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For introductory courses in Literature.

Cultivate a Love of Literature…
X.J. Kennedy & Dana Gioia developed Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Thirteenth Edition with two major goals in mind: to introduce college students to the appreciation and experience of literature in its major forms and to develop the student’s ability to think critically and communicate effectively through writing. The book is built on the assumption that great literature can enrich and enlarge the lives it touches. Both editors, literary writers themselves, believe that textbooks should be not only informative and accurate but also lively, accessible, and engaging.

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Students can access new content that fosters an understanding of literary elements, which provides a foundation for stimulating class discussions. This simple and powerful tool offers state-of-the-art audio and video resources along with practical tools and flexible assessment. The Literature Collection eText within MyLiteratureLab includes more than 700 selections and valuable multimedia resources–including professional performances, biographies of key authors, contextual videos, and interactive student papers–that bring literature to life.

X. J. Kennedy , after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (“Actually, I was pretty eighth class”). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.

Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. He was appointed as California Poet Laureate for a two-year term. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry’s place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.

Preface

To the Instructor

About the Authors

Fiction

Talking with Amy Tan

1. READING A STORY

THE ART OF FICTION

TYPES OF SHORT FICTION

Sufi Legend, Death Has an Appointment in Samarra

Aesop, The North Wind and the Sun

Bidpai, The Tortoise and the Geese

Chuang Tzu, Independence

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death

PLOT

THE SHORT STORY

John Updike, A & P

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Wilhelm Grimm on Writing, On the Nature of Fairy Tales

THINKING ABOUT PLOT

CHECKLIST: Writing About Plot

TOPICS FOR WRITING on plot

TERMS FOR REVIEW

2. POINT OF VIEW

IDENTIFYING POINT OF VIEW

TYPES OF NARRATORS

how much does a narrator know?

STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily

Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart

Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O.

James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African American Writer

THINKING ABOUT POINT OF VIEW

CHECKLIST: Writing About Point of View

topics for writing ON POINT OF VIEW

TERMS FOR REVIEW

3. CHARACTER

CHARACTERIZATION

MOTIVATION

Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

Neil Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties

Raymond Carver, Cathedral

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language

THINKING ABOUT CHARACTER

CHECKLIST: Writing About Character

TOPICS FOR REVIEW ON CHARACTER

TERMS FOR REVIEW

4. SETTING

ELEMENTS OF SETTING

HISTORICAL FICTION

REGIONALISM

NATURALISM

Kate Chopin, The Storm

Jack London, To Build a Fire

ZZ Packer, Brownies

Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Amy Tan on Writing, Developing a Setting

THINKING ABOUT SETTING

CHECKLIST: Writing About Setting

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SETTING

TERMS FOR REVIEW

5. TONE AND STYLE

TONE

STYLE

DICTION

Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place

William Faulkner, Barn Burning

IRONY

O. Henry, The Gift of the Magi

Alice Munro, How I Met My Husband

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style

THINKING ABOUT TONE AND STYLE

CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone and Style

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE AND STYLE

TERMS FOR REVIEW

6. THEME

PLOT VERSUS THEME

SUMMARIZING THE THEME

FINDING THE THEME

Stephen Crane, The Open Boat

Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street

Luke, The Parable of the Prodigal Son

Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Harrison Bergeron

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction

THINKING ABOUT THEME

CHECKLIST: Writing About Theme

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON THEME

TERMS FOR REVIEW

7. SYMBOL

ALLEGORY

SYMBOLS

RECOGNIZING SYMBOLS

John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums

Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain

Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas

Shirley Jackson, The Lottery

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Shirley Jackson on Writing, Biography of a Story

THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS

CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols

Sample Student Paper on Symbols , An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums”

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLS

TERMS FOR REVIEW

8. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELS

ORIGINS OF THE NOVEL

NOVELISTIC METHODS

READING NOVELS

Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych

Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis

THINKING ABOUT LONG STORIES AND NOVELS

CHECKLIST: Writing About Long Stories and Novels

TOPICS FOR WRITING on long stories and novels

TERMS FOR REVIEW

9 GENRE FICTION

ROMANCE VERSUS REALISM

WHAT IS GENRE?

