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Nuclear Medicine Physics

by: Chandra, Ramesh

Nuclear Medicine Physics

by: Chandra, Ramesh

ISBN 13:
9780683300925
ISBN 10:
068330092X
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 10/01/1997
Publisher: Williams & Wilkins
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Summary

This widely used text is now fully updated to reflect the broad acceptance and availability of PET, including instrumentation and special radiation safety aspects. Also added are new information on radiopharmaceuticals, newer scintillation materials (BGO), fusion imaging (PET/CT and SPECT/CT), descriptions of SPECT filters, discussions on contrast detail curves, and radiation effects on cell culture. An easy-to-read format and eye-friendly internal design facilitate learning and guide readers through essential details, examples, and true-to-life problems. A testing component at the end of each chapter offers key points for review with questions and answers.

Preface

vii

Chapter 1 BASIC REVIEW

(6)

Matter, Elements, and Atoms

(1)

Simplified Structure of an Atom

(1)

Molecules

(1)

Binding Energy, Ionization, and Excitation

(1)

Forces or Fields

(1)

Electromagnetic Forces

(1)

Characteristic X-Rays and Auger Electrons

(1)

Interchangeability of Mass and Energy

(3)

Chapter 2 NUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVE PROCESSES

(12)

Nuclides and Their Classification

(1)

Nuclear Structure and Excited States of a Nuclide

(1)

Radionuclides and Stability of Nuclides

(1)

Radioactive Series or Chain

(1)

Radioactive Processes and Conservation Laws

(4)

Alpha Decay

(1)

Beta Decay

(1)

Gamma Decay or Isomeric Transition

(2)

Decay Schemes

(6)

Chapter 3 RADIOACTIVITY: LAW OF DECAY, HALF-LIFE, AND STATISTICS

(11)

Radioactivity: Definition, Units, and Dosage

(1)

Law of Decay

(6)

Calculation of the Mass of a Radioactive Sample

(1)

Specific Activity

(1)

The Exponential Law of Decay

(1)

Half-Life

(1)

Problems on Radioactive Decay

(2)

Average Life (T(av))

(1)

Biological Half-Life

(1)

Effective Half-Life

(1)

Statistics of Radioactive Decay

(5)

Poisson Distribution, Standard Deviation, and Percent Standard Deviation

(1)

Propagation of Statistical Errors

(1)

Room Background

(3)

Chapter 4 PRODUCTION OF RADIONUCLIDES

(8)

Methods of Radionuclide Production

(2)

Reactor-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

Accelerator-or Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

Fission-Produced Radionuclides

(1)

General Considerations in the Production of Radionuclides

(1)

Production of Short-Lived Radionuclides, Using a Generator

(6)

Principles of a Generator

(2)

Description of a Typical Generator

(4)

Chapter 5 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

(12)

Design Considerations for a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Selection of a Radionuclide

(1)

Selection of a Chemical

(1)

Development of a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Chemical Studies

(1)

Animal Distribution and Toxicity Studies

(1)

Human or Clinical Studies

(1)

Quality Control of a Radiopharmaceutical

(1)

Radionuclide Purity

(1)

Radiochemical Purity

(1)

Chemical Purity

(1)

Sterility

(1)

Apyrogenicity

(1)

Labeling of Radiopharmaceuticals With Technetium-99m

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

(3)

Technetium-99m Pertechnetate ((99m)TcO(4(-))

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sulfur Colloid

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Macroaggregated Albumin (99(m)Tc MAA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Polyphosphate, Pyrophosphate, and Diphosphonate

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Human Serum Albumin

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Red Cells

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled 2.3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Dimethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Glucoheptonate

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Mertiatide (MAG3)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled 2,6-Dimethyl Acetanilide Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA) and Related Compounds (Diethyl-IDA, PIPIDA, and DISIDA)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Sestamibi (Cardiolite)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Teboroxime (Cardiotec)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Tetrofosmin (Myoview)

(1)

Technetium-99m-Labeled Brain Imaging Agents (Exametazime [Ceretec], Hexamethylpropylene-amine Oxime [HMPAO], and Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer [ECD])

(1)

Radioiodine-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals ((131)I and (123)I))

(1)

Iodine-131- or Iodine-123-Labeled Sodium Iodide

(1)

Other Iodine-123-Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals

(1)

Compounds Labeled With Other Radionuclides

(2)

Gallium-67 Citrate

(1)

Thallous-201 Chloride

(1)

Chromium-51-Labeled Reds Cells

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled DTPA

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled Platelets and Leukocytes

(1)

Indium-111-Labeled-DTPA Pentetreotide (OctreoScan)

