David Nunes, PhD is an information systems advisor and software developer at the Central Portuguese Bank. He holds a Masters degree in Bioinformatics, and a PhD in Informatics, both from the University of Coimbra, Portugal.

Jorge Sá Silva, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Informatics Engineering at the tUniversity of Coimbra, Portugal.

Fernando Boavida, PhD is a Professor in the Department of Informatics Engineering at the University of Coimbra and founder of the University's Laboratory of Communications and Telematics of DEI.

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xvii

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

List of Abbreviations xxv

About the CompanionWebsite xxvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Rise of Cyber-Physical Systems 1

1.2 Humans as Elements of Cyber-Physical Systems 4

1.3 Objectives and Structure 7

Part I Evolution and Theory 9

2 Evolution of HiTL Technologies 11

2.1 "Things", Sensors, and the RealWorld 11

2.2 Human Sensing and Virtual Communities 17

2.3 In Summary... 23

3 TheoryofHiTLCPSs 25

3.1 Taxonomies for HiTLCPSs 25

3.2 Data Acquisition 28

3.2.1 Humans as Sets of Sensors 28

3.2.2 Humans as Communication Nodes 29

3.3 State Inference 30

3.3.1 Human Nature 30

3.3.2 Humans as Processing Nodes 31

3.4 Actuation 31

3.4.1 Humans and Robots as Actuators 31

3.5 In Summary... 32

4 HITL Technologies and Applications 35

4.1 Technologies for Supporting HiTLCPS 35

4.1.1 Data Acquisition 35

4.1.2 State Inference 39

4.1.3 Actuation 42

4.2 Experimental Projects 45

4.2.1 HiTL in Industry and at Home 46

4.2.2 HiTL in Healthcare 48

4.2.3 HiTL in Smartphones and Social Networking 51

4.3 In Summary... 56

Part II Human-in-the-Loop: Hands-On 57

5 ASampleApp 59

5.1 A Sample Behavior Change Intervention App 59

5.2 The Sample App’s Base Architecture 60

5.2.1 The Android App 60

5.2.2 The Server 65

5.3 Enhancing the Sample App with HiTL Emotion-awareness 66

5.3.1 Choosing a Machine Learning Technique 67

5.3.2 Implementing Emotion-awareness 68

5.4 In Summary... 71

6 Setting up the Development Environment 73

6.1 Installing Android Studio 73

6.2 Cloning the Android Project 77

6.3 Deploying the Server 85

6.3.1 Installing the Software and Cloning the Server’s Project 85

6.3.2 Obtaining a Foursquare®’s Client ID and Client Secret 88

6.3.3 Setting up the Database 91

6.3.4 Deploying the Server on Tomcat 7 95

6.4 Testing the Sample App 99

6.5 In Summary... 101

7 Data Acquisition 103

7.1 Creating the EmotionTasker 103

7.2 Processing Sensory Data 110

7.3 In Summary... 118

8 StateInference 121

8.1 Implementing a Neural Network 121

8.2 Requesting User Feedback 125

8.2.1 Creating the EmotionFeedback Activity 125

8.2.2 Implementing the EmotionSpace View 127

8.2.3 Finishing EmotionFeedback 151

8.2.4 Showing a Feedback Request Notification 158

8.3 Processing User Feedback 168

8.3.1 Processing Feedback on the EmotionTasker 168

8.3.2 Training the Neural Network 170

8.3.3 Sending Emotional Information to the Server 173

8.4 In Summary... 176

9 Actuation 179

9.1 Handling Emotions on the Server 179

9.1.1 Parsing JSON Requests 180

9.1.2 Creating theWeb Interface 189

9.1.3 Creating the Server’s BackgroundThread 190

9.1.4 Processing Incoming Emotions 192

9.1.5 Pruning Outdated Emotions 208

9.2 Finishing up EmotionTasker 210

9.2.1 Handling ANN Output 212

9.2.2 Posting New Emotion Inferences 217

9.3 Providing Positive Reinforcement 226

9.3.1 Creating a Motivational Dialog Box 226

9.3.2 Enabling the Emotion Heatmaps 234

9.4 In Summary… 237

Part III Future of Human-In-the-Loop Cyber-Physical Systems 239

10 Requirements and Challenges for HiTL Applications 241

10.1 Resilience 241

10.2 Security and Privacy 242

10.3 Standard Communications 244

10.4 Localization 248

10.5 State Inference 248

10.6 Safety 250

10.7 In Summary… 250

11 Human-in-the-Loop Constraints 253

11.1 Technical Limitations 253

11.2 Ethical limitations 256

A EmotionTasker’s full code 261

References 275

Index 289

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