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Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

by: Zastrow, Charles

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

by: Zastrow, Charles

ISBN 13:
9780534608316
ISBN 10:
0534608310
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/11/2003
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Summary

1. Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Part I: INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. 2. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 3. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 4. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood. 5. Ethnocentrism and Racism. Part II: ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD. 6. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 7. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 8. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood. 9. Gender Roles and Sexism. Part III.:MIDDLE ADULTHOOD. 10. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 11. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 12 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood. 13. Sexual Orientation. Part IV: LATER ADULTHOOD. 14. Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood. 15. Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood. 16. Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood.

About the Authors

vii

Preface

xvii

Chapter 1 Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment

(46)

A Perspective

(1)

Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work

(1)

Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment

(1)

Impacts of Systems In the Environment

(7)

Understanding Key Concepts Systems Theories

(3)

The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts

(4)

Highlights 1.1 Case Example: Child Abuse

(3)

People's Involvement with Multiple Systems

(9)

Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems

(1)

The Social Environment

(1)

Interactions Between Micro Systems and Mezzo Systems

(1)

Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems

(2)

The Impact of Social Forces

(1)

The Relationships among Biological, Psychological, and Social Systems

(2)

Bio-Psycho-Social Systems Affect Each Other

(2)

Highlight 1.2 Application of Values and Ethics to Bio-Psycho-Social System Assessments

(1)

Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 1.1 Social Work Values and Sensitivity to Diverse Populations

(1)

The Systems Impact Model

(3)

The Client System

(1)

The Relationship Between Organizational Macro Systems and Client Systems

(1)

The Relationship Between the Community Macro System and the Client System

(1)

The Relationship Between Organizational and Community Macro Systems

(1)

Institutional Values Macro System

(1)

The Effects of Institutional Values and Organizational Macro Systems on Clients

(1)

The Social Worker System

(1)

The Impacts of Organizations

(2)

What Are Organizations?

(1)

Organizational Theories

(1)

Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective

(3)

Resource Input

(1)

Process 26 Output

(1)

The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations

(1)

Goal Displacement

(1)

Communities and Human Behavior

(8)

Theoretical Perspectives on Communities

(3)

Models of Community

(4)

Highlight 1.3 Characteristics of Three Models of Community Change

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 1.2 Hispanic Women, Community Development, and Social Action

(1)

Social Worker System Roles

(5)

Enabler

(1)

Mediator

(1)

Integrator/Coordinator

(1)

Manager

(1)

Educator

(1)

Analyst/Evaluator

(1)

Broker

(1)

Facilitator

(1)

Initiator

(1)

Negotiator

(1)

Advocate

(1)

Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme

(1)

Summary

(6)

Highlight 1.4 Case Example: Unplanned Pregnancy

(5)

Part One

Chapter 2 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

(39)

A Perspective

(1)

The Dynamics of Human Reproduction

(11)

Conception

(1)

Diagnosis of Pregnancy

(1)

Fetal Development during Pregnancy

(1)

Prenatal Influences

(2)

Prenatal Assessment

(1)

Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment

(1)

Problem Pregnancies

(1)

The Birth Process

(4)

Early Functioning of the Neonate

(1)

Developmental Milestones

(2)

Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process

(1)

Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels

(1)

Individual Differences

(1)

The Nature-Nurture Controversy

(1)

Relevance to Social Work

(1)

Profiles of Normal Development

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

(1)

The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

(6)

Highlight 2.1 Developmental Milestones for Children From Age 4 Months and 11 Years

(4)

Highlight 2.2 Case Example: Single and Pregnant

(1)

The Impacts of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services

(7)

Spotlight on Diversity 2.1 International Perspectives on Abortion Policy

(5)

Incidence of Abortion

(1)

Methods of Abortion

(1)

The Importance of Context and timing

(1)

Arguments For and Against Abortion

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 2.2 Effects of Abortion on Women and Men

(1)

Social Worker Roles and Abortion

(1)

Infertility

(10)

Spotlight 2.3 Abortion-related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice

(4)

Causes of Infertility

(1)

Psychological Reactions to Infertility

(1)

Treatment of Infertility

(1)

Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 2.3 A Feminist Perspective on Infertility Counseling

(4)

Highlight 2.4 Ethical Dilemmas Concerning Surrogate Motherhood

(4)

