A Short History of Theory xi

Part One Russian Formalism, New Criticism, Poetics

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Formalisms 3

2 Viktor Shklovsky, Art as Technique 8

3 Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critics 15

4 Cleanth Brooks, Keats’ Sylvan Historian: History Without the Footnotes 21

5 Monroe Beardsley and W. K. Wimsatt, The Intentional Fallacy 29

6 Sean O’ Sullivan, Broken on Purpose: Poetry, Serial Television, and the Season 42

7 Herman Rapaport, Tools for Reading Poetry 55

8 Theory in Practice: Michael Holahan, “Look, Her Lips”: Softness of Voice, Construction of Character in King Lear 80

9 Theory in Practice: C. K. Doreski, Romantic Rhetorics (from Elizabeth Bishop: The Restraints of Language) 105

Part Two Structuralism, Linguistics, Narratology

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, The Implied Order: Structuralism 131

2 Jonathan Culler, The Linguistic Foundation 134

3 Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics 137

4 Claude Lévi]Strauss, The Structural Study of Myth 178

5 Roland Barthes, Mythologies 196

6 Mikhail Bakhtin, Discourse in the Novel 205

7 Michel Foucault, What Is an Author? 217

8 David Herman, Scripts, Sequences, and Stories: Elements of a Postclassical Narratology 230

9 Michael Newman, From Beats to Arcs: Towards a Poetics of Television Narrative 248

10 Theory in Practice: Bridget Gellert Lyons, The Subplot as Simplification in King Lear 270

11 Theory in Practice: Susan Lohafer, The Stories of “Passion”: An Empirical Study 283

Part Three Phenomenology, Reception, Ethics

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Situations of Knowledge/Relations with Others 297

2 Immanuel Kant, Transcendental Aesthetic 299

3 Georges Poulet, The Phenomenology of Reading 305

4 Kathleen McCormick, Teaching, Studying, and Theorizing the Production and Reception of Literary Texts 318

5 Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction 331

6 Emmanuel Levinas, Ethics and the Face 348

7 Kuisma Korhonen, Levinas and Literary Interpretation: Facing Baudelaire’s “Eyes of the Poor” 366

8 Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: The Narrative Imagination 382

9 Theory in Practice: Kent Lehnhof, Relation and Responsibility: A Levinasian Reading of King Lear 402

10 Theory in Practice: Naomi Morgenstern, The Baby or the Violin: Ethics and Femininity in the Fiction of Alice Munro 422

Part Four Post-Structuralism

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan,

The Class of 1968 – Post]Structuralism par lui]même 445

2 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power 466

3 Gilles Deleuze, What Is Becoming? 471

4 Jacques Derrida, Différance 474

5 Jacques Derrida, That Dangerous Supplement 496

6 Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author 518

7 Roland Barthes, From Work to Text 522

8 Barbara Johnson, Writing 528

9 Theory in Practice: John Joughin, Lear’s After]Life 536

10 Theory in Practice: Miriam Marty Clark, Allegories of Reading in Alice Munro’s “Carried Away” 555

Part Five Psychoanalysis and Psychology

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Strangers to Ourselves: Psychoanalysis 567

2 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams 575

3 Sigmund Freud, The Uncanny 592

4 Sigmund Freud, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 615

5 Jacques Lacan, The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience 618

6 D.W. Winnicott, Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena 624

7 Lisa Hinrichsen, Trauma Studies and the Literature of the US South 636

8 Theory in Practice: Jeffrey Stern, King Lear: The Transference of the Kingdom 650

9 Theory in Practice: Lee Zimmerman, The Weirdest Scale on Earth: Elizabeth Bishop and Containment 660

10 Theory in Practice: Ildiko de Papp Carrington, The Uncontrollable: The Underground Stream 677

Part Six Marxism, Critical Theory, History

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Starting with Zero 711

2 Karl Marx, The Philosophic and Economic Manuscripts of 1844 717

3 Karl Marx, The German Ideology 730

4 Walter Benjamin, Theses on the Philosophy of History 736

5 Pierre Bourdieu, Structures and the Habitus 745

6 Louis Althusser, Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 768

7 Michel Foucault, Right of Death and Power over Life 778

8 Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer 792

9 Louis Montrose, New Historicisms 809

10 Theory in Practice: Rosalie Colie, Reason and Need: King Lear and the Crisis of the Aristocracy 832

11 Theory in Practice: Isla Duncan, Social Class in Alice Munro’s “Sunday Afternoon” and “Hired Girl” 858

12 Theory in Practice: Betsy Erkkila, Elizabeth Bishop, Modernism, and the Left 869

Part Seven Gender Studies and Queer Theory

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Feminist Paradigms/Gender Effects 893