(1)

Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies

(1)

Radioactive Gases and Aerosols

(1)

Therapeutic Uses of Radiopharmaceuticals

(1)

Design of a Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Uses

(1)

Problems and Uses

(1)

Misadministration of Radiopharmaceuticals

(2)

Chapter 6 INTERACTION OF HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION WITH MATTER

(10)

Interaction of Charged Particles (10 keV to 10 MeV)

(3)

Principal Mechanism of Interaction

(1)

Differences Between Lighter and Heavier Charged Particles

(1)

Range, R, of a Charged Particle

(1)

Factors That Affect Range, R

(1)

Bremsstrahlung Production

(1)

Stopping Power, S

(1)

Linear Energy Transfer

(1)

Difference Between LET and Stopping Power, S

(1)

Annihilation of Positrons

(1)

Interaction of X-or XXX-Rays (10 keV to 10 MeV)

(5)

Attenuation and Transmission of X- or XXX-Rays

(1)

Mass Attenuation Coefficient, XXX(mass)

(1)

Atomic Attenuation Coefficient, XXX(atom)

(1)

Mechanisms of Interaction

(3)

Dependence of XXX(mass) and XXX(linear) on Z

(1)

Relative Importance of the Three Processes

(1)

Interaction of Neutrons

(2)

Chapter 7 RADIATION DOSIMETRY

(10)

General Comments on Radiation Dose Calculations

(1)

Definitions and Units

(1)

Radiation Dose, D

(1)

Radiation Dose Rate, dD/dt

(1)

Parameters or Data Needed

(1)

Calculation of the Radiation Dose

(4)

Step 1: Rate of Energy Emission

(1)

Step 2: Rate of Energy Absorption

(1)

Step 3: Dose Rate, dD dt

(1)

Step 4: Average Dose, D

(2)

Simplification of Radiation Dose Calculations Using "S" Factors

(1)

Some Illustrative Examples

(2)

Radiation Doses in Routine Imaging Procedures

(2)

Radiation Doses to a Fetus

(2)

Chapter 8 DETECTION OF HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION

(15)

What Do We Want to Know About Radiation?

(1)

Simple Detection

(1)

Quantity of Radiation

(1)

Energy of the Radiation

(1)

Nature of Radiation

(1)

What Makes One Radiation Detector Better than Another?

(2)

Intrinsic Efficiency or Sensitivity

(1)

Dead Time or Resolving Time

(1)

Energy Discrimination Capability or Energy Resolution

(1)

Other Considerations

(1)

Types of Detectors

(13)

Gas-Filled Detectors

(4)

Scintillation Detectors (Counters)

(7)

Semiconductor Detectors

(2)

Chapter 9 IN VITRO RADIATION DETECTION

(7)

Overall Efficiency (E)

(1)

Intrinsic Efficiency

(1)

Geometric Efficiency

(1)

Well-Type Nal(TI) Scintillation Detectors (Well Counters)

(2)

Liquid Scintillation Detectors

(4)

Basic Components

(1)

Preparation of the Sample Detector Vial

(1)

Problems Arising in Sample Preparation

(2)

Chapter 10 IN VIVO RADIATION DETECTION: BASIC PROBLEMS, PROBES, AND RECTILINEAR SCANNERS

(7)

Basic Problems

(3)

Collimation

(1)

Scattering

(1)

Attenuation

(1)

Organ Uptake Probes

(1)

Nal(TI) Detector

(1)

Collimator

(1)

Organ Imaging Devices

(3)

Rectilinear Scanner

(3)

Chapter 11 IN VIVO RADIATION DETECTION: SCINTILLATION CAMERA

(17)

Scintillation Camera

(8)

Collimators

(3)

Detector, Nal(TI) Crystal

102

(1)

Position Determining Circuit (x, y Coordinates)

103

(2)

Display

105

(2)

Imaging With a Scintillation Camera

107

(1)

Interfacing With a Computer or All-Digital Camera

108

(1)

Digitization in General

108

(1)

Digitization in the Scintillation Camera

109

(1)

Some Applications of Computers

109

(7)

Automatic Acquisition of Images

110

(1)

Display of Images

111

(1)

Analysis of the Images

112

(4)

Chapter 12 OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A SCINTILLATION CAMERA

116

(9)

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Spatial Resolution

116

(2)

Point-Spread Function and FWHM

116

(1)

Modulation Transfer Function

116

(1)

Resolution of an Imaging Chain

117

(1)

Quantitative Parameters for Measuring Sensitivity

118

(1)

Point Sensitivity (S(p))