The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility

(1)

Social Work Roles and Infertility

(1)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 3 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

(42)

A Perspective

(41)

Theories of Psychological Development

(13)

Psychodynamic Theory

(1)

Highlight 3.1 Definitions of Common Defense Mechanisms Postulated by Psychoanalytic Theory

(2)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory

(1)

Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments

(1)

Behavioral Theories

(1)

Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers

(1)

Highlight 3.2 Roger's Other Key Concepts

(1)

Feminist Theories

(1)

Critical Thinking about the Relevance of Theory to Social Work

(1)

Highlight 3.3 The Relevance of Theory to Social Work: Critical Thinking and Evaluations of Theory

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.1 Being Sensitive to Diversity When Examining Psychological Theories

(2)

Cognitive Development: Piaget

100

(6)

The Sensorimotor Period

102

(1)

The Preoperational Thought Period

102

(2)

The Period of Concrete Operations

104

(1)

The Period of Formal Operations

104

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget's Theory

105

(1)

Emotional Development

106

(2)

Infants' Emotions

106

(2)

Infants and Temperament

108

(1)

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

108

(63)

Highlight 3.4 The Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Concepts and Self-Esteem

109

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.2 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Self-Esteem

111

(60)

Significant Issues and Life Events

171

Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

111

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.3 Cultural Biases and IQ Tests

115

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.4 What Are People with Disabilities Like?

116

(1)

People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk

116

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.5 The Americans with Disabilities Act: A Macro System Addresses a Population-at-Risk

120

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 3.6 People with Developmental Disabilities: Populations-at-Risk

121

(1)

People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk

121

(1)

Highlight 3.5 The Effects of a Learning Disability

123

(2)

Summary

125

(3)

Chapter 4 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood

128

(56)

A Perspective

129

(1)

Socialization

129

(1)

The Family Environment

130

(6)

Membership in Family Groups: Variations is Family Structure

130

(1)

Positive Family Functioning

131

(1)

Effects of Social Forces and Policies on Family Systems: Helpful or Hurtful?

132

(1)

The Dynamics of Family Systems

133

(3)

Highlight 4.1 Tie Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families

133

(3)

The Family Life Cycle

136

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 4.1 Diverse Perspectives on the Family Life Cycle

137

(3)

Lamping Theory

140

(7)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory

141

(1)

Respondent Conditioning

141

(1)

Modeling

142

(1)

Operant Conditioning

143

(1)

The ABCs of Behavior

143

(1)

Highlight 4.2. Consequences and Recurring Behavior

143

(1)

Reinforcement

144

(1)

Punishment

145

(1)

Extinction

146

(1)

Applications of Learning Theory to Practice

147

(7)

The Use of Positive Reinforcement

147

(1)

Types of Positive Reinforcers

147

(1)

Secondary Reinforcers

148

(1)

Reinforcers versus Rewards

149

(1)

Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement

150

(1)

The Use of Punishment

151

(3)

Additional Issues

154

(4)

Accidental Training

154

(1)

Behaviorally Specific Terminology

154

(1)

Highlight 4.3 Accidental Training

155

(1)

Measuring Improvement

155

(1)

The Importance of Parental Attention

156

(2)

A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-Out from Reinforcement

158

(1)

Improving Effectiveness

157

(1)

"Grounding"

158

(1)

Impacts of Common Life Events on Children

158

(25)

Membership in Family Systems

158

(1)

Membership in Sibling Subsystems

158

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 4.2 Cultural Context and Parenting Style

159

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 4.3 Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families: Empowerment through Appreciation of Strengths

159

(3)

Gender Role Socialization

162

(21)

The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School

183

The Social Aspects of Play with Peers

163

(3)

The Influence of Television

166

(1)

The School Environment

167

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 4.4 Educational Programming That Responds to Cultural Values

169

(1)

Child Maltreatment

170

(12)

Incidence of Child Maltreatment

170

(1)

Physical Child Abuse

171

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 4.5 Diverse Cultural Contexts: Discipline or Abuse?

