9781119723455

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Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements merges time-tested pedagogy with current technology to deliver an immersive, accessible resource for both students and practicing engineers. Emphasizing statistics and uncertainty analysis with topical integration throughout, this book establishes a strong foundation in measurement theory while leveraging the e-book format to increase student engagement with interactive problems, electronic data sets, and more. This new Seventh edition has been updated with new practice problems, electronically accessible solutions, and dedicated Instructor Problems that ease course planning and assessment.

Extensive coverage of device selection, test procedures, measurement system performance, and result reporting and analysis sets the field for generalized understanding, while practical discussion of data acquisition hardware, infrared imaging, and other current technologies demonstrate real-world methods and techniques. Designed to align with a variety of undergraduate course structures, this unique text offers a highly flexible pedagogical framework while remaining rigorous enough for use in graduate studies, independent study, or professional reference.

Preface v

1 Basic Concepts of measurement methods 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 General Measurement System 2

Sensor and Transducer 2

Signal-Conditioning Stage 3

Output Stage 4

General Template for a Measurement System 4

1.3 Experimental Test Plan 5

Variables 6

Noise and Interference 8

Randomization 9

Replication and Repetition 13

Concomitant Methods 14

1.4 Calibration 14

Static Calibration 14

Dynamic Calibration 14

Static Sensitivity 15

Range and Span 15

Resolution 16

Accuracy and Error 16

Random and Systematic Errors and Uncertainty 16

Sequential Test 19

Hysteresis 19

Random Test 19

Linearity Error 19

Sensitivity and Zero Errors 21

Instrument Repeatability 21

Reproducibility 21

Instrument Precision 21

Overall Instrument Error and Instrument Uncertainty 22

Verification and Validation 22

1.5 Standards 22

Primary Unit Standards 22

Base Dimensions and Their Units 23

Derived Units 25

Hierarchy of Standards 28

Test Standards and Codes 29

1.6 Presenting Data 30

Rectangular Coordinate Format 30

Semilog Coordinate Format 30

Full-Log Coordinate Format 30

Significant Digits 30

Summary 33

Nomenclature 34

References 34

2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics Of Signals 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts 35

Generalized Behavior 36

Classification of Waveforms 36

Signal Waveforms 38

2.3 Signal Analysis 39

Signal Root-Mean-Square Value 40

Discrete Time or Digital Signals 40

Direct Current Offset 41

2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 42

Periodic Signals 43

Frequency Analysis 45

Fourier Series and Coefficients 48

Fourier Coefficients 48

Special Case: Functions with T = 2π 49

Even and Odd Functions 49

2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum 55

Discrete Fourier Transform 56

Analysis of Signals in Frequency Space 60

Summary 62

References 63

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Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

1119723450

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials