Since the nineteenth century, when art history became an established academic discipline, works of art have been "read" in a variety of ways. These different ways of describing and interpreting art are the methodologies of artistic analysis, the divining rods of meaning. Regardless of a workrs"s perceived difficulty, an art object is, in theory, complex. Every work of art is an expression of its culture (time and place) and its maker (the artist) and is dependent on its media (what itrs"s made of). The methodologies discussed here-formal analysis, iconology and iconography, Marxism, feminism, biography and autobiography, psychoanalysis, structuralism, race and gender-reflect the multiplicity of meanings in an artistic image. The second edition includes nineteen new images, new sections on race, gender, orientalism and colonialism, along with a new epilogue that approaches a single painting to illustrate the different methodological viewpoints. Contents 1. What Is Art? 2. Formalism and Style 3. Iconography 4. Contextual Approaches I: Marxism, Orientalism, Colonialism, and Racial Iconography 5. Contextual Approaches II: Feminism and Gender 6. Biography and Autobiography 7. Semiotics I: Structuralism and Post-Structuralism 8. Semiotics II: Deconstruction 9. Psychoanalysis I: Freud 10. Psychoanalysis II: Winnicott and Lacan 11. Aesthetics and Psychoanalysis: Roger Fry and Roland Barthes