TYPES OF GENRE FICTION

GENRE AND POPULAR CULTURE

Ray Bradbury,A Sound of Thunder

Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife’s Story

H. P. Lovecraft, The Outsider

Dashiell Hammett, One Hour

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Ray Bradbury on Writing, Fall in Love at the Library

TOPICS FOR WRITING

TERMS FOR REVIEW

10. LATIN AMERICAN FICTION

“EL BOOM”

MAGIC REALISM

AFTER THE BOOM

Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark

Gabriel García Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

Juan Rulfo, Tell Them Not to Kill Me!

Inés Arredondo, The Shunammite

Writing effectively

Jorge Luis Borges on Writing, On Storytelling

TOPICS FOR WRITING

TERMS FOR REVIEW

11 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Flannery O’Connor

FLANNERY O’CONNOR

A Good Man Is Hard to Find

Revelation

Parker’s Back

FLANNERY O’CONNOR ON WRITING

Insights into “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”

On Her Catholic Faith

CRITICS ON FLANNERY O’CONNOR

J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit

Louise S. Cowan, The Character of Mrs. Turpin in “Revelation”

Damian J. Ference, from “No Vague Believer”

Dean Flower, Listening to Flannery O’Connor

Lucinda Williams, Meeting Flannery O’Connor

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

TOPICS FOR WRITING

12 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Three Stories in Depth

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE

Young Goodman Brown

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE ON WRITING

Reflections on Truth and Clarity in Literature

The Obscurest Man in American Letters

CRITICS ON HAWTHORNE

Herman Melville , Excerpt from a Review of Mosses from an Old Manse

Edgar Allan Poe , The Genius of Hawthorne’s Short Stories

CRITICS ON “YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN” 000

Richard H. Fogle, Ambiguity in “Young Goodman Brown”

Paul J. Hurley , Evil Wherever He Looks

Nancy Bunge , Complacency and Community

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

The Yellow Wallpaper

CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN ON WRITING

Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”

Whatever Is

The Nervous Breakdown of Women

CRITICS ON “THE YELLOW WALLPAPER”

Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”

Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement

ALICE WALKER

Everyday Use

ALICE WALKER ON WRITING

Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives

CRITICS ON “EVERYDAY USE”

Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement

Mary Helen Washington, “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist

Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

TOPICS FOR WRITING

13 STORIES FOR FURTHER READING

Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path

Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona

Isabel Allende, The Judge’s Wife

Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings

Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge

T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake

Willa Cather, Paul’s Case

Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour

Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal

Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat

Ha Jin, Saboteur

James Joyce, Araby

Jamaica Kincaid, Girl

Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies

D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner

Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill

Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace

Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried

Daniel Orozco, Orientation

David Foster Wallace, Everything Is Green

Virginia Woolf, A Haunted House

Poetry

Talking with Kay Ryan

14 READING A POEM

POETRY OR VERSE

HOW TO READ A POEM

Paraphrase

William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree

Lyric Poetry

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays

Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers

Narrative Poetry

Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence

Robert Frost, “Out, Out—”

DRAMATIC POETRY

Robert Browning, My Last Duchess

DIDACTIC POETRY

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”

THINKING ABOUT PARAPHRASING

William Stafford, Ask Me

William Stafford, A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”

CHECKLIST: Writing a Paraphrase

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARAPHRASING

TERMS FOR REVIEW

15 LISTENING TO A VOICE

TONE

Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz

Stephen Crane, The Wayfarer

Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book

Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter

Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles

Gwendolyn Brooks, Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward

Weldon Kees, For My Daughter

THE SPEAKER IN THE POEM

Natasha Trethewey, White Lies

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal

Anonymous, Dog Haiku

William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry

Charlotte Mew, The Farmer’s Bride

William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow

IRONY

Robert Creeley, Oh No

W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen

Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage

Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig

Thomas Hardy, The Workbox

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper

Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry

THINKING ABOUT TONE

CHECKLIST: Writing About Tone

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TONE

Sample Student Paper, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”

TERMS FOR REVIEW

16 WORDS

LITERAL MEANING: WHAT A POEM SAYS FIRST

William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say

DICTION

John Masefield, Cargoes

Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!