171

(2)

Child Neglect

173

(2)

Emotional Maltreatment

175

(1)

A Macro System Response: Child Protective Services

175

(1)

Treatment of Physical Abuse, Neglect, and Emotional Maltreatment: Social Work Role

176

(1)

A Macro System Response: Involvement of the Courts

177

(1)

Sexual Abuse

177

(8)

Highlight 4.4 Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual-Assault

180

(2)

Summary

182

(2)

Chapter 5 Ethnocentrism and Racism

184

(35)

A Perspective

184

(1)

Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism

185

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 5.1 Violence Against Minorities in the United States

186

(2)

Race and Racism

188

Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination; and Oppression

187

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes

188

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination is the Problem of Whites

189

(1)

White Privilege

189

(1)

Race Is a Social Concept

190

(1)

Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems

190

(2)

Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems

191

(1)

Discrimination,and Oppression in Community Macro Systems

191

(1)

Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination

192

(6)

Projection

192

(1)

Frustration-Aggression

192

(1)

Countering Insecurity and Inferiority

192

(1)

Authoritarianism

192

(1)

History

193

(1)

Competition and Exploitation

193

(1)

Socialization Patterns

193

(1)

Belief in the One True Religion

193

(1)

Evaluation of Discrimination Theories

193

(5)

Spotlight on Diversity 5.2 Is Racial Discrimination Based on Criminal Thinking?

194

(4)

Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression

198

(1)

The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development

198

(3)

History and Culture of African Americans

196

(3)

Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept

199

(1)

The Africentric Perspective and Worldview

199

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 5.3 Kwanzaa

200

(1)

Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice

201

(7)

Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values

201

(1)

Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group

201

(1)

Civil Rights laws: Changing the Legal Macro System

201

(1)

Activism

202

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 5.4 Rosa Parka's Act of Courage Sparked the Civil Rights Movement

202

(1)

School Busing: A Community Initiative

203

(1)

Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response

204

(1)

Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions

205

(1)

Minority-Owned Businesses

206

(1)

Confronting Community Problems: Inner Cities

206

(1)

Grassroots Organizations: Implementing Change in Community Macro Systems

207

(1)

Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups

208

(1)

Ethnic-Sensitive Practice

208

(1)

Empowerment

209

(1)

Strengths Perspective

209

(4)

Culturally Competent Practice

209

(3)

Social Work Roles for Countering Discrimination

212

(1)

The Future of U.S. Rape and Ethnic Relations

213

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 5.5 A Dream of the End of Racism

214

(1)

Summary

214

(5)

Part Two Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Chapter 6 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

219

(33)

A Perspective

220

(1)

Adolescences

220

(8)

Puberty

221

(1)

The Growth Spurt

221

(1)

The Secular Trend

222

(1)

Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

222

(6)

Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes

228

Body Image and Self-Concept

223

(1)

Weight, Women, aid Eating Disorders

224

(1)

Critical Thinking About Weight and Body Image

224

(1)

Early and Late Maturation in Boys

225

(1)

Early and Late Maturation in Girls

225

(1)

Young Adulthood

226

(5)

Physical Development

226

(1)

Health Status

226

(3)

Highlight 6.1 Breast Cancer

227

(2)

Lifestyle and Good Health

229

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 6.1 Differential Incidence of Death

231

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

231

(29)

Sexual Activity in Adolescence

231

(2)

Highlight 6.2 Masturbation

232

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 6.2 Racial and Other Differences in Adolescent Sexual Activity

232

(1)

Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence

233

(1)

Teenage Fathers

234

(1)

Why Do Teens Get Pregnant?

234

(1)

Macro System Treatment of Sex Education

234

(3)

Highlight 6.3 Portrait of a Single Father

235

(2)

Sex Education in the Age of AIDS

237

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 6.3 Empowerment through Sex Education for Native Americans

237

(2)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

239

(3)

Major Methods of Contraception

242

(18)

Summary

260

Chapter 7 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

252

(29)

A Perspective

262

(6)

Identity Formation

268

Highlight 7.1 Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

254

(1)

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

254

(1)

Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence

255

(2)

Highlight 7.2 How to Determine Who You Are

256

(1)

Marcia's Categories of Identity

257

(1)

Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations

258

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 7.1 Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development

258

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 7.2 Lesbian and Gay Adolescents

260

(1)

Moral Development

260

(6)

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

260

(2)

Highlight 7.3 Kohlberg's Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Development

261

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory

262

(1)

Moral Development and Women: Gilligan's Approach

262

(1)

Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan's Theory

263

(1)

Application of Theory to Client Situations

263

(1)

