DERALD WING SUE, PHD, is a Professor of Psychology and Education in the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, where he also holds a joint appointment with the School of Social Work.

MIKAL N. RASHEED, PHD, LCSW, is a Professor of Social Work and Director of the Master of Social Work Program at Chicago State University and Director of the Urban Solutions Institute at Chicago State University.

JANICE MATTHEWS RASHEED, PHD, LCSW, is a Professor of Social Work at Loyola University Chicago's School of Social Work.

Preface xv

About the Authors xix

PART I: Principles and Assumptions of Multicultural Social Work Practice 1

Chapter 1 Cultural Diversity and Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 3

Chapter Learning Objectives 3

Overview 4

Voices of Diversity and Marginalization 4

African American Male 4

Gay American 4

Female Worker 5

Person with a Disability 5

Person in Poverty 6

Individual from an Undocumented Immigrant Family 6

Diversification of the United States and Implications for Social Work 10

The Multiple Dimensions of Human Identity 14

Individual Level 16

Group Level 17

Universal Level 18

Individual and Universal Biases in Social Work 18

Multicultural Challenges in Social Work Practice 20

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 22

Summary 23

Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations for Multicultural Social Work Practice 29

Chapter Learning Objectives 29

Overview 30

Theoretical Perspectives for Competent Multicultural Social Work Practice 30

Ecological Systems Perspective 31

Strengths Perspective 33

Social Justice Perspective 35

Critical Perspective 37

Antiracism as a Social Work Agenda 39

Intersectionality Perspective 43

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 53

Summary 54

Chapter 3 Becoming Culturally Competent in Social Work Practice 59

Chapter Learning Objectives 59

Overview 60

Defining Cultural Competence in Social Work Practice 60

Four Components of Cultural Competence 62

Competency 1: Becoming Aware of One’s Own Values, Biases, and Assumptions about Human Behavior 62

Competency 2: Understanding the Worldviews of Culturally Diverse Clients 63

Competency 3: Developing Appropriate Intervention Strategies and Techniques 64

Competency 4: Understanding Organizational and Institutional Forces That Enhance or Diminish Cultural Competence 66

Working Definition of Cultural Competence 67

Multidimensional Model of Cultural Competence in Social Work 69

Dimension 1: Group-Specific Worldviews 70

Dimension 2: Components of Cultural Competence 71

Dimension 3: Foci of Cultural Competence 77

What Is Multicultural Social Work Practice? 79

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 81

Summary 82

PART II: Systemic Oppression and Social Justice 87

Chapter 4 Understanding the Sociopolitical Implications of Oppression and Power in Social Work Practice 89

Chapter Learning Objectives 89

Overview 90

A Clash of Expectations 90

Effects of Historical and Current Oppression 95

Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 96

Belief in Superiority 96

Belief in the Inferiority of Others 97

Power to Impose Standards 97

Manifestation in Institutions 98

The Invisible Veil 98

Historical Manifestations of Ethnocentric Monoculturalism 99

Impact of Ethnocentric Monoculturalism in Helping Relationships 102

Credibility, Expertness, and Trustworthiness in Multicultural Social Work Practice 105

Credibility of the Social Worker 105

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 110

Summary 111

Chapter 5 Microaggressions in Social Work Practice 117

Chapter Learning Objectives 117

Overview 118

What Did He Really Mean? 118

Microaggression as a Form of Oppression 121

Microaggressions and the Clash of Sociodemographic Realities 122

Microaggressions and the Invisibility of Unintentional Expressions of Bias 131

Microaggressions and the Perceived Minimal Harm 133

The Catch-22 of Responding to Microaggressions 133

Categories of Microaggressions 133

Social Work Practice and Microaggression 136

Microinsults and Direct Social Work Practice 137

Microinvalidations and Direct Social Work Practice 140

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 144

Summary 145

PART III: Racial/Cultural Identity Development 149

Chapter 6 Racial/Cultural Minority Identity Development 151

Chapter Learning Objectives 151

Overview 152

Who Am I? 152

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models 154

Black Identity Development Models 156

Other Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models 157

Feminist Identity Theory 158

Working Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model 158

Conformity Stage 159

Who Am I—White or Black? 160

Dissonance Stage 165

Resistance and Immersion Stage 166

Introspection Stage 168

Integrative Awareness Stage 170

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 172

Summary 173

Chapter 7 White Racial Identity Development 179

Chapter Learning Objectives 179

Overview 180

“What Does It Mean to Be White?” 180

Forty-Two-Year-Old White Businessman 180

Twenty-Six-Year-Old White Female College Student 181

Sixty-Five-Year-Old White Male Construction Worker (Retired) 181

Thirty-Four-Year-Old White Female Stockbroker 182

Twenty-Nine-Year-Old Latina Administrative Assistant 182

Thirty-Nine-Year-Old Black Male Salesman 183

Twenty-One-Year-Old Chinese American Male College Student (Majoring in Ethnic Studies) 183

