Alan H. Goodman is Professor of Biological Anthropology at Hampshire College and former Vice President of Academic Affairs and Dean of Faculty. He has written extensively on human variation and the biological consequences of inequality and poverty and co-leads the RACE national public education project sponsored by the AAA and funded by NSF and the Ford Foundation. Goodman is a former President of the AAA.

Yolanda T. Moses is Professor of Anthropology and recent Associate Vice Chancellor for Diversity, Excellence and Equity at the University of California, Riverside. A cultural anthropologist, she has published extensively on issues of social inequality in complex societies and cultural diversity in higher education. She co-leads the RACE national education project and is a former President of the AAA.

Joseph L. Jones is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the College of William & Mary. A biological anthropologist, his work involves descendant community engagement and skeletal research on African diasporic biohistory and health. He has published on slavery and environmental lead exposure at the New York African Burial Ground in Lower Manhattan. Jones is former RACE project manager for the American Anthropological Association.

Sponsored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA). Based out of Washington DC, the American Anthropological Association is a professional association for anthropologists working across the four major fields of anthropology – biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. With approximately 10,000 members, the AAA supports researchers, higher education professionals, students, and individuals working in the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. The AAA publishes a portfolio of more than 20 journals, stages annual research conferences, and supports anthropologists at all stages of their careers through awards and fellowships, career planning services, and internship and summer field school programs.

List of Illustrations vii

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiv

1 Introducing Race, Human Variation, and Racism 1

Part 1 Histories of Race, Difference, and Racism 7

2 Inventing Race 9

3 Creating Race 15

4 Human Mismeasure 27

5 Inventing Whiteness 45

6 Separate and Unequal 69

Part 2 Why Human Variation is Not Racial 91

7 Introduction: Race ≠ Human Biological Variation 93

8 Skin Deep? 101

9 Sickle Cell Disease: Not for Blacks Only 111

10 The Apportionment of Variation, or …: Why We are All Africans Under the Skin 123

11 The Evolution of Variation 133

Part 3 Living with Race and Racism 147

12 Introduction: Living with Race and Racism 149

13 The Census and Making Race “Official” 158

14 Race and Education 178

15 Linking Race and Wealth: An American Dilemma 194

16 Race and Health Inequalities 213

17 Conclusion 232

Glossary 250

Index 257

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