118

(1)

Line Sensitivity (S(L))

118

(1)

Plane Sensitivity (S(A))

118

(1)

Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imager

118

(2)

Scintillation Camera

119

(1)

Loss of Spatial Resolution Resulting From Septal Penetration

120

(1)

Variation in Spatial Resolution With Depth

120

(1)

Uniformity and High Count Rate Performance of a Scintillation Camera

120

(2)

Uniformity

120

(2)

High Count Rate Performance

122

(1)

Quality Control of Imaging Devices

122

(3)

Scintillation Camera

122

(3)

Chapter 13 DETECTABILITY OR FINAL CONTRAST IN AN IMAGE

125

(5)

Object Contrast

125

(1)

Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity of an Imaging Device

125

(1)

Statistical Noise or Information Density

126

(2)

Projection of Volume Distribution Into Areal Distribution

128

(1)

Compton Scattering of XXX-Rays

128

(1)

Attenuation

128

(1)

Motion of the Object

128

(1)

Display Parameters

128

(1)

Observer Variations

129

(1)

Chapter 14 EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

130

(11)

Principles of Transverse Tomography

130

(3)

Considerations in Data Acquisition

130

(2)

Reconstruction of the Cross Section

132

(1)

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

133

(4)

Data Acquisition With a Scintillation Camera

133

(1)

Collimators

133

(1)

Attenuation Correction

134

(1)

Scatter Correction

135

(1)

Resolution Correction

135

(1)

Other Requirements or Sources of Error

135

(2)

Position Emission Tomography

137

(1)

Why PET?

137

(1)

Principles of PET

137

(1)

PET Instrumentation

137

(1)

High-Energy SPECT and PET With a Scintillation Camera

138

(1)

Longitudinal Tomography

139

(2)

Chapter 15 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND RISK EVALUATION FROM RADIATION EXPOSURE

141

(8)

Mechanism of Biological Damage

141

(1)

Factors Affecting Biological Damage

141

(2)

Radiation Dose

141

(1)

Dose Rate

142

(1)

LET or Type of Radiation

142

(1)

Type of Tissue

142

(1)

Amount of Tissue

142

(1)

Rate of Cell Turnover

142

(1)

Biological Variation

142

(1)

Chemical Modifiers

143

(1)

Biological Effect, Equivalent Dose, and Dose Equivalent

143

(1)

Equivalent Dose

143

(1)

Dose Equivalent

143

(1)

Deleterious Effects in Humans

143

(2)

Acute Effects

143

(1)

Late Effects

144

(1)

Radiation Effects in the Fetus

145

(1)

Different Radiation Exposures and the Concept of Effective Dose or Effective Dose Equivalent

145

(2)

Sources of Radiation Exposure

145

(1)

Methodology for Comparison of Different Exposures

145

(2)

Effective Doses in Nuclear Medicine and Comparison With Other Sources of Exposure

147

(2)

Chapter 16 METHODS OF SAFE HANDLING OF RADIONUCLIDES AND PERTAINING RULES AND REGULATIONS

149

(8)

Principles of Reducing Exposure From External Sources

149

(1)

Time

149

(1)

Distance

149

(1)

Shielding

150

(1)

Avoiding Internal Contamination

150

(1)

The Radioactive Patient

151

(1)

Rules and Regulations

151

(6)

U.S. Regulatory Agencies

151

(1)

Exposure or Dose Limits: Annual Limit on Intake and Derived Air Concentration

152

(1)

ALARA Principle

152

(1)

Types of Licenses

152

(1)

Radiation Safety Committee and Radiation Safety Officer

153

(1)

Personnel Monitoring

153

(1)

Receipt, Use, and Disposal of Radionuclides

153

(1)

Control and Labeling of Areas Where Radionuclides Are Stored and or Used

154

(1)

Contamination Survey and Radiation-Level Monitoring

154

(1)

Receiving and Shipping (Transport) of Radioactive Packages

154

(1)

Accidental Radioactive Spills

154

(3)

Appendix A: Physical Characteristics of Some Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

157

(4)

Appendix B: CGS and SI Units

161

(2)

Appendix C: Exponential Table

163

(2)

Appendix D: Radionuclides of Interest in Nuclear Medicine

165

(2)

Appendix E: Organ Masses of a Standard Man

167

(2)

Answers

169

(6)

Suggestions for Further Reading

175

(2)

Index

177

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Nuclear Medicine Physics

Nuclear Medicine Physics

9780683300925

068330092X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Nuclear Medicine Physics

Nuclear Medicine Physics

9780683300925

068330092X

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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