John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You

THE VALUE OF A DICTIONARY

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath

J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead

Samuel Menashe, Bread

Carl Sandburg, Grass

WORD CHOICE AND WORD ORDER

Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes

Kay Ryan, Blandeur

Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid

Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment

Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town

Billy Collins, The Names

Anonymous, Carnation Milk

Gina Valdés, English con Salsa

William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold

William Wordsworth, Mutability

Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”

THINKING ABOUT DICTION

CHECKLIST: Writing About Diction

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON WORD CHOICE

TERMS FOR REVIEW

17 SAYING AND SUGGESTING

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

William Blake, London

Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock

E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i

Maria Hummel, The Tree

Timothy Steele, Epitaph

Diane Thiel, The Minefield

H. D. , Sea Rose

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears

Anne-Marie Thompson, Audiation

Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”

THINKING ABOUT DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

CHECKLIST: Writing About What a Poem Says and Suggests

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

TERMS FOR REVIEW

18 IMAGERY

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro

Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel

IMAGERY

T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down

Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar

Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish

Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence

Jean Toomer, Reapers

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty

ABOUT HAIKU

Arakida Moritake, The falling flower

Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak

Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool

Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell

Taniguchi Buson, Moonrise on mudflats

Kobayashi Issa, only one guy

Kobayashi Issa, Cricket

HAIKU FROM JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain

Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom

Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs

Neiji Ozawa, The war—this year

CONTEMPORARY HAIKU

Nick Virgilio, The Old Neighborhood

Lee Gurga, Visitor’s Room

Penny Harter, broken bowl

Jennifer Brutschy, Born Again

Adelle Foley, Learning to Shave

Garry Gay, Hole in the ozone

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art

Walt Whitman, The Runner

H. D., Heat

William Carlos Williams, El Hombre

Billy Collins, Embrace

Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter

Chana Bloch, Tired Sex

Gary Snyder, Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout

Kevin Prufer, Pause, Pause

Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image

THINKING ABOUT IMAGERY

CHECKLIST: Writing About Imagery

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON IMAGERY

Sample Student Paper, Faded Beauty: Elizabeth Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish”

TERMS FOR REVIEW

19 FIGURES OF SPEECH

WHY SPEAK FIGURATIVELY?

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle

William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?

METAPHOR AND SIMILE

Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall

William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand

Sylvia Plath, Metaphors

N. Scott Momaday, Simile

Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low – in my Regard

Jill Alexander Essbaum, The Heart

Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home

OTHER FIGURES OF SPEECH

James Stephens, The Wind

Robinson Jeffers, Hands

Margaret Atwood, You fit into me

George Herbert, The Pulley

Dana Gioia, Money

Carl Sandburg, Fog

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Jane Kenyon, The Suitor

Robert Frost, The Secret Sits

Kay Ryan, Turtle

Emily Brontë, Love and Friendship

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor

THINKING ABOUT METAPHORS

CHECKLIST: Writing About Metaphors

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON FIGURES OF SPEECH

TERMS FOR REVIEW

20 SONG

SINGING AND SAYING

Ben Jonson, To Celia

James Weldon Johnson, Sence You Went Away

William Shakespeare, Fear no more the heat o’ the sun

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory

Paul Simon, Richard Cory

BALLADS

Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan

Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham

BLUES

Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues

W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues

RAP

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Neko Case , This Tornado Loves You

Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin’

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Bob Dylan on Writing, Rhythm, Rime, and Songwriting from the Outside

THINKING ABOUT POETRY AND SONG

CHECKLIST: Writing About Song Lyrics

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SONG LYRICS

TERMS FOR REVIEW

21 SOUND

SOUND AS MEANING

Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance

William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?

Edgar Allan Poe, from Ulalume

William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

Aphra Behn, When maidens are young

ALLITERATION AND ASSONANCE

Frances Cornford, The Watch

James Joyce, All day I hear

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls

RIME

William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga

Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus

Bob Kaufman, No More Jazz at Alcatraz

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan

Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur

How to read a POEM ALOUD

Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane

William Shakespeare, When Daisies Pied and Violets Blue

T. S. Eliot, Virginia

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry

THINKING ABOUT A POEM’S SOUND

CHECKLIST: Writing About a Poem’s Sound

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOUND

TERMS FOR REVIEW

22 RHYTHM

STRESSES AND PAUSES

STRESS AND MEANING

LINE ENDINGS

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break

George Gordon, Lord Byron, So We’ll Go No More a-Roving

Dorothy Parker, Résumé

METER

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme

Edith Sitwell, Mariner Man

A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty

William Carlos Williams, Smell!

Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing “We Real Cool”

THINKING ABOUT RHYTHM

CHECKLIST: Scanning a Poem

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON RHYTHM

TERMS FOR REVIEW

23 CLOSED FORM

THE VALUE OF FORM

FORMAL PATTERNS

Ernest Dowson, “Days of Wine and Roses”

John Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)

Thomas M. Disch, Zewhyexary

THE SONNET

William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Michael Drayton, Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part

Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why

Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You

Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands Folded

A. E. Stallings, Aftershocks

Amit Majmudar, Rites to Allay the Dead

R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean Sonnet

Sherman Alexie, The Facebook Sonnet

Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth

THE EPIGRAM

Sir John Harrington, Of Treason

William Blake, To H—

Langston Hughes, Two Somewhat Different Epigrams

Dorothy Parker, The Actress

John Frederick Nims, Contemplation

Hilaire Belloc, Fatigue

Wendy Cope, Variation on Belloc’s “Fatigue”

Anonymous, Epitaph On A Dentist

OTHER FORMS

Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night

Robert Bridges, Triolet

Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask

Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

A. E. Stallings on Writing, On Form and Artifice

THINKING ABOUT A SONNET

CHECKLIST: Writing About a Sonnet

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON closed form

TERMS FOR REVIEW

24 OPEN FORM

Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway

FREE VERSE

E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s

W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death

William Carlos Williams, The Dance

Stephen Crane, The Heart

Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford

Ezra Pound, Salutation

Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird

PROSE POETRY

Charles Simic, The Magic Study of Happiness

Gertrude Stein, from Tender Buttons

VISUAL POETRY

George Herbert, Easter Wings

John Hollander, Swan and Shadow

CONCRETE POETRY

Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

E. E. Cummings, in Just-

Francisco X. Alarcón, Frontera / Border

Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red

Naomi Shihab Nye, The Traveling Onion

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future

THINKING ABOUT FREE VERSE

CHECKLIST: Writing About Line Breaks

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON OPEN FORM

TERMS FOR REVIEW

25 SYMBOL

THE MEANINGS OF A SYMBOL

T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript

Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork

THE SYMBOLIST MOVEMENT

IDENTIFYING SYMBOLS

Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones

ALLEGORY

Matthew, The Parable of the Good Seed

George Herbert, Redemption

Edwin Markham, Outwitted

Suji Kwock Kim, Occupation

Antonio Machado, Proverbios y Cantares (XXIX)

Translated by Dana Gioia, Traveler

Christina Rossetti, Up-Hill

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

William Carlos Williams, The Young Housewife

Ted Kooser, Carrie

Mary Oliver, Wild Geese

Tami Haaland, Lipstick

Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover

Wallace Stevens, The Snow Man

Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar

William Blake, The Tyger

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

William Butler Yeats on Writing, Poetic Symbols

THINKING ABOUT SYMBOLS

CHECKLIST: Writing About Symbols

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SYMBOLISM

TERMS FOR REVIEW

26 MYTH AND NARRATIVE

THE SUBJECTS AND USES OF MYTH

ORIGINS OF MYTH

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay

William Wordsworth, The world is too much with us

H. D., Helen

Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen

ARCHETYPE

Louise Bogan, Medusa

John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci

PERSONAL MYTH

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School

MYTH AND POPULAR CULTURE

Charles Martin, Taken Up

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

A. E. Stallings, First Love: A Quiz

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses

Anne Sexton, Cinderella

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Diane Thiel on Writing, Map of Myth

THINKING ABOUT MYTH

CHECKLIST: Writing About Myth

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON MYTH

Sample Student Paper, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.’s “Helen”

TERMS FOR REVIEW

27 POETRY AND PERSONAL IDENTITY

CONFESSIONAL POETRY

Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus

IDENTITY POETICS

Rhina Espaillat, Bilingual/Bilingüe

CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY

Claude McKay, America

Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into California

Francisco X. Alarcón, The X in My Name

Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceañera

Sherman Alexie, The Powwow at the End of the World

Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It

GENDER

Anne Stevenson, The Victory

Rafael Campo, For J. W.

James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio

Adrienne Rich, Women

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Brian Turner, The Hurt Locker

Philip Larkin, Aubade

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Rhina Espaillat on Writing, Being a Bilingual Writer

THINKING ABOUT POETIC VOICE AND IDENTITY

CHECKLIST: Writing About Voice and Personal Identity

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PERSONAL IDENTITY

TERMS FOR REVIEW

28 TRANSLATION

IS POETIC TRANSLATION POSSIBLE?

