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Principles and Practice of Echocardiography

by: Weyman, Arthur E.

Principles and Practice of Echocardiography

by: Weyman, Arthur E.

ISBN 13:
9780812112078
ISBN 10:
0812112075
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/1994
Publisher: Lea & Febiger

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Summary

Formerly titled Cross-Sectional Echocardiography, the Second Edition of Dr. Weyman's pioneering text is almost twice the size of the original. This edition includes both pulsed and continuous wave Doppler, color flow mapping, and M-mode echocardiography, in addition to superb, updated coverage of cross-sectional echocardiography.

Part 1 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES, INSTRUMENTATION, AND ROUTINE EXAMINATION

Physical Principles of Ultrasound

(26)

Properties of Sound

(2)

Properties of Ultrasound

(7)

The Transducer

(4)

The Echograph

(6)

Biologic Effects of Ultrasound

(4)

References

(2)

Cross-Sectional Scanning: Technical Principles and Instrumentation

(27)

History of Cross-Sectional Imaging

(5)

Dynamic Cross-Sectional Imaging Systems

(7)

Array Transducers

(1)

Annular Phased Arrays

(2)

Two-Dimensional Arrays

(1)

Principles of Dynamic Cardiac Imaging Common to All Systems

(8)

Factors Affecting the Cross-Sectional Display Characteristics of a Point Target

(1)

References

(2)

Digital Image Processing

(19)

James D. Thomas

Digital Signal Processing

(2)

Introduction to Computer Technology

(1)

Current Echocardiographic Digital Processing

(2)

Image Processing

(12)

References

(2)

Cross-Sectional Echocardiographic Examination

(23)

Preliminary Steps

(4)

Examination Sequence

(16)

References

(2)

Standard Plane Positions---Standard Imaging Planes

(26)

Parasternal Long Axis Planes

(7)

Parasternal Short Axis Planes

106

(5)

Apical Views

111

(6)

Subcostal Examination

117

(3)

Suprasternal Views

120

(2)

Summary

122

(1)

References

123

(1)

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Echocardiographic Images

124

(19)

Mark D. Handschumacher

Anthony J. Sanfilippo

Basic Concepts

124

(2)

Methods for Acquiring Two-Dimensional Image Data

126

(1)

Methods for Locating Image Data in Three-Dimensional Space

126

(5)

Methods for Temporal Alignment of Images to the Cardiac Cycle

131

(1)

Alignment of Imaging Data, Positional Data, and ECG Data

131

(1)

Processing, Integration, and Storage of Imaging Data

132

(3)

Methods for Displaying the Reconstructed Data

135

(3)

Methods for Quantifying Three-Dimensional Relationships

138

(1)

Fundamental Limitations of Three-Dimensional Reconstruction

139

(1)

Applications of Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Reconstruction

139

(2)

Future Directions in Technology

141

(1)

Summary

142

(1)

References

142

(1)

Principles of Doppler Flow Measurement

143

(20)

History---Christian Johann Doppler

143

(2)

Frequency Description and Analysis

145

(2)

Representation of Waveforms of Varying Frequency and Amplitude

147

(4)

Combinations of Waveforms

151

(1)

Methods for Determining the Frequency of Unknown and Complex Sinusoidal Waveforms

152

(2)

Application of Sampling Theory to Doppler Signal Analysis

154

(1)

Filters

154

(1)

The Doppler Effect

155

(4)

Limitations in the Direct Application of the Doppler Equation to Clinical Velocity Measurement

159

(3)

References

162

(1)

Doppler Instrumentation

163

(21)

Doppler Pulse Transmission, Attenuation, and Scattering: General Concepts and Comparison with Imaging Echocardiography

163

(3)

Summary of Factors Affecting Doppler Sensitivity: Signal/Noise Ratio and Dynamic Range

166

(2)

General Approaches to Signal Detection and Extraction

168

(7)

Specific Types of Doppler Instruments

175

(8)

Summary

183

(1)

References

183

(1)

Principles of Flow

184

(17)

