Don A. Dillman, PHD, is Regents’ Professor in the Department of Sociology and the Social and Economic Sciences Research Center at Washington State University. He received the Roger Herriot Award for Innovation in Federal Statistics from the American Statistical Association and the Washington Statistical Society in 2000.

Jolene D. Smyth, PHD, is an associate professor in the Survey Research and Methodology Program and the Department of Sociology and is the Director of the Bureau of Social Research at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Leah Melani Christian, PHD, is a Director in Research Methods at Nielsen where her work focuses on panel recruitment and maintenance.

Additional Resources xi

Preface xiii

Chapter 1 Sample Surveys in Our Electronic World 1

Four Cornerstones of Quality Surveys 3

What is Different About Surveying in the 2010s? 10

Why Emphasize Mixed-Mode Data Collection? 12

What is Tailored Design and Why is it Needed? 15

Conclusion 17

Chapter 2 Reducing People’s Reluctance to Respond to Surveys 19

Example of a Survey with a High Response Rate 21

Using Social Exchange Concepts to Motivate Potential Respondents 23

Putting the Parts Together: Some Guidelines for Applying Social Exchange 42

Mixed-Mode Designs Provide New Opportunities for Applying Social Exchange 47

Returning to the WSU Doctoral Student Experience Survey: Why it Obtained Such a High Response Rate 50

Conclusion 55

List of Guidelines 55

Chapter 3 Covering the Population and Selecting Who to Survey 56

Essential Definitions and Their Use 57

Current Coverage and Access Considerations 58

Common Sampling Frames and Assessing How Well They Cover the Population 62

Probability Sampling 75

Postsurvey Adjustments and Calculating Sampling Error 87

Nonprobability Sampling 91

Conclusion 92

Chapter 4 The Fundamentals of Writing Questions 94

Issues to Consider When Starting to Craft Survey Questions 95

The Anatomy of a Survey Question and Types of Question Formats 109

Guidelines for Choosing Words and Forming Questions 113

Conclusion 125

List of Guidelines 126

Chapter 5 How to Write Open- and Closed-Ended Questions 127

Guidelines for Writing Open-Ended Questions 128

General Guidelines for Writing All Types of Closed-Ended Questions 134

Guidelines for Nominal Closed-Ended Questions 142

Guidelines for Ordinal Closed-Ended Questions 150

Conclusion 164

List of Guidelines 167

Chapter 6 Aural Versus Visual Design of Questions and Questionnaires 169

The Importance of Visual Design in Self-Administered Surveys 172

Visual Design Concepts and Their Application to Surveys 173

General Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Survey Questions 183

Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Open-Ended Questions 192

Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Closed-Ended Questions 197

Guidelines for the Visual Presentation of Questionnaire Pages or Screens 204

A Case Study: The Use of Visual Design Principles to Improve Data Quality in the American Community Survey 218

Conclusion 224

List of Guidelines 225

Chapter 7 Ordering Questions and Testing for Question Order Effects 228

Question Order 229

Testing Questions and Questionnaires 241

Conclusion 256

List of Guidelines 257

Chapter 8 Telephone Questionnaires and Implementation 258

Types of Telephone-Only Surveys Today 262

Guidelines for Designing Telephone Questionnaires 262

Guidelines for Administering Telephone Questionnaires 277

Guidelines for Establishing Calling Rules and Procedures 284

Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Telephone Surveys 293

Conclusion 298

List of Guidelines 298

Chapter 9 Web Questionnaires and Implementation 301

Guidelines for Designing Web and Mobile Questionnaires 303

Guidelines for Web and Mobile Survey Implementation 328

Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Web and Mobile Surveys 342

Conclusion 348

List of Guidelines 349

Chapter 10 Mail Questionnaires and Implementation 351

Guidelines for Designing Paper Questionnaires 352

Guidelines for Implementing Mail Questionnaires 366

Quality Control and Testing Guidelines for Mail Surveys 389

Conclusion 396

List of Guidelines 396

Chapter 11 Mixed-Mode Questionnaires and Survey Implementation 398

When Single-Mode Surveys are Not Acceptable 398

Why Consider a Mixed-Mode Survey Design 400

Guidelines for Designing Questionnaires That Will Minimize Measurement Differences Across Survey Modes 404

Expanding the Research Base for Designing Mixed-Mode Surveys 416

Guidelines for Using Multiple Contact Modes to Achieve More Effective Communication with Potential Respondents 417

Guidelines for Providing Alternative Response Modes 424

From Individual Guidelines to Practical Study Designs 434

Guidelines for Testing Mixed-Mode Surveys 445

Conclusion 447

List of Guidelines 448

Chapter 12 Responding to Societal Change and Preparing for What Lies Ahead 450

Panels and Longitudinal Surveys 452

Nonprobability Sampling 455

New Mobile Devices and Technology 456

Supplementing Questionnaires with Measurement Using Electronic Devices 458

Big Data and Administrative Records 459

Data Security 461

Specialized Purpose Surveys 461

International and Cross-Cultural Surveys 463

The Challenge of Connecting with Empowered but Diverse Respondents 464

References 469

Author Index 491

Subject Index 497

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