WORLD POETRY

Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)

Li Po, Yue Xia Du Zhuo (phonetic Chinese transcription)

Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)

Translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight

COMPARING TRANSLATIONS

Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (Latin text)

Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (literal translation)

Translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to Leuconoë

Translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year’s Toast

TRANSLATING FORM

Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (Persian text)

Omar Khayyam, Rubai XII (literal translation)

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the Bough

Translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare Sufficiency

Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Come, fill the Cup, and in the fire of Spring

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Some for the Glories of this World

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, I sometimes think that never blows so red

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, The Moving Finger writes

Translated by Edward FitzGerald, Ah Love! could you and I with Him conspire xxx

PARODY

Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are

Andrea Patterson, Because I Could Not Dump

Francis Heaney, We Long Bony Dorks

Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Arthur Waley on Writing, The Method of Translation

THINKING ABOUT PARODY

CHECKLIST: Writing a Parody

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON PARODY

TERMS FOR REVIEW

29 POETRY IN SPANISH: LITERATURE OF LATIN AMERICA

Sor Juana, Presente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la Llaneza

Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection

Pablo Neruda, Muchos Somos

Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many

Jorge Luis Borges, On his blindness

Translated by Robert Mezey, On His Blindness

Octavio Paz, Con los ojos cerrados

Translated by Eliot Weinberger, With eyes closed

SURREALISM IN LATIN AMERICAN POETRY

Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas

César Vallejo, La cólera que quiebra al hombre en niños

Translated by Thomas Merton, Anger

CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POETRY

José Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traición

Translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason

Elva Macías, Comí los frutos elegidos

Translated by Kimberly Gooden, I Ate the Fruits Chosen by the Wind

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Alastair Reid on Writing, Translating Neruda

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SPANISH POETRY

30 RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE

Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face

Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger – moaned for Drink

SENTIMENTALITY

Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment

William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark

RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE

William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium

Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias

Robert Hayden, The Whipping

Elizabeth Bishop, One Art

Langston Hughes, I, Too

John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale

Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art

Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!

Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus

Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist

THINKING ABOUT EVALUATING A POEM

CHECKLIST: Writing an Evaluation

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATING A POEM

TERMS FOR REVIEW

31 WHAT IS POETRY?

SOME DEFINITIONS OF POETRY

Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, José Garcia Villa, Christopher Fry, Elizabeth Bishop, Joy Harjo, Octavio Paz, Denise Levertov, Lucille Clifton, Charles Simic

32 THREE CRITICAL CASEBOOKS Emily Dickinson, Langston Hughes, and Robert Frost

EMILY DICKINSON

Success is counted sweetest

I taste a liquor never brewed

Wild Nights — Wild Nights!

I felt a Funeral, in my Brain

I’m Nobody! Who are you?

The Soul selects her own Society

Some keep the Sabbath going to Church

Much Madness is divinest Sense

This is my letter to the World

I heard a Fly buzz — when I died

I started Early — Took my Dog

Because I could not stop for Death

Tell all the Truth but tell it slant

EMILY DICKINSON ON WRITING

Recognizing Poetry

Self-Description

CRITICS ON EMILY DICKINSON

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson

Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson’s Manuscripts

Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson

Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of “Because I could not stop for Death”)

Judith Farr, A Reading of “My Life had stood — a Loaded Gun”

LANGSTON HUGHES

The Negro Speaks of Rivers

The Negro

My People

Song for a Banjo Dance

Mother to Son

Song for a Dark Girl

Prayer

Luck

Theme for English B

Nightmare Boogie

Harlem [Dream Deferred]

Ballad of Booker T.