Structure of Blood and Its Relation to Ultrasonic Scattering

184

(2)

Blood Flow

186

(6)

Hydraulic Energies

192

(5)

Pulsatile Flow

197

(1)

Vessel Diameter

197

(1)

Velocity Profile

198

(1)

Nonuniform Suspension of Cells

199

(1)

References

199

(2)

Doppler Signal Processing

201

(17)

Signal Processing

201

(6)

Relationship of the Zero-Crossing Definition of Frequency to the Fourier Definition of Frequency

207

(5)

Methods of Extracting Specific Components of the Doppler Frequency Spectrum

212

(3)

Combination of Doppler Flow Meters with Pulsed Echo Imaging Systems

215

(1)

References

216

(2)

Principles of Color Flow Mapping

218

(16)

General Overview and System Design

218

(1)

The Color Flow Mapper

219

(11)

Interrelationship of Velocity Resolution, Depth of Field, Line Density, and Frame Rate

230

(1)

Color Doppler Spatial, Temporal, and Velocity Resolution

231

(1)

Summary

232

(1)

References

233

(1)

Fluid Dynamics of Regurgitant Jets and Their Imaging by Color Doppler

234

(22)

James D. Thomas

Ravin Davidoff

Edward G. Cape

Definitions

234

(2)

Mathematic Description of Jets and Their Color Flow Appearance

236

(9)

Current and Future Approaches to Color Jet Quantification

245

(3)

Summary

248

(7)

References

255

(1)

The Routine Doppler Examination

256

(26)

Instrument Controls

257

(2)

Choice of Echocardiographic Windows for Doppler Studies

259

(1)

Use of the Flow Signals as the Primary Method for Directing the Doppler Beam

260

(1)

The Routine Examination

260

(1)

Doppler Examination---Apical Window

261

(8)

Doppler Examination---Parasternal Window

269

(1)

Doppler Examination---Suprasternal Window

270

(2)

Using Color Flow Mapping for Routine Data Acquisition

272

(1)

Commonly Encountered Artifacts in Pulsed and Continuous Wave Doppler

272

(6)

Display Phenomena and Artifacts Unique to Color Flow Mapping

278

(3)

References

281

(1)

M-Mode Echocardiography: Principles and Examination Techniques

282

(20)

Michael H. Picard

History

282

(4)

Technical Aspects

286

(2)

Motion Patterns and Measurements of Major Structures by M-Mode

288

(5)

Normal M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements

293

(2)

Examples of Current Applications of M-Mode Echocardiography

295

(3)

Limitations of the M-Mode Technique

298

(1)

Summary

299

(1)

References

300

(2)

Miscellaneous Echocardiographic Techniques I: Contrast Echocardiography

302

(25)

History

302

(1)

Source of Echo-Contrast

303

(1)

Microbubbles as Echo-Contrast Agents

303

(1)

Microbubble Clearance, Coalescence, and Dissolution

304

(1)

Spontaneous Bubble Formation and Growth in Supersaturated Solutions

305

(1)

Source of Microbubbles in Injected Solutions

305

(1)

Factors Affecting Microbubble Survival

305

(1)

Relationship of Bubble Size to Resonant Frequency

306

(1)

Contrast Solutions

306

(2)

Injection Technique

308

(1)

Left-Sided Contrast Following Right-Sided Injection

308

(1)

Examination Technique

308

(1)

Effects of Injected Contrast on Image Resolution

309

(1)

Analysis of Contrast Echograms

310

(4)

Clinical and Research Applications

314

(5)

Unique Applications of Contrast Echocardiography

319

(3)

Limitations

322

(1)

Potential Complications

322

(1)

Current Role Relative to Doppler

323

(1)

Spontaneous Contrast

324

(1)

Incidental Contrast

324

(1)

References

325

(2)

Miscellaneous Echocardiographic Techniques II: Transesophageal Echocardiography, Epicardial Echocardiography, Intraoperative Echocardiography, Catheter-Based (Intravascular and Intracardiac) Echocardiography, and Sonomicrometry

327

(64)