The Invisible Whiteness of Being 184

Understanding the Dynamics of Whiteness 185

Models of White Racial Identity Development 187

The Hardiman White Racial Identity

Development Model 188

The Helms White Racial Identity Model 191

The Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model 196

Conformity Stage 196

Dissonance Stage 197

Resistance and Immersion Stage 199

Introspection Stage 200

Integrative Awareness Stage 201

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 202

Summary 203

PART IV: Practice Dimensions of Multicultural Social Work 207

Chapter 8 Barriers to Effective Multicultural Clinical Practice 209

Chapter Learning Objectives 209

Overview 210

Cultural Barriers: A Case Example 210

Generic Characteristics of Counseling and Therapy 214

Sources of Conflict and Misinterpretation in Clinical Practice 218

Culture-Bound Values 218

Class-Bound Values 226

Language Barriers 232

Generalizations and Stereotypes: Some Cautions 233

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 234

Summary 235

Chapter 9 Cultural Styles in Multicultural Intervention Strategies 241

Chapter Learning Objectives 241

Overview 242

“Speaking from My ‘Cultural Space’”: A Case Example 242

Communication Styles 244

Nonverbal Communication 246

Proxemics 246

Kinesics 247

Paralanguage 250

High- versus Low-Context Communication 252

Sociopolitical Facets of Nonverbal Communication 254

Nonverbals as Refl ections of Bias 255

Nonverbals as Triggers of Biases and Fears 258

Differential Skills in Multicultural Social Work Practice 261

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 264

Summary 265

Chapter 10 Multicultural Family Social Work Interventions 269

Chapter Learning Objectives 269

Overview 270

Family Life, Mental Health, and Culture: A Case Study 270

Family Systems Approaches and Assumptions 276

Issues in Working with Racial/Ethnic Minority Families 279

Racial/Ethnic Minority Reality 279

Conflicting Value Systems 280

Biculturalism and Acculturation 280

Ethnic Differences in Minority Status 281

Ethnicity and Language 283

Ethnicity and Social Class 284

Multicultural Family Social Work: A Conceptual Model 285

People-Nature Relationship Dimension 286

Time Dimension 288

Relational Dimension 290

Activity Dimension 291

Nature of People Dimension 293

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 294

Summary 296

Chapter 11 Religion, Spirituality, and Indigenous Methods of Healing 301

Chapter Learning Objectives 301

Overview 302

Religion, Spirituality, and Social Work Education 302

Religious Affiliation and Ethnic Identity 306

Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and Religious Identity 307

African American Religious Identity 307

Latino/Hispanic Religious Identity and Affiliation 308

Native American Religious Practices 309

Muslim Americans and Religious Affiliation 309

Spiritual Assessments in Social Work Practice 310

Indigenous Spirituality and Healing 311

Spirit Attacks: The Case of Vang Xiong 312

The Legitimacy of Culture-Bound Syndromes: Nightmare Deaths and the Hmong Sudden Death Phenomenon 314

Causation and Spirit Possession 318

Shaman as Therapist: Commonalities 320

Principles of Indigenous Healing 321

Holistic Outlook, Interconnectedness, and Harmony 324

Belief in Metaphysical Levels of Existence 325

Spirituality in Life and the Cosmos 327

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 330

Summary 333

Chapter 12 Multicultural Organizational Change: Antiracist Practice and Social Justice 341

Chapter Learning Objectives 341

Overview 342

Where Do Social Workers Do Social Work? 342

Monocultural versus Multicultural Organizational Perspectives in Social Work 345

Lesson 1: A failure to develop a balanced perspective between person focus and systems focus can result in false attribution of the problem. 348

Lesson 2: A failure to develop a balanced perspective between person focus and system focus can result in an ineff ective and inaccurate treatment plan that is potentially harmful to the client. 349

Lesson 3: When the “client” is an organization or a larger system and not an individual, a major paradigm shift is needed to attain a true understanding of the problem and identify the solution. 349

Lesson 4: Organizations are microcosms of the wider society from which they originate. As a result, they are likely to be reflections of the monocultural values and practices of the larger culture. 350

Lesson 5: Organizations are powerful entities that inevitably resist change and possess within their arsenal many ways to force compliance in individuals. 350

Lesson 6: When multicultural organizational development is required, alternative helping roles that emphasize systems intervention must be part of the role repertoire of the social worker. 351

Lesson 7: Although remediation will always be needed, prevention is better. 351

Models of Multicultural Organizational Development 352

Culturally Competent Social Service Agencies 355

Antiracist Practice and Social Justice 359

Principle 1: Having Intimate and Close Contact with Others 360

Principle 2: Cooperating Rather Th an Competing 361

Principle 3: Sharing Mutual Goals 362

Principle 4: Exchanging Accurate Information 363

Principle 5: Sharing an Equal Relationship 364

Principle 6: Supporting Racial Equity by Leaders and Groups in Authority 366

Principle 7: Feeling Connected and Experiencing a Strong Sense of Belonging 367

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 368

Summary 369

Chapter 13 Evidence-Based Multicultural Social Work Practice 373

Chapter Learning Objectives 373

Overview 374

From “Doing Good” to “Doing Well” 374

What Is Evidence-Based Practice? 375

Evidence-Based Practice with Clients of Color 376

Evidence-Based Practice and Empirically Supported Treatments 378

Integration of EBP and EST to Enhance Cultural Sensitivity 379

Empirically Supported Relationships 385

The Working Alliance 386

Emotional or Interpersonal Bond 388

Empathy 389

Positive Regard, Respect, Warmth, and Genuineness 392

Self-Disclosure 393

Management of Countertransference 393

Goal Consensus 394

Implications for Multicultural Social Work Practice 395

Summary 396

PART V: Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Diverse Populations 403

Chapter 14 Profiles of Diverse Populations 405

Chapter Learning Objectives 405

Overview 406

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with African Americans 407

Important Dimensions 407

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 412

Important Dimensions 413

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Native Americans/First Nations Peoples and Alaska Natives 420

Important Dimensions 422

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Latinos/Hispanics 430

Important Dimensions 432

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Immigrants and Refugees 440

Important Dimensions 443

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Biracial/Multiracial Persons 449

Important Dimensions 450

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Women 460

Important Dimensions 462

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with LGBT Individuals 469

Important Dimensions 470

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Older Adults 475

Important Dimensions 476

Culturally Competent Social Work Practice with Persons with Disabilities 485

Important Dimensions 486

Summary 491

Author Index 503

Subject Index 515

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