Homecoming

LANGSTON HUGHES ON WRITING

The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain

The Harlem Renaissance

CRITICS ON LANGSTON HUGHES

Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist

Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, The Voices in Langston Hughes

Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes

Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz

Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of “Dream Deferred”

ROBERT FROST

Mowing

Mending Wall

After Apple-picking

The Road Not Taken

Birches

Design

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Fire and Ice

Acquainted with the Night

Desert Places

The Silken Tent

Home Burial

ROBERT FROST ON WRITING

The Sound of Sense

The Figure a Poem Makes

“There Are Two Types of Realist”: An Interview with Robert Frost

CRITICS ON ROBERT FROST

Katherine Kearns, On “Mending Wall”

Ezra Pound, An Honest Writer

Rhina Espaillat, Translating Frost into Spanish

William H. Pritchard, from “Forms of Guardedness”

Dana Gioia, Robert Frost’s Dramatic Narratives

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

TOPICS FOR WRITING

33 CRITICAL CASEBOOK T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”

T. S. ELIOT

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

PUBLISHING “PRUFROCK”

THE REVIEWERS ON PRUFROCK

Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement

Unsigned, Review from Literary World

Conrad Aiken, from “Divers Realists,” The Dial

Babette Deutsch, from “Another Impressionist,” The New Republic

Marianne Moore, from “A Note on T. S. Eliot’s Book,” Poetry

May Sinclair, from “Prufrock and Other Observations: A Criticism,” The Little Review

T. S. ELIOT ON WRITING

Poetry and Emotion

The Objective Correlative

The Difficulty of Poetry

CRITICS ON “PRUFROCK”

Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets

Christopher Ricks, What’s in a Name?

Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: “One,” “You,” and “I”

Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?

Burton Raffel, “Indeterminacy” in Eliot’s Poetry

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

TOPICS FOR WRITING

34 POEMS FOR FURTHER READING

Julia Alvarez, By Accident

Anonymous (Scottish ballad), Lord Randall

Anonymous (Navajo chant), Last Words of the Prophet

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach

John Ashbery, At North Farm

W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening

W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts

Jimmy Santiago Baca, Spliced Wire

Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station

William Blake, The Sick Rose

Gwendolyn Brooks, the mother

Gwendolyn Brooks, the rites for Cousin Vit

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways

Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister

Charles Bukowski, Dostoevsky

Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty

G.K. Chesterton, The Donkey

John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan

Billy Collins, Care and Feeding

Hart Crane, My Grandmother’s Love Letters

E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond

Marisa de los Santos, Perfect Dress

Michael Donaghy, Our Life Stories

John Donne, Death be not proud

John Donne, The Flea

John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi

Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California

Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain

Thomas Hardy, Hap

Seamus Heaney, Digging

William Ernest Henley, Invictus

George Herbert, Love

Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall

Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover

A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now

A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young

Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

Robinson Jeffers, Fire on the Hills

Ha Jin, Missed Time

Ben Jonson, On My First Son

Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in Childhood

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn

John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be

Ted Kooser, Abandoned Farmhouse

Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad

Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures

D. H. Lawrence, Piano

Li-Young Lee, Out of Hiding

Denise Levertov, O Taste and See

Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love America

Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour

Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress

David Mason, Ballade at 3 AM

Claude McKay, The Harlem Dancer

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo

John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent

Marianne Moore, Poetry

Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman

Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves

Sylvia Plath, Daddy

Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang’rous Thing

Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter

John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece

Henry Reed, Naming of Parts

Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy

Christina Rossetti, When I am dead, my dearest

Kay Ryan, That Will to Divest

William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes

William Shakespeare, When to the sessions of sweet silent thought

William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun

Charles Simic, Butcher Shop

Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry

Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting

Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream

Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning

Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill

Amy Uyematsu, Deliberate

Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes

Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose

Walt Whitman, from Song of the Open Road

Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing

Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astonomer

William Carlos Williams, Spring and All

William Carlos Williams, Queen-Anne’s-Lace

William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge

Mary Sidney Wroth, In this strange labyrinth

Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me sekë

William Butler Yeats, He wishes for the Cloths of heaven

William Butler Yeats, The Magi

William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old

Drama

Talking with David Ives

35 READING A PLAY

INTERPRETING PLAYS

THEATRICAL CONVENTIONS

ELEMENTS OF A PLAY

Susan Glaspell, Trifles

ANALYZING TRIFLES

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Susan Glaspell on Writing, Creating Trifles

THINKING ABOUT A PLAY

CHECKLIST: Writing About a Play

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON TRIFLES

Sample Student Paper, Outside Trifles

TERMS FOR REVIEW

36 MODES OF DRAMA Tragedy and Comedy

TRAGEDY

Christopher Marlowe, Scene from Doctor Faustus (Act x, Scene x)

COMEDY

Oscar Wilde, Scene from The Importance of Being Earnest (Act 1, Scene 1—Lady Bracknell Interviews Her Daughter’s Suitor)