Transesophageal Echocardiography

327

(32)

Epicardial Echocardiography

359

(2)

Intraoperative Echocardiography

361

(5)

Catheter-Based Imaging and Flow Recording: Intravascular and Intracardiac Imaging and Flow Velocity Recordings

366

(18)

Sonomicrometry

384

(1)

References

385

(6)

Part 2 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Left Ventricular Inflow Tract I: The Mitral Valve

391

(80)

The Normal Valve

391

(11)

The Abnormal Mitral Valve Echogram

402

(59)

Structural Abnormalities of Leaflets or Supporting Structures

461

(4)

References

465

(6)

Left Ventricular Inflow Tract II: The Left Atrium, Pulmonary Veins, and Coronary Sinus

471

(27)

Left Atrium

471

(15)

Pulmonary Veins

486

(5)

Coronary Sinus

491

(5)

References

496

(2)

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract: The Aortic Valve, Aorta, and Subvalvular Outflow Tract

498

(77)

Arthur E. Weyman

Brian P. Griffin

The Aortic Valve

499

(6)

The Abnormal Aortic Valve Echogram

505

(38)

The Aorta

543

(21)

The Subvalvular Left Ventricular Outflow Tract

564

(5)

References

569

(6)

Left Ventricle I: General Considerations, Assessment of Chamber Size and Function

575

(50)

Cedric Vuille

Arthur E. Weyman

General Principles of Echocardiographic Imaging Pertinent to the Left Ventricular Examination

576

(8)

Left Ventricular Volume

584

(1)

Left Ventricular Mass

584

(21)

Dynamic or Ejection Phase Indices of Left Ventricular Performance

605

(6)

Left Ventricular Response to Exercise

611

(1)

Valvular Diseases and the Left Ventricle

612

(5)

The Left Ventricle in Hypertension

617

(3)

References

620

(5)

Left Ventricle II: Quantification of Segmental Dysfunction

625

(31)

Stefan Mark Nidorf

Arthur E. Weyman

Technique and Image Characteristics

626

(2)

Assessment of the Extent and Severity of Abnormal Wall Motion Within a Single Plane: Methods and Critique

628

(16)

Methods of Aligning Regional Wall Motion Data With Other Functional and Morphologic Parameters

644

(1)

Method of Assessing Ventricular Size and Geometry in a Single Plane

645

(1)

Assessment of Global Function: Methods and Critique

645

(9)

References

654

(2)

Left Ventricle III: Coronary Artery Disease---Clinical Manifestations and Complications

656

(31)

Samuel C. B. Siu

Arthur E. Weyman

Acute Myocardial Infarction

656

(14)

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

670

(7)

Stress Echocardiography

677

(4)

References

681

(6)

Left Ventricle IV: Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion with Contrast Two-Dimensional Echocardiography

687

(34)

Sanjiv Kaul

Thomas L. Force

Principles of Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

687

(1)

Contrast Agents

688

(2)

Assessment of the Perfusion Territory of a Coronary Artery

690

(12)

Quantification of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow

702

(16)

Summary

718

(1)

References

718

(3)

Left Ventricle V: Diastolic Function---Its Principles and Evaluation

721

(60)

Christopher Y. Choong

Definition of Diastole

722

(1)

Hemodynamic Phases During Diastole

722

(1)

Properties of the Left Ventricle During Diastole

723

(7)

The Noninvasive Evaluation of Diastolic Function

730

(6)

Echocardiographic Measurements of the Filling Characteristics of the Left Ventricle

736

(9)

The Doppler Transmitral Flow Velocity Profile

745

(20)

Measurements of Left Ventricular Filling in Pathologic States by Doppler Echocardiography

765

(10)

Summary

775

(1)

References

776

(5)

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Cardiomyopathies

781

(43)

Robert A. Levine

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

781

(23)

Dilated or Congestive Cardiomyopathies

804

(4)

Restrictive and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies

808

(9)

References

817

(7)

Right Ventricular Inflow Tract

824

(39)

The Tricuspid Valve

824

(5)

