List of Symbols xix

1. Introduction 1

2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19

Atomic Structure 20

Atomic Bonding in Solids 30

3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 48

Crystal Structures 49

Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 61

Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 79

4. Imperfections in Solids 92

Point Defects 93

Miscellaneous Imperfections 102

Microscopic Examination 110

5. Diffusion 121

6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 142

Elastic Deformation 148

Plastic Deformation 154

Property Variability and Design/Safety Factors 171

7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 180

Dislocations and Plastic Deformation 181

Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 193

Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 199

8. Failure 209

Fatigue 229

Creep 240

9. Phase Diagrams 251

Definitions and Basic Concepts 252

Binary Phase Diagrams 256

The Iron–Carbon System 287

10. Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 303

Phase Transformations 304

Microstructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 317

11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 347

Types of Metal Alloys 349

Fabrication of Metals 373

Thermal Processing of Metals 382

12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 405

Ceramic Structures 406

Mechanical Properties 428

13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 442

Types and Applications of Ceramics 444

Fabrication and Processing of Ceramics 461

14. Polymer Structures 479

15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 511

Mechanical Behavior of Polymers 512

Mechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 522

Crystallization, Melting, and Glass-Transition Phenomena in Polymers 530

Polymer Types 536

Polymer Synthesis and Processing 549

16. Composites 564

Particle-Reinforced Composites 567

Fiber-Reinforced Composites 572

Structural Composites 595

17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 607

Corrosion of Metals 609

Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 639

Degradation of Polymers 639

18. Electrical Properties 648

Electrical Conduction 649

Semiconductivity 659

Electrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 679

Dielectric Behavior 681

Other Electrical Characteristics of Materials 689

19. Thermal Properties 698

20. Magnetic Properties 714

21. Optical Properties 746

Basic Concepts 747

Optical Properties of Metals 751

Optical Properties of Nonmetals 752

Applications of Optical Phenomena 761

22. Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 775

Questions and Problems P-1

Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-3

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-32

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-37

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-41

Appendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-43

Appendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants, Unit Abbreviations, SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-44

Appendix H Unit Conversion Factors, Periodic Table of the Elements A-45

Glossary G-1

Answers to Selected Problems PA-1

Index I-1

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