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The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month

by: Bayer; Shirley A.

The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month

by: Bayer; Shirley A.

ISBN 13:
9780849314209
ISBN 10:
0849314208
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 05/29/2002
Publisher: CRC Press

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Summary

This first volume in the Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development series sets the stage with complete coverage of the spinal cord from gestational week 4 to the 4th postnatal month. 3D color images provide a holistic view of the structural changes during spinal cord morphogenesis. This landmark first volume provides quantitative summaries of several ontogenetic trends. It features all the stages of spinal cord development, offers fresh insights into the steps involved in the morphogenesis of the mature spinal cord, and shows the human spinal cord at its most primitive stage, when consisting mainly of neuroepithelial stem cells. This atlas is also available as part of the complete five volume series.This atlas is also available as part of the complete five volume series.

Preface

Figure 1: Dorsal View of the Brain and Spinal Cord in a Newborn Infant

xvi

Introduction

(5)

Overview of Atlas Organization

(1)

Specimen Collections

(1)

Methods: Plate Preparation

(1)

Methods: 3-D Reconstructions

(1)

Terminology

(3)

References

(1)

The First Trimester

(56)

Cervical levels only: Embryos at GW4.0 to GW8.5

(24)

Plate 1: Overview

(1)

Plates 2A, 2B: GW4.0

(2)

Plates 3A, 3B: GW4.5

(2)

Plates 4A, 4B: GW4.75

(2)

Plates 5A, 5B: GW5.25 (M2065)

(2)

Plates 6A, 6B: GW5.25 (C8998)

(2)

Plates 7A, 7B: GW5.5

(2)

Plates 8A, 8B: GW6.5

(2)

Plates 9A, 9B: GW6.7

(2)

Plates 10A, 10B: GW6.8

(2)

Plates 11A, 11B: GW7.25

(2)

Plates 12A, 12B: GW8.5 (C609)

(2)

Spinal cord of a GW8.5 embryo

(16)

Plate 13: Overview

(1)

Plates 14A, 14B: Upper Cervical

(2)

Plates 15A, 15B: Cervical Enlargement

(2)

Plates 16A, 16B: Lower Cervical

(2)

Plates 17A, 17B: Middle Thoracic

(2)

Plates 18A, 18B: Lower Thoracic

(2)

Plates 19A, 19B: Lumbar Enlargement

(2)

Plates 20A, 20B: Sacral and Coccygeal

(2)

Spinal cord of a GW10.5 embryo

(16)

Plate 21: Overview

(1)

Plates 22A, 22B: Lower Medulla/Upper Cervical

(2)

Plates 23A, 23B: Cervical Enlargement

(2)

Plates 24A, 24B: Upper Thoracic

(2)

Plates 25A, 25B: Lower Thoracic

(2)

Plates 26A, 26B: Upper Lumbar

(2)

Plates 27A, 27B: Lumbar Enlargement

(2)

Plates 28A, 28B: Sacral

(2)

The Second Trimester

(48)

Spinal cord of a GW14 fetus

(18)

Plate 29: Overview

(1)

Plates 30A, 30B: Upper Cervical

(2)

Plates 31A, 31B: Cervical Enlargement

(2)

Plates 32A, 32B: Upper Thoracic

(2)

Plates 33A, 33B: Middle Thoracic

(2)

Plates 34A, 34B: Lower Thoracic

(2)

Plates 35A, 35B: Upper Lumbar

(2)

Plates 36A, 36B: Lumbar Enlargement

(2)

Plates 37A, 37B: Sacral/Coccygeal

(2)

Spinal cord of a GW19 fetus

(16)

Table III B--1: Density of proliferating glia in the white matter at GW 19

(1)

Plate 38: Overview

(1)

Plates 39A, 39B: Upper Cervical

(2)

Plates 40A, 40B: Cervical Enlargement

(2)

Plates 41A, 41B: Middle Thoracic

(2)

Plates 42A, 42B: Lower Thoracic

(2)

Plates 43A, 43B: Upper Lumbar

(2)

Plates 44A, 44B: Lumbar Enlargement

(2)

Plates 45A, 45B: Lumbosacral

(2)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a GW26 fetus

(14)

Table III C--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter at GW 26

(1)

Plate 46: Overview

(1)

Plates 47A, 47B: Upper Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

(2)

Plates 48A, 48B: Upper Cervical Enlargement (cell body)

100

(2)

Plates 49A, 49B: Lower Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

102

(2)

Plates 50A, 50B: Lower Cervical Enlargement (cell body)

104

(2)