David Ives, Soap Opera

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

David Ives on Writing, On the One-Act Play

THINKING ABOUT COMEDY

CHECKLIST: Writing About Comedy

TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT TRAGEDY

TOPICS FOR WRITING ABOUT COMEDY

TERMS FOR REVIEW

37 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Sophocles

THE THEATER OF SOPHOCLES

THE CIVIC ROLE OF GREEK DRAMA

ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPT OF TRAGEDY

SOPHOCLES

THE ORIGINS OF OEDIPUS THE KING

Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by David Grene)

THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIGONÊ

Sophocles, Antigone (Translated by David Grene)

CRITICS ON SOPHOCLES

Aristotle, Defining Tragedy

Sigmund Freud, The Destiny of Oedipus

A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles

David Wiles, The Chorus as Democrat

Jean Anouihl, Tragic Destiny

Patricia M. Lines, What Is Antigone’s Tragic Flaw?

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

A. E. Haigh on Writing, The Style of Sophocles

THINKING ABOUT GREEK TRAGEDY

CHECKLIST: Writing About Greek Drama

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SOPHOCLES

TERMS FOR REVIEW

38 CRITICAL CASEBOOK Shakespeare

THE THEATER OF SHAKESPEARE

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

A NOTE ON OTHELLO

PICTURING OTHELLO

William Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice

THE BACKGROUND OF HAMLET

PICTURING HAMLET

William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

THE BACKGROUND OF A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM

PICTURING A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM

William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

CRITICS ON SHAKESPEARE

Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare

W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain

Maud Bodkin, Lucifer in Shakespeare’s Othello

Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello

A. C. Bradley, Hamlet’s Melancholy

Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia

Edgar Allan Poe, Hamlet as a Fictional Character

Samuel Johnson, Shakespeare’s Universality

Clare Asquith, Shakespeare’s Language as a Hidden Political Code

Germaine Greer, Shakespeare’s “Honest Mirth”

Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night’s Dream

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

Ben Jonson on Writing, On His Friend and Rival William Shakespeare

UNDERSTANDING SHAKESPEARE

CHECKLIST: Writing About Shakespeare

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON SHAKESPEARE

Sample Student Paper, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?

39 THE MODERN THEATER

REALISM

NATURALISM

SYMBOLISM AND EXPRESSIONISM

AMERICAN MODERNISM

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House (Translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen)

Henrik Ibsen on Writing, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll’s House

Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams on Writing, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie

TRAGICOMEDY AND THE ABSURD

RETURN TO REALISM

EXPERIMENTAL DRAMA

Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer

Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Writing, Writing The Cuban Swimmer

DOCUMENTARY DRAMA

Anna Deavere Smith, Scenes from Twilight: Los Angeles

Anna Deavere Smith on Writing, On Documentary Theater

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

THINKING ABOUT DRAMATIC REALISM

CHECKLIST: Writing About a Realist Play

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON REALISM

Sample Student Paper, Helmer vs. Helmer

TERMS FOR REVIEW

40 EVALUATING A PLAY

WRITING EFFECTIVELY

JUDGING A PLAY

CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Play

TOPICS FOR WRITING ON EVALUATION

41 Plays for Further Reading

David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice

David Henry Hwang on Writing, Multicultural Theater

Edward Bok Lee, El Santo Americano

Edward Bok Lee on Writing, On Being a Korean American Writer

Jane Martin, Pomp and Circumstance

Brighde Mullins, Click

Brighde Mullins on Writing, Advice for Young Playwrights

August Wilson, Fences

August Wilson on Writing, A Look into Black America

Writing

42 WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE

READ ACTIVELY

Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay

PLAN YOUR ESSAY

PREWRITING: GENERATE IDEAS AND ISSUES

Sample Student Prewriting Exercises

DEVELOP YOUR ARGUMENT

STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENT: RHETORICAL APPEALS

Logical Argumentation and Evidence

Emotional Argumentation

Credibility: Tone, Balance, and Organization

CHECKLIST: Developing an Argument

DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT

Sample Student Paper, Rough Draft

REVISE YOUR ARGUMENT

CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument

FINAL ADVICE ON REWRITING

SAMPLE STUDENT ARGUMENT PAPER

Sample Student Paper, Argument

DOCUMENT SOURCES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

THE FORM OF YOUR FINISHED PAPER

SPELL-CHECK AND GRAMMAR-CHECK PROGRAMS

Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers

43 WRITING ABOUT A STORY

READ ACTIVELY

THINK ABOUT THE STORY

PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues

Sample Student Prewriting Exercises

DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT

CHECKLIST: Drafting Your Argument

REVISE YOUR DRAFT

CHECKLIST: Revising Your Argument

WHAT’S YOUR PURPOSE? COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT FICTION