Fowler's Theory of Faith Development

264

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 7.3 Empowerment Through Spiritual Development

265

(1)

Spirituality and Social Work Practice

266

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events: Suicide and Assertiveness

266

(21)

Suicide

287

Incidence of Suicide

267

(1)

Causes of Adolescent Suicide

267

(2)

Highlight 7.4 Joany-A Victim of Suicide

268

(1)

Suicidal Symptoms

269

(2)

Highlight 7.5 Suicide Notes

269

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 7.4 Suicide and Adolescent Hispanic Females

271

(1)

How to Use the SAD PERSONS Scale

271

(1)

Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People

272

(2)

Community Responses to Suicide: Prevention and Crisis Intervention

274

(1)

Empowerment through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training

275

(4)

The Relevance of Assertiveness

276

(1)

Highlight 7.7 Each of Us Has Certain Assertive Rights

276

(1)

Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication

276

(1)

The Advantages of Assertiveness

277

(1)

Assertiveness Training

277

(2)

Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice

279

(1)

Summary

279

(2)

Chapter 8 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood

281

(46)

A Perspective

282

(1)

Social System Changes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

283

(5)

Movement from Dependence to Independence

283

(3)

Highlight 8.1 Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children

284

(2)

Interaction in Peer Group Systems

286

(1)

Intimacy versus Isolation

286

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 8.1 Ethnic-Group Identity for Minority Adolescents

287

(1)

Empowerment of Homeless Youth

288

(1)

Interaction In Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Lifestyle

288

Marriage

289

(2)

Highlight 8.2 Theories about Why People Choose Each Other as Mates

289

(1)

Highlight 8.3 Predictive Factors Leading to Marital Happiness/Unhappiness

290

(1)

Cohabitation

291

(2)

Highlight 8.4 Romantic Love versus Rational Love

292

(1)

Highlight 8.5 Guidelines for Building and Maintaining a Happy Marriage

293

(1)

Single Life

293

(1)

Parenthood

293

(2)

Highlight 8.6 Parental Gender Preferences

294

(1)

Childless Couples

295

Social Problems

285

(30)

Eating Disorders

296

(5)

Emotional and Behavioral Problems

301

(9)

Highlight 8.7 Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association

302

(4)

Highlight 8.8 Format for Rational Self-Analysis

306

(1)

Highlight 8.9 A Rational Self-Analysis of Emotions Associated with Ending a Marriage

307

(3)

Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency

310

(1)

Highlight 8.10 Our Thinking Determines Our Behavior and Our Emotions

310

(1)

Macro System Problems: Delinquent Ganga

311

(4)

Highlight 8.11 Self-Talk Explanation for Multiple Forgeries

311

(4)

Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups

315

(10)

Types of Groups

315

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 8.2 The RAP Framework for Leading Multiracial Groups

318

(1)

Models of Group Development over Time

319

(2)

Task and Maintenance Roles

321

(1)

Leadership Theories

322

(3)

Summary

325

(2)

Chapter 9 Gender Roles and Sexism

327

(26)

A Perspective

328

(1)

Gender Role Stereotypes

328

(4)

Childhood

329

(1)

Adolescence

329

(1)

Adulthood

330

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 9.1 Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Gender Role Development

330

(2)

Male/Female Differences

332

(1)

Ability Level

332

(1)

Communication Styles

332

(1)

People as Individuals

333

(1)

Significant Issues and Events In the Lives of Women

333

(1)

Economic Inequality

333

(5)

Spotlight on Diversity 9.2 Gender/Racial Comparison of Median Weekly Earnings

334

(4)

Sexual Harassment

338

(3)

The Definition of Sexual Harassment

336

(1)

Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response

337

(1)

Highlight 9.1 Sexual Harassment Allegations Plague High Places

338

(1)

The Extent of Sexual Harassment

338

(1)

Effects of Sexual Harassment

339

(2)

Highlight 9.2 Confronting Sexual Harassment

340

(1)

Sexist Language

341

(1)

Rape and Sexual Assault

341

(1)

Highlight 9.3 Using Nonsexist Language

341

(1)

Incidence of Rape

342

(7)

Theoretical Views of Rape

342

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 9.3 Cultural Differences in the Incidence of Violence Against Women

343

(1)

Common Myths about Rape

343

(1)

Additional Facts about Rape

344

(1)

Profile of a Rapist

344

(3)

Highlight 9.4 Suggestions for Rape Prevention

345

(2)

Survivors' Reactions to Rape

347

(1)

Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors

348

(1)

Battered Women

349

(5)

The Abusive Perpetrator

380

The Battering Cycle

351

(1)

Why Does She Stay?