Plates 51A, 51B: Upper Thoracic (myelin)

106

(2)

Plates 52A, 52B: Upper Thoracic (cell body)

108

(2)

The Third Trimester

110

(52)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a GW31 fetus

110

(18)

Table IV A--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter at GW 31

110

(1)

Plate 53: Overview

111

(1)

Plates 54A, 54B: Lower Thoracic (myelin)

112

(2)

Plates 55A, 55B: Lower Thoracic (cell body)

114

(2)

Plates 56A, 56B: Upper Lumbar (myelin)

116

(2)

Plates 57A, 57B: Upper Lumbar (cell body)

118

(2)

Plates 58A, 58B: Lumbar Enlargement (myelin)

120

(2)

Plates 59A, 59B: Lumbar Enlargement (cell body)

122

(2)

Plates 60A, 60B: Sacral/Coccygeal (myelin)

124

(2)

Plates 61A, 61B: Sacral/Coccygeal (cell body)

126

(2)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a GW37 fetus

128

(34)

Table IV B--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter at GW 37

128

(1)

Plate 62: Overview

129

(1)

Plates 63A, 63B: Upper Cervical (myelin)

130

(2)

Plates 64A, 64B: Upper Cervical (cell body)

132

(2)

Plates 65A, 65B: Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

134

(2)

Plates 66A, 66B: Cervical Enlargement (cell body)

136

(2)

Plates 67A, 67B: Upper Thoracic (myelin)

138

(2)

Plates 68A, 68B: Upper Thoracic (cell body)

140

(2)

Plates 69A, 69B: Middle Thoracic (myelin)

142

(2)

Plates 70A, 70B: Middle Thoracic (cell body)

144

(2)

Plates 71A, 71B: Lower Thoracic (myelin)

146

(2)

Plates 72A, 72B: Lower Thoracic (cell body)

148

(2)

Plates 73A, 73B: Upper Lumbar (myelin)

150

(2)

Plates 74A, 74B: Upper Lumbar (cell body)

152

(2)

Plates 75A, 75B: Lumbar Enlargement (myelin)

154

(2)

Plates 76A, 76B: Lumbar Enlargement (cell body)

156

(2)

Plates 77A, 77B: Sacral/Coccygeal (myelin)

158

(2)

Plates 78A, 78B: Sacral/Coccygeal (cell body)

160

(2)

The Early Postnatal Period: Infants at 4 days, 4 weeks, and 4 months

162

(78)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a 4--day infant

162

(26)

Table V A--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter in a 4-Day Infant

162

(1)

Plate 79: Overview

163

(1)

Plates 80A, 80B: Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

164

(2)

Plates 81A, 81B: Cervical Enlargement (cell body)

166

(2)

Plates 82A, 82B: Upper Thoracic (myelin)

168

(2)

Plates 83A, 83B: Upper Thoracic (cell body)

170

(2)

Plates 84A, 84B: Lower Thoracic (myelin)

172

(2)

Plates 85A, 85B: Lower Thoracic (cell body)

174

(2)

Plates 86A, 86B: Upper Lumbar (myelin)

176

(2)

Plates 87A, 87B: Upper Lumbar (cell body)

178

(2)

Plates 88A, 88B: Lumbar Enlargement (myelin)

180

(2)

Plates 89A, 89B: Lumbar Enlargement (cell body)

182

(2)

Plates 90A, 90B: Sacral/Coccygeal (myelin)

184

(2)

Plates 91A, 91B: Sacral/Coccygeal (cell body)

186

(2)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a 4--week infant

188

(22)

Table V B--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter in a 4-Week Infant

188

(1)

Plate 92: Overview

189

(1)

Plates 93A, 93B: Upper Cervical (myelin)

190

(2)

Plates 94A, 94B: Upper Cervical (cell body)

192

(2)

Plates 95A, 95B: Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

194

(2)

Plates 96A, 96B: Upper Thoracic (myelin)

196

(2)

Plates 97A, 97B: Upper Thoracic (cell body)

198

(2)

Plates 98A, 98B: Lower Thoracic (myelin)

200

(2)

Plates 99A, 99B: Lower Thoracic (cell body)

202

(2)

Plates 100A, 100B: Upper Lumbar (myelin)

204

(2)

Plates 101A, 101B: Lumbar Enlargement (myelin)

206

(2)

Plates 102A, 102B: Lumbar Enlargement (cell body)

208

(2)

Matched myelin and cell body stained sections in the Spinal cord of a 4--month infant

210

(30)

Table V C--1: Glia types and concentration in the white matter in a 4-Month Infant