The Abnormal Tricuspid Valve Echogram

829

(17)

The Right Atrium

846

(6)

The Vena Cavae

852

(7)

References

859

(4)

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

863

(38)

The Pulmonary Valve

865

(20)

The Subvalvular Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: The Conus Arteriosus or Infundibulum

885

(2)

The Pulmonary Artery

887

(7)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

894

(4)

References

898

(3)

Right Ventricle

901

(21)

Leng Jiang

Susan E. Wiegers

Arthur E. Weyman

Right Ventricular Examining Planes and Linear Dimensions

902

(1)

Right Ventricular Volume Measurements

903

(10)

Right Ventricular Volume Overload

913

(1)

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

914

(1)

Chronic Right Ventricular Pressure Overload

915

(1)

Acute Right Ventricular Pressure Overload

915

(1)

Right Ventricular Infarction

915

(3)

Right Ventricular Dysplasia

918

(1)

Right Ventricular Masses

919

(1)

Right Ventricular Biopsy

919

(1)

References

919

(3)

Interatrial and Interventricular Septa

922

(33)

Pieter M. K. Vandervoort

Arthur E. Weyman

The Interatrial Septum

922

(12)

The Interventricular Septum

934

(18)

References

952

(3)

Doppler Estimation of Volumetric Flow

955

(24)

Shane A. Marshall

Arthur E. Weyman

Theoretic Considerations

956

(1)

Doppler-Echocardiographic Calculation of Volumetric Flow

956

(5)

Clinical and Experimental Validation

961

(1)

Approaches to Measuring Volumetric Flow at Individual Intracardiac Sites

962

(5)

Validation During Hemodynamic Interventions

967

(1)

Clinical Applications

968

(7)

Conclusions

975

(1)

References

976

(3)

Complex Congenital Heart Disease I: A Diagnostic Approach

979

(23)

Variations in Cardiac Position and Situs

979

(2)

The Initial Approach to the Heart

981

(1)

Atrial Situs and Visceroatrial Relations

982

(1)

Ventricular Number, Size, Orientation, and Identity

983

(5)

Atrioventricular Connections

988

(1)

Great Vessel Orientation and Identity

988

(3)

Ventricular-Great Vessel Relationships

991

(2)

Presence and Location of Intracardiac Shunts

993

(3)

Location and Presence of Outflow Obstruction

996

(2)

Estimation of Absolute Intracardiac Pressures

998

(1)

Unusual Atrioventricular and Ventriculoarterial Relationships

999

(1)

References

1000

(2)

Complex Congenital Heart Disease II: A Pathologic Approach

1002

(55)

Mary Etta E. King

Ventricular Abnormalities

1002

(16)

Abnormalities of Atrioventricular Valves

1018

(7)

Disorders of the Great Vessels

1025

(23)

Abnormalities of Venous Return: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage

1048

(3)

References

1051

(6)

Fetal Echocardiography

1057

(19)

Background

1057

(4)

Echocardiographic Examination of the Human Fetus

1061

(4)

Echocardiographic Measurement of Chamber Size in the Normal Developing Fetus

1065

(1)

Methods of Assessing Fetal Cardiac Performance

1066

(2)

Cardiac Morphologic and Functional Abnormalities Detectable in the Fetus

1068

(5)

Fetal Arrhythmias

1073

(1)

Risks Associated with Fetal Echocardiography

1074

(1)

Relationships between in Utero Detection of Cardiac Defects and Prognosis

1074

(1)

References

1075

(1)

Coronary Arteries

1076

(26)

Vivian M. Abascal

Jane E. Marshall

Arthur E. Weyman

Coronary Anatomy

1076

(1)

Examining Planes

1077

(3)

Normal Echocardiographic Anatomy

1080

(2)

Blood Flow Measurement by Pulsed Doppler Echocardiography

1082

(1)

Coronary Artery Stenosis

1083

(3)

Coronary Artery Aneurysms

1086

(3)

Anomalous Origin from the Pulmonary Artery

1089

(3)

Anomalous Origin from the Aorta

1092

(3)