351

(1)

Community Responses to Battered Women: Their Alternatives

352

(2)

Working with Women

354

(1)

Summary

354

Spotlight on Diversity 9.4 Strategies for Empowering Women and Achieving Sexual Equality

355

Part Three Middle Adulthood

Chapter 10 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

353

(30)

A Perspective

359

(1)

The Age Span of Middle Adulthood

360

(1)

Physical Changes In Middle Age

360

(1)

Changes in Physical Functioning

360

(1)

Health Changes

360

(1)

Changes in Physical Appearance

361

(1)

The Double Standard of Aging

361

(1)

Changes in Sense Organs

361

(1)

Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time

361

(1)

Highlight 10.1 An Identity Crisis: When the Applause Stops

362

(1)

Changes in Intellectual Functioning

362

(21)

Female Menopause

383

(5)

Spotlight on Diversity 10.1 Cultural Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause

364

(1)

Highlight 10.2 Osteoporosis

365

(23)

Male Climacteric

388

Midlife crisis: True or False?

387

(1)

Sexual Functioning In Middle Age

388

Sex in Marriage

368

(1)

Extramarital Sexual Relationships

369

(1)

Sex Following Divorce

370

(1)

Sex in Widowhood

370

(1)

Sex among the Never-Married

370

(1)

Celibacy

370

(1)

People Living with AIDS: A Population-at-risk

370

(14)

Highlight 10.3 Magic Johnson, an American Hero, Joins the Battle Against the AIDS Virus

371

(6)

What Causes AIDS?

372

(1)

How Is AIDS Contracted?

372

(1)

Diagnosis

373

(1)

Origin of AIDS

374

(1)

The Effects of HIV

374

(2)

Treatment and Prevention of AIDS

376

(1)

Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression

376

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 10.2 AIDS in Africa

377

(6)

Professional Values and AIDS

377

(1)

Ethical Dilemmas: Confidentiality

377

(2)

Ethical Dilemmas: HIV Testing

379

(1)

Macro System Responses to AIDS

379

(1)

Social Work Roles: Empowering Persons Living with AIDS

380

(3)

Highlight 10.4 Persons Living with AIDS

383

(1)

Summary

384

(1)

Chapter 11 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

385

(44)

A Perspective

385

(3)

Generativity versus Stagnation

388

Peck's Theories of Psychological Development

387

(1)

Levinson's Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Translations for Men

387

(2)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

389

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 11.1 Application of Levinson's Theories to Women: An Evaluation

390

(1)

Game Analysis and Script Analysts

391

(6)

Game Analysis

391

(2)

Life Scripts

393

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 11.2 Cultural Scripts Are a Determinant of Sexual Behavior

395

(2)

Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication

397

(7)

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication

397

(1)

Posture

398

(1)

Highlight 11.1 Nonverbal Behavior among Poker Players

398

(1)

Body Orientation

399

(1)

Gestures

399

(1)

Touching

399

(1)

Clothing

400

(1)

Personal Space

400

(1)

Territoriality

401

(1)

Facial Expressions

402

(1)

Voice

402

(1)

Physical Appearance

403

(1)

The Environment

404

(1)

Control Theory

404

(4)

Intuition

408

Chemical Substance Use and Abuse

407

(21)

Specific Drugs-What They Are and What They Do

407

(13)

Highlight 11.2 Drugs of Abuse: Facts and Effects

408

(4)

Highlight 11.3 Date-Rape Drugs

412

(3)

Highlight 11.4 Crack Babies

415

(5)

Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs

420

(1)

Interaction in Family Systems: It Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse

421

(1)

The Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family

422

(4)

Highlight 11.5 An AA Meeting

424

(2)

Understanding and Treating Codependency

426

(1)

Highlight 11.6 Working with Alcoholic Clients: The Problem of Denial

426

(1)

The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment

427

(1)

A Treatment Model from Another Culture: The Dutch Approach

427

(1)

Summary

428

(1)

Chapter 12 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood

429

(51)

A Perspective

429

(1)

Macro Social System Theories

430

(3)

The Functionalist Perspective

430

(1)

The Conflict Perspective

431

(1)

The Interactionist Perspective

432

(1)

Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

433

(8)

The Rich and the Poor

433

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 12.1 Personal Income Disparities Are Astounding

434

(1)

The Problem

435

(1)

Highlight 12.1 The ideology of individualism

436

(1)

Who Are the Poor?