210

(1)

Plate 103: Overview

211

(1)

Plates 104A, 104B: Upper Cervical (myelin)

212

(2)

Plates 105A, 105B: Upper Cervical (cell body)

214

(2)

Plates 106A, 106B: Cervical Enlargement (myelin)

216

(2)

Plates 107A, 107B: Cervical Enlargement (cell body)

218

(2)

Plates 108A, 108B: Upper Thoracic (myelin)

220

(2)

Plates 109A, 109B: Upper Thoracic (cell body)

222

(2)

Plates 110A, 110B: Middle Thoracic (myelin)

224

(2)

Plates 111A, 111B: Middle Thoracic (cell body)

226

(2)

Plates 112A, 112B: Lower Thoracic (myelin)

228

(2)

Plates 113A, 113B: Lower Thoracic (cell body)

230

(2)

Plates 114A, 114B: Upper Lumbar (myelin)

232

(2)

Plates 115A, 115B: Upper Lumbar (cell body)

234

(2)

Plates 116A, 116B: Lumbar Enlargement (myelin)

236

(2)

Plates 117A, 117B: Lumbar Enlargement (cell body)

238

(2)

3-D Reconstructions

240

(35)

The cervical level of eight first-trimester specimens

240

(9)

Figure 2: Overview of Spinal cord Development (GW3.5--GW14)

241

(1)

Figure 3: Neuroepithelium (GW3.5--GW4.0)

242

(1)

Figure 4: Neuroepithelium and Gray Matter (GW5.25--GW5.5)

243

(1)

Figure 5: Neuroepithelium and Gray Matter (GW7.0--GW7.2)

244

(1)

Figure 6: Neuroepithelium and Gray Matter (GW8.5--GW7.2)

245

(1)

Figure 7: Neuroepithelium, Roof and Floor Plates (GW3.5--GW5.5)

246

(1)

Figure 8: Neuroepithelium, Roof and Floor Plates (GW7.0--GW14)

247

(1)

Figure 9: Growth of the White Matter (GW5.25--GW14)

248

(1)

The progressive segregation of ventral horn motoneurons into columns

249

(26)

Figure 10: Cervical Sections in the GW8.5 Model

250

(1)

Figure 11: Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral Sections in the GW8.5 Model

251

(1)

Figure 12: The Entire GW8.5 Model

252

(2)

Figure 13: Cervical Part of GW8.5 Model

254

(1)

Figure 14: Thoracic Part of GW8.5 Model

255

(1)

Figure 15: Lumbosacral Part of GW8.5 Model

256

(1)

Figure 16: Cervical Sections in the GW10.5 Model

257

(1)

Figure 17: Thoracic Sections in the GW10.5 Model

258

(1)

Figure 18: Lumbar and Sacral Sections in the GW10.5 Model

259

(1)

Figure 19: The Entire GW10.5 Model

260

(2)

Figure 20: Cervical Part of GW10.5 Model

262

(1)

Figure 21: Thoracic Part of GW10.5 Model

263

(1)

Figure 22: Lumbar Part GW10.5 Model

264

(1)

Figure 23: Cervical Sections in the GW14 Model

265

(1)

Figure 24: Thoracic Sections in the GW14 Model

266

(1)

Figure 25: Lumbar and Sacral Sections in the GW14 Model

267

(1)

Figure 26: The Entire GW14 Model

268

(2)

Figure 27: Cervical Part of GW14 Model (top view)

270

(1)

Figure 28: Cervical Part of GW14 Model (side view)

271

(1)

Figure 29: Lumbosacral Part of GW14 Model (top view)

272

(1)

Figure 30: Lumbosacral Part of GW14 Model (side view)

273

(1)

Figure 32: Thoracic Part of GW14 Model

274

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

275

(8)

Figure 32: Changes in Area During the First Trimester

276

(1)

Table VII-1: Developmental Events in Neuronal Populations during the First Trimester

277

(1)

Figure 33: Changes in Area from GW14 to the 4th Postnatal Month

277

(1)

Figure 34: Proportional Areas at Cervical Enlargement (1)

278

(1)

Figure 35: Proportional Areas at Cervical Enlargement (2)

279

(1)

Figure 36: Level Differences in Proportional Areas: GW8.5--GW19

280

(1)

Figure 37: Level Differences in Proportional Areas: GW37--4th Month

281

(1)

Table VII-2: Myelination Sequences in Major Fiber Tracts (Cervical Enlargement)

282

(1)

Glossary

283

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The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month

The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month

9780849314209

0849314208

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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