    Creating Your Speaking Outline
    Elements of Your Speaking Outline
    Video 11.3: “Rate: Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”
    The Medium for Your Speaking Outline
    A Sample Speaking Outline
    Chapter Review
    Video 11.4 “DuBoise, Central Texas Coalition against Human Trafficking”


12. LANGUAGE AND STYLE
    The Importance of Language and Word Choice
    Differences between Oral and Written Language
    Denotative and Connotative Meaning
    Denotative Meaning
    Connotative Meaning
    Presenting Your Message Clearly
    Understandable Language
    Concrete Words
    Proper Use of Words
    Concise Language
    Expressing Your Ideas Effectively
    Repetition
    Hypothetical Examples
    Personal Anecdotes
    Vivid Language
    Video 12.1: “Roth, Emergency in the Emergency Room”
    Figurative Language
    Key Term: Figurative Language
    Key Term: Antithesis
    Key Term: Simile
    Key Term: Metaphor
    Video 12.2: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (simile)
    Video 12.3: “Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms” (metaphor)
    Choosing Respectful and Unbiased Language
    Avoid Stereotypes
    Use Gender-Neutral References
    Make Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups
    Steer Clear of Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, or Sexuality
    A Note on Appropriate Language and Political Correctness
    Chapter Review


13. DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH
    Key Term: Delivery
    Selecting the Right Mode of Delivery
    Reading from a Manuscript
    Memorizing from a Manuscript
    Speaking from an Outline
    Impromptu Speaking
    Key Term: Impromptu Delivery
    Using Verbal Delivery Skills
    Volume
    Key Term: Volume
    Tone
    Rate of Delivery
    Key Term: Rate of Delivery
    Video 13.1: “Rate Too Fast (Needs Improvement)”
    Projection
    Articulation
    Pronunciation
    Key Term: Pronunciation
    Pausing
    Key Term: Verbal Filler
    Using Nonverbal Delivery Skills
    Eye Contact
    Key Term: Eye Contact
    Gestures
    Key Term: Gesture
    Video 13.2: “Gestures: Overly Scripted (Needs Improvement)”
    Physical Movement
    Key Term: Physical Movement
    Proxemics
    Personal Appearance
    Key Term: Personal Appearance
    Chapter Review


14. USING PRESENTATION AIDS
    Why Use Presentation Aids?
    Presentation Aids Can Make Your Speech More Interesting
    Presentation Aids Can Simplify a Complex Topic
    Presentation Aids Can Help Your Audience Remember Your Speech
    Types of Presentation Aids
    The Speaker
    Assistants
    Objects
    Visual Images
    Graphs
    Text-Based Visuals
    Audio and Video
    Using Technology Wisely
    Using Presentation Software
    Key Term: Presentation Software
    Using Other Technology
    Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids
    Consider the Forum
    Consider Your Audience
    Make Sure Your Aids Support Your Points
    Keep Your Aids Simple and Clear
    Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids
    Video 14.1: “Presentation Software: Checking Beforehand (Needs Improvement)”
    Using Presentation Aids during Your Speech
    Make Sure Everyone Can See and Hear Your Aids
    Control Audience Interaction with Your Aids
    Maintain Eye Contact
    Video 14.2: “Presentation Software (Needs Improvement)”
    Remember the Purpose of Your Aids
    Chapter Review


15. MEDIATED PUBLIC SPEAKING
    The Rise of Mediated Communication
    The Expansion of Mediated Public Speaking
    Prerecorded and Real-Time Presentations
    Advantages of Mediated Presentations
    General Advantages
    Advantages of Prerecorded Speeches
    Advantages of Real-Time Technologies
    Video 15.1: “McAlister, Arsenic in Our Water Supply”
    Challenges of Mediated Presentations
    Loss of Naturalness
    Loss of Immediacy
    Decreased Nonverbal Communication
    Diminished Feedback
    Difficulty Managing Distractions
    Technological Difficulties
    Optimizing Delivery and Messages in Mediated Presentations
    Delivery Considerations
    Message Adaptations
    Practicing Delivery and Recording
    Recording Your Classroom Speech
    Camera
    Setting and Background
    Video 15.2: “Attention-Getter (Needs Improvement)”
    Attire
    Camera Positioning
    Video 15.3: “Fallacy: Red Herring (Needs Improvement)”
    Special Considerations for Real-Time Presentations
    Practicing with Your Equipment to Make Sure It Works
    Selecting a Robust Internet Connection
    Using Group Chat/Video and Screen Sharing
    Creating Opportunities for Audience Interaction
    Soliciting Feedback through an Alternative Medium
    Chapter Review
    Video Activity 15.4: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”


16. INFORMATIVE SPEAKING
    Techniques for Informing
    Definition
    Key Term: Definition
    Explanation
    Key Term: Explanation
    Description
    Key Term: Description
    Demonstration
    Key Term: Demonstration
    Video 16.1: “Garza, How to Buy a Guitar”
    Narrative
    Key Term: Narrative
    Video 16.2: “Conveying Information: Narrative (Needs Improvement)”
    Types of Informative Speeches
    Objects
    Individuals or Groups
    Events
    Processes
    Video 16.3: “Conveying Information: Description”
    Ideas
    Developing Your Informative Speech
    Analyzing Your Audience
    Key Term: Demographics
    Selecting a Technique
    Focusing on Your Goal to Inform
    Clarifying and Simplifying Your Message
    Sample Informative Speech
    Rachel Parish, Spider Silk: A Miracle Material Derived from . . . Goats?
    Chapter Review