436

(1)

What Causes Poverty?

436

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 12.2 Poverty Perpetuates Poverty

437

(1)

The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of Theory and Its Application to Client Situations

437

(1)

Poverty Is Functional

438

(1)

Application of Functionalism to Poverty

439

(1)

Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty

440

(1)

Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty

440

(1)

Family Mezzo System Problems

441

(17)

Empty-Shell Marriages

441

(3)

Highlight 12.2 Conflict Resolution Strategies

442

(2)

Divorce

444

(8)

Highlight 12.3 Analyzing Love Relationships

446

(2)

Highlight 12.4 Facts about Divorce

448

(3)

Highlight 12.5 The Effects of a Divorce on Children Depend on What Happens after the Divorce

451

(1)

Single-Parent Families

452

(1)

Blended Families

453

(4)

Highlight 12.6 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

454

(3)

Mothers Working Outside the Home

457

(1)

The "Sandwich" Generation

458

(1)

Assessing and intervening In Family Systems

458

(10)

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

458

(1)

Family Norms

459

(1)

Family System Assessment: The Ecomap

460

(3)

Family System Assessment: The Genogram

463

(1)

Family Problems and Social Work Roles

464

(4)

Social Work with Organizations

468

(6)

The Autocratic Model

468

(1)

The Custodial Model

468

(1)

Highlight 12.7 Analyzing a Human Services Organization

469

(1)

The Scientific Management Model

469

(1)

The Hunan Relations Model

470

(1)

Theory X and Theory Y

471

(1)

The Collegial Model

471

(1)

Theory Z

472

(1)

Management by Objectives

472

(1)

Total Quality Management

473

(1)

Summary Comments about Models of Organizational Behavior

474

(1)

Value Orientations In Organizational Decision Making

474

(1)

Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Services Organizations

475

(2)

Conservative Perspective

475

(1)

Liberal Perspective

476

(1)

Developmental Perspective

476

(1)

Summary

477

(3)

Chapter 13 Sexual Orientation

480

(29)

A Perspective

482

(1)

Homosexuality and Bisexuality

482

(2)

Highlight 13.1 Stereotypes about Gay and Lesbian People

483

(1)

What Does Being a Homosexual Mean?

484

(1)

Definition of Bisexual

485

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 13.1 Transsexual and Transgender People

486

(1)

Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People

486

(1)

Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay?

487

(3)

Biological Theories

487

(2)

Psychosocial Theories

489

(1)

The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer?

489

(1)

Interactionist Theory

489

(1)

Ethical Issues Related to Theory

489

(1)

Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality

490

(1)

Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles

490

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 13.2 Discrimination and the Impacts of Homophobia

491

(2)

Lesbian and Gay Relationships

492

(1)

Sexual Interaction

492

(1)

Significant Issues and Life Events

493

(12)

The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces Legal Issues

493

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 13.3 Gay and Lesbian Pride and a Sense of Community

494

(3)

Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People

497

(1)

Coming Out

498

(4)

Spotlight on Diversity 13.4 Ethnicity and Sexual Orientation

500

(1)

Highlight 13.2 Cheryl's Exploration of Her Self-Identity and Sexual Orientation

501

(1)

Lesbian and Gay Parents

502

(1)

As Lesbians and Gay Men Age

503

(1)

Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS

504

(8)

Spotlight on Diversity 13.5 Social Work with Lesbian and Gay People: Promoting Optimal Well-Being

505

(1)

Summary

505

(4)

Part Four Later Adulthood

Chapter 14 Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

509

(26)

A Perspective

511

(1)

What Is Later Adulthood?

511

(1)

Senescence

512

(7)

Spotlight on Diversity 14.1 Internationally Noted Individuals Prove That Age Need Not Be a Barrier to Being Productive

513

(3)

Highlight 14.1 Values and Aging: The Myth of Senility

516

(3)

What Causes Aging?