Explication

Sample Student Paper, Explication

Analysis

Sample Student Paper, Analysis

The Card Report

Sample Student Card Report

Comparison and Contrast

Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast

Response Paper

Sample Student Response Paper

TOPICS FOR WRITING

44 WRITING ABOUT A POEM

READ ACTIVELY

Robert Frost, Design

THINK ABOUT THE POEM

PREWRITING: generate ideas and issues

Sample Student Prewriting Exercises

DRAFT YOUR ARGUMENT

CHECKLIST: Drafting your Argument

REVISE YOUR DRAFT

CHECKLIST: Revising Your Draft

COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT POETRY

Explication

Sample Student Paper, Explication

A Critic’s Explication of Frost’s “Design”

Analysis

Sample Student Paper, Analysis

Comparison and Contrast

Abbie Huston Evans , Wing-Spread

Sample Student Paper, Comparison and Contrast

HOW TO QUOTE A POEM

TOPICS FOR WRITING

Robert Frost, In White

45 WRITING ABOUT A PLAY

READ CRITICALLY

COMMON APPROACHES TO WRITING ABOUT DRAMA

Explication

Analysis

Comparison and Contrast

Card Report

Sample Student Card Report

A Drama Review

Sample Student Drama Review

HOW TO QUOTE A PLAY

TOPICS FOR WRITING

46 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

BROWSE THE RESEARCH

CHOOSE A TOPIC

BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH

Reliable Web Sources

Print Resources

Online Databases

CHECKLIST: Finding Reliable Sources

Visual Images

CHECKLIST: Using Visual Images

EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES

Trustworthy Resources Build Your Paper’s Credibility

CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Sources

ORGANIZE YOUR RESEARCH

CREATE AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFINE YOUR THESIS

ORGANIZE YOUR PAPER

WRITE AND REVISE

MAINTAIN ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

What Is Plagiarism?

Papers for Sale Are Papers that “Fail”

A Warning Against Internet Plagiarism

ACKNOWLEDGE ALL SOURCES

Using Quotations

Citing Ideas

DOCUMENT SOURCES USING MLA STYLE

List of Sources

Parenthetical References

Works-Cited List

Citing Print Sources in MLA Style

Citing Web Sources in MLA Style

Sample List of Works Cited

ENDNOTES AND FOOTNOTES

Adding Footnotes

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

WRITING ASSIGNMENT FOR A RESEARCH PAPER

Sample Student Research Paper

Reference Guide for mla Citations

47 WRITING AS DISCOVERY Keeping a Journal

THE REWARDS OF KEEPING A JOURNAL

Sample Journal Entry

Sample Student Journal

48 WRITING AN ESSAY EXAM

CHECKLIST: Taking an Essay Exam

49 CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE

FORMALIST CRITICISM

Cleanth Brooks , The Formalist Critic

Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in “Sonny’s Blues”

BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM

Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art”

Emily Toth , The Source for Alcée Laballière in “The Storm”

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

Hugh Kenner, Imagism

Seamus Deane, Joyce’s Vision of Dublin

PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM

Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams

Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”

MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM

Carl Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes

Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner’s “Barn Burning”

SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM

Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form

Daniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in “The Rocking-Horse Winner”

GENDER CRITICISM

Nina Pelikan Straus , Transformations in The Metamorphosis

Richard R. Bozorth , “Tell Me the Truth About Love”

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM

Stanley Fish, An Eskimo “A Rose for Emily”

Robert Scholes, “How Do We Make a Poem?”

CULTURAL STUDIES

Mark Bauerlein , What Is Cultural Studies?

Camille Paglia, A Reading of William Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper”

TERMS FOR REVIEW

Glossary of Literary Terms

Literary Credits

Photo Credits

Index of Major Themes

Index of First Lines of Poetry

Index of Authors and Titles

Index of Literary Terms

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Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing

Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing

Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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