2 Gayle Rubin, The Traffic in Women 901

3 Adrienne Rich, Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience 925

4 Hélène Cixous, The Laugh of the Medusa 940

5 Judith Butler, Imitation and Gender Insubordination 955

6 Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, Global Identities: Theorizing Transnational Studies of Sexuality 963

7 Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Women Workers and Capitalist Scripts 976

8 Jasbir Puar, “I Would Rather Be a Cyborg Than a Goddess”: Becoming Intersectional in Assemblage Theory 1000

9 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet 1014

10 Queer Nation, Queers, Read This 1024

11 Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner, Sex in Public 1034

12 Myra Hird, Naturally Queer 1050

13 José Esteban Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: “Introduction” and “Queerness as Horizon: Utopian Hermeneutics in the Face of Gay Pragmatism” 1054

14 Theory in Practice: Michael Ryan, Queer Lear: A Gender Reading of King Lear 1066

15 Theory in Practice: Betheny Hicok, Elizabeth Bishop’s “Queer Birds”: Vassar, Con Spirito, and the Romance of Female Community 1079

Part Eight Ethnic, Indigenous, Post-Colonial, and Transnational Studies

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, English Without Shadows: Literature on a World Scale 1099

2 Edward Said, Orientalism 1107

3 Chinua Achebe, An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness 1137

4 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Three Women’s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism 1147

5 Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark 1163

6 Jamaica Kincaid, A Small Place 1174

7 Arjun Appadurai, Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy 1180

8 Stuart Hall, Cultural Identity and Diaspora 1191

9 Lawrence Venuti, Translation, Empiricism, Ethics 1202

10 Theory in Practice: Jaecheol Kim, National Messianism and English Choreography in King Lear 1210

11 Theory in Practice: Sylvia Henneberg, Elizabeth Bishop’s “Brazil, January 1, 1502” and Max Jacob’s “Etablissement d’une communauté au Brésil”: A Study of Transformative Interpretation and Influence 1227

12 Theory in Practice: Katie Trumpener, Annals of Ice: Formations of Empire, Place and History in John Galt and Alice Munro 1239

Part Nine Cognition, Emotion, Evolution, Science

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, In the Body of the Text 1255

2 F. Elizabeth Hart, Embodied Literature: A Cognitive]Poststructuralist Approach to Genre 1265

3 Suzanne Keane, Narrative Empathy 1284

4 Sara Ahmed, Affective Economies 1312

5 Joseph Carroll, Human Nature and Literary Meaning 1329

6 Patrick Colm Hogan, Literary Brains: Neuroscience, Criticism, and Theory 1360

7 Ted Underwood, Digital Humanities: Theorizing Research Practices 1373

8 Franco Moretti, Planet Hollywood 1380

9 Theory in Practice: Donald C. Freeman, According to My Bond: King Lear and Re]Cognition 1389

10 Theory in Practice: Carrie Dawson, Skinned: Taxidermy and Pedophilia in Munro’s “Vandals” 1405

Part Ten Animals, Humans, Places, Things

1 Introduction: Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan, Matters Pertinent to a Theory of Human Existence 1419

2 Nigel Thrift, Non]Representational Theory: Life, But Not as We Know It 1423

3 John Urry, Complexity 1452

4 Bruno Latour, On Actor Network Theory: A Few Clarifications 1458

5 Jennifer McDonell, The Animal Turn, Literary Studies, and the Academy 1471

6 Tobin Siebers, The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification 1486

7 Pippa Marland, Ecocriticism 1507

8 Michael Parrish Lee, Eating Things: Food, Animals, and Other Life Forms in Lewis Carroll’s Alice Books 1529

9 Theory in Practice: Jayne Elisabeth Archer, Richard Marggraf Turley, and Howard Thomas, The Autumn King: Remembering the Land in King Lear 1547

10 Theory in Practice: Kim Fortuny, Elizabeth Bishop’s “Pink Dog” 1567

Glossary of Terms 1581

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