519

(2)

Factors That Influence the Aging Process

521

(1)

Diseases and Causes of Death among the Elderly

521

(4)

Highlight 14.2 Health Practices and Longevity

522

(1)

Highlight 14.3 Leading Causes of Death among the Elderly

522

(1)

Highlight 14.4 Alzheimer's Disease

523

(2)

Life Expectancy

525

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 14.2 Longevity: Cross-Cultural Research on Centenarians

526

(2)

Wellness: The Impacts of Different Systems on Health

528

(5)

Physical Exercise

526

(1)

Mental Activity

526

(1)

Sleep Patterns

527

(1)

Nutrition and Diet

528

(1)

Stress and Stress Management

528

(5)

Summary

533

(2)

Chapter 15 Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

535

(25)

A Perspective

536

(2)

Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood

538

(1)

Theoretical Concepts about Developmental Tasks In Later Adulthood

538

(4)

Integrity versus Despair

538

(1)

Three Key Psychological Adjustments

539

(1)

Life Review

539

(1)

Self-Esteem

539

(1)

Life Satisfaction

540

(1)

Low Status and Ageism

540

(1)

Depression and Other Emotional Problems

540

(2)

Spotlight on Diversity 15.1 Triple Jeopardy: Being Female, African American and Old

541

(1)

Spirituality and Religion

542

(1)

Theories of Successful Aging

542

(5)

Activity Theory

542

(3)

Spotlight on Diversity 15.2 Spirituality and Religion

543

(2)

Disengagement Theory

545

(1)

Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory

546

(1)

The Impact of Life Events on the Elderly

547

(3)

Marriage

547

(1)

Death of a Spouse

548

(1)

Widowhood

548

(1)

Never Married

548

(1)

Remarriage

548

(1)

Family System Relationships

548

(1)

Grandparenthood

549

(1)

Great-Grandparenthood

550

(1)

Guidelines for Positive Psychological Propagation for Later Adulthood

550

(1)

Grief Management and Death Education

551

(7)

Death in Out Society: The Impact of Social Forces

551

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 15.3 The Cultural-Historical Context of Death and Bereavement

551

(1)

The Grieving Process

552

(1)

The Kubler-Ross Mode1

552

(1)

The Westberg Model

552

(2)

Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations

554

(1)

How to Relate to a Dying Person

555

(1)

How to Relate to Survivors

555

(1)

Highlight 15.1 Questions about Grief, Death, and Dying

556

(1)

How to Become Comfortable with the Idea of Your Own Eventual Death

556

(26)

Highlight 15.2 Life after Life

558

(1)

Summary

558

(2)

Chapter 16 Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood

560

A Perspective

561

(21)

The Elderly: A Population-at-Risk

582

(1)

Problems Faced by the Elderly

582

Emphasis on Youth: The Impacts of Social and Economic Foes

563

(1)

The Increasing Elderly Population

563

(1)

Spotlight on Diversity 16.1 High Status for the Elderly in China, Japan and Other Countries

564

(1)

The Fastest Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old

564

(1)

Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces

565

(1)

Financial Problems of the Elderly

566

(1)

The Social Security System

567

(1)

Death

567

(1)

Highlight 16.1 Critical Thinking about an Ethical Issue: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?

568

(1)

Elder Abuse

568

(2)

Where the Elderly Live

570

(1)

Transportation

570

(1)

Crime Victimization

570

(1)

Malnutrition

570

(1)

Health Problems and Cost of Care

570

(1)

Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Elderly Mexican Americans

571

(1)

Current Services: Macro System Responses

572

(9)

Older Americans Act of 1965

572

(1)

Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI)

572

(1)

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

573

(1)

Medicare

573

(1)

Medicaid

573

(1)

Food Stamps

574

(1)

Adult Protective Services

574

(1)

Additional Programs

574

(1)

Highlight 16.2 Adult Protective Services

575

(1)

Nursing Homes

575

(2)

Highlight 16.3 Community Options Program: Providing Alternatives to Nursing Home Placement

577

(1)

Social Work with the Elderly

577

(1)

The Elderly Are a Powerful Political Force

578

(1)

Charging a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for the Elderly

579

(2)

Summary

581

(7)

Bibliography

588

(29)

Name Index

617

(10)

Subject Index

627

(20)

Photo Credits

647

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Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

9780534608316

0534608310

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (with InfoTrac)

9780534608316

0534608310

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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