This sequel to the highly successful and much appreciated "Modern Aldol Reactions" continues to provide a systematic overview of methodologies for installing a required configuration during an aldol addition step, but shifts the focus so as to cover the latest developments. As such, it presents a set of brand new tools, including vinylogous Mukaiyama-aldol reactions, substrate-controlled aldol reactions and asymmetric induction in aldol additions. Furthermore, novel developments in existing stereoselective aldol additions are described, such as the deployment of supersilyl groups or organocatalyzed aldol additions. Throughout, all of these methodologies are presented in the context of their deployment in total synthesis of natural products.