Coronary Artery Fistulas

1095

(2)

Differential Diagnosis of Dilated Coronary Arteries

1097

(1)

High Frequency Epicardial Echocardiography (HFEE)

1098

(1)

Transesophageal Imaging

1099

(1)

Intra-arterial Echocardiographic Assessment of Coronary Artery Lumen

1100

(1)

References

1100

(2)

Pericardial Disease

1102

(33)

Anthony J. Sanfilippo

Arthur E. Weyman

Anatomic Considerations

1102

(1)

Normal Pericardial Physiology

1102

(1)

Echocardiographic Examination of the Pericardium

1103

(1)

Morphologic Features of Pericardial Disease

1104

(12)

Cardiac Tamponade

1116

(12)

Constrictive Pericarditis

1128

(3)

Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis

1131

(1)

Miscellaneous Disorders of the Pericardium

1131

(1)

Echocardiographic Guidance of Pericardiocentesis

1132

(1)

References

1133

(2)

Cardiac Tumors and Masses

1135

(43)

Annmarie Errichetti

Arthur E. Weyman

Primary Cardiac Tumors

1135

(21)

Secondary Tumors of the Heart and Pericardium

1156

(5)

Extracardiac Tumors

1161

(1)

Intracardiac Thrombi

1162

(6)

Vegetations

1168

(1)

Normal Variants Simulating Intracardiac Masses

1169

(3)

Man-made Objects in the Heart

1172

(1)

References

1173

(5)

Echocardiographic Findings in Infective Endocarditis

1178

(20)

Jayashri R. Aragam

Arthur E. Weyman

Clinical Characteristics of Valvular Vegetations

1178

(1)

Echocardiographic Characteristics of Valvular Vegetations

1179

(4)

Prosthetic Valve Vegetations

1183

(1)

Sensitivity and Specificity of Echocardiographic Findings in the Diagnosis of Vegetative Endocarditis

1184

(2)

Differentiation of Active from Healed Vegetations

1186

(1)

Valvular and Extravalvular Complications of Endocarditis

1186

(6)

Infected Prosthetic Materials

1192

(1)

Clinical Implications of Vegetations Detected by Echocardiography

1193

(2)

Role of Echocardiography in Culture-Negative Endocarditis

1195

(1)

References

1195

(3)

Echo-Doppler Assessment of Prosthetic Heart Valves

1198

(33)

Gerard T. Wilkins

Frank A. Flachskampf

Arthur E. Weyman

Summary of Valve Types

1198

(9)

Echocardiographic Examination of Prosthetic Valves---General Principles

1207

(7)

Prosthetic Valve Examination---Assessment by Location

1214

(8)

Specific Prosthetic Valve Abnormalities

1222

(7)

References

1229

(2)

Echocardiography in Cardiac Transplantation

1231

(9)

Michael H. Picard

Evaluation of Potential Donors

1231

(1)

Evaluation of the Potential Recipient

1232

(1)

Assessment of the Cardiac Transplant Recipient

1232

(4)

Noninvasive Indicators of Transplant Rejection

1236

(2)

References

1238

(2)

The Echocardiogram in Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction

1240

(24)

Wendy A. Thoreau

Pamela Harrigan

Arthur E. Weyman

Effect of Disorders of Rate, Rhythm, and Conduction on the Echocardiogram

1240

(19)

Clinical Applications of Echocardiography in Patients with Disturbances of Rhythm and Conduction

1259

(3)

References

1262

(2)

Tissue Characterization

1264

(25)

Justin D. Pearlman

General Methods of Waveform Analysis

1264

(2)

Tissue Characterization by Parameter Estimation

1266

(11)

Tissue Classification

1277

(8)

References

1285

(4)

Appendix A: Normal Cross-Sectional Echocardiographic Measurements

1289

(10)

Appendix B: Application of Fourier Analysis in Echocardiography

1299

(8)

James D. Thomas

Index

1307

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Principles and Practice of Echocardiography

Principles and Practice of Echocardiography

9780812112078

0812112075

Summary

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