17. PERSUASIVE SPEAKING
    The Nature of a Persuasive Speech
    Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Members
    Persuasive Speeches Advocate Fact, Value, or Policy Claims
    Key Term: Fact Claim
    Key Term: Policy Claim
    Video 17.1: “Claims: Policy” and “Claims: Fact”
    The Nature of Persuasion
    Two Paths to Persuasion
    The Importance of Central Route Processing
    Which Route Will Audience Members Follow?
    Tailoring Your Persuasive Message to the Audience
    Adapting to Audience Disposition
    Appealing to Your Audience’s Needs
    Connecting to Your Listeners’ Values
    Accounting for Audience Beliefs
    Focusing on Peripheral Beliefs
    Demonstrating How Your Audience Benefits
    Acknowledging Listeners’ Reservations
    Ethical Persuasion
    Help Your Audience Make an Informed Decision
    Research Your Facts
    Note Any Biases
    Attribute Your Research Properly
    Organizing Your Persuasive Speech
    Organizing Fact Claims
    Organizing Value Claims
    Organizing Policy Claims
    Key Term: Motivated Sequence
    Video 17.2: “Patterns of Arrangement, Monroe’s Motivated Sequence”
    Key Term: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
    Chapter Review
    Video Activity 17.3: “Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without”


18. METHODS OF PERSUASION
    Ethos: Your Credibility as a Speaker
    Understanding the Elements of Credibility
    Building Your Credibility
    Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility
    Logos: The Evidence and Reasoning behind Your Message
    Key Term: Logos
    Using Evidence
    Using Reasoning
    Key Term: Inductive Reasoning
    Video 18.1: “Reasoning: Inductive”
    Avoiding Logical Fallacies
    Key Term: Hasty Generalization
    Key Term: Ad Populum (Bandwagon) Fallacy
    Key Term: Ad Hominem (Personal Attack) Fallacy
    Key Term: Slippery Slope Fallacy
    Key Term: False Dilemma Fallacy
    Video 18.2: “Fallacy: Either-Or (False Dilemma): Diplomacy vs. WWIII (Needs Improvement)”
    Pathos: Evoking Your Listeners’ Emotions
    Key Term: Pathos
    Using Emotional Appeals
    Video 18.3: “Claims: Fact (Appeals to Emotion and Credibility)”
    Ensuring Ethical Use of Pathos
    Sample Persuasive Speech
    Anna Martinez, Extra Credit You Can Live Without
    Chapter Review
    Video 18.4: “Morales, Without Liberty and Justice for All”


19. SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEAKING
    Types of Special-Occasion Speeches
    General Guidelines for Special-Occasion Speeches
    Appealing to Your Audience’s Emotions
    Video 19.1: “Gentz, My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton”
    Matching Your Delivery to the Mood of the Occasion
    Adapting to Your Audience’s Expectations
    Evoking Shared Values
    Video 19.2: “Language, Delivery, and Special-Occasion Speeches”
    Respecting Time Constraints
    Strategies for Each Type of Special-Occasion Speech
    Strategies for Speeches of Introduction
    Strategies for Speeches of Presentation
    Strategies for Speeches of Acceptance
    Strategies for Speeches to Memorialize or Eulogize
    Strategies for Speeches to Celebrate
    Strategies for After-Dinner Speeches
    Sample Special-Occasion Speech
    Joseph Tuman, Swearing-In Ceremony for New U.S. Citizens
    Chapter Review


20. GROUP COMMUNICATION
    Effective Group Leadership
    Selecting a Leader
    Leading Meetings
    Managing Conflict
    Effective Group Membership
    Three Types of Member Roles
    Tips for Participating in a Small Group
    Group Decision Making and the Reflective-Thinking Process
    Define the Problem
    Analyze the Problem
    Establish Criteria for Solving the Problem
    Generate Possible Solutions
    Select the Best Solution
    Delivering Group Presentations
    Symposium
    Panel Discussion
    Single Group Representative
    Chapter Review


21. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
    Civic Engagement and Its Importance to Society
    How Civic Engagement Benefits You
    Forums and Venues for Civic Engagement
    Applying Public Speaking Skills to Civic Engagement
    Invention
    Audience Analysis
    Organization
    Language and Style
    Chapter Review

APPENDIX A: SPEECH CHOICES OUTLINE AND FULL-LENGTH SPEECH
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Speech Outline
How Emigrants Use Smartphones: Full-Length Speech
Why Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Speech Outline
Student Athletes Should Be Paid: Full-Length Speech
 
APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL SAMPLE SPEECHES
Sample Special Occasion Speech
John McCain, Liberty Medal Ceremony
Sample Persuasive Speech
David Kruckenberg, Child Slavery and the Production of Chocolate
Sample Persuasive Speech
Michelle Bachelet, Reclaiming Public Spaces for the Empowerment of Women and Girls

Notes
Glossary
Index

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