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Learning and Behavior

by: Mazur, James E.

Learning and Behavior

by: Mazur, James E.

ISBN 13:
9780138575663
ISBN 10:
0138575665
Edition: 4th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/01/1997
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
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Summary

This is the core text for Introductory and Intermediate level courses in psychology of learning, behavior, and/or conditioning which are offered in departments of psychology. Focusing on both classic and contemporary studies and the most recent development and trends, Mazur's comprehensive book describes the psychological theories, applications, and experiments of learning and behavior in both humans and animals.

Preface

(2)

Acknowledgments

1 INTRODUCTION

(18)

The Psychology of Learning and Behavior

(1)

The Search for General Principles of Learning

(2)

The Nature of Scientific Theories

(7)

An Example of a Theory about Behavior: Biorhythm Theory

(1)

The Major Components of Scientific Theories

(1)

Fudging Scientific Theories

(2)

Issues and Techniques in Comparing Theory with Data

(3)

Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning

(5)

The Use of Animal Subjects

(3)

The Emphasis on External Events

(2)

On Free Will, Determinism, and Chaos Theory

(3)

2 SIMPLE IDEAS, SIMPLE ASSOCIATION, AND SIMPLE CELLS

(18)

Early Theories about the Association of Ideas

(4)

Aristotle

(1)

The British Associationists: Simple and Complex Ideas

(2)

Thomas Brown's Secondary Principles of Association

(1)

Ebbinghaus's Experiments on Memory

(4)

Ebbinghaus's Major Findings

(3)

Ebbinghaus and the Associationists Compared to Later Learning Theorists

(1)

Physiological Facts and Theories Related to Associationism

(10)

The Basic Characteristics of Neurons

(1)

Physiological Research on "Simple Sensations"

(2)

Physiological Research on "Complex Ideas"

(2)

Physiological Research on Associative Learning

(5)

3 INNATE BEHAVIOR PATTERNS AND HABITUATION

(20)

Characteristics of Goal-Directed Systems

(1)

Reflexes

(1)

Tropisms and Orientation

(2)

Kineses

(1)

Taxes

(1)

Sequences of Behavior

(4)

Fixed Action Patterns

(2)

Reaction Chains

(2)

Habituation

(11)

General Principles of Habituation

(1)

Physiological Mechanisms of Habituation

(3)

Habituation in Emotional Responses: The Opponent-Process Theory

(6)

4 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

(30)

Pavlov's Discovery and Its Impact

(9)

The Standard Paradigm of Classical Conditioning

(1)

The Variety of Conditioned Responses

(3)

Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Theory

(3)

S-S or S-R Connections?

(1)

Pavlov's Influence on Psychology

(1)

Basic Conditioning Phenomena

(7)

Acquisition

(1)

Extinction

(1)

Spontaneous Recovery

(1)

Disinhibition

(1)

Rapid Reacquisition

(1)

Conditioned Inhibition

(1)

Generalization and Discrimination

(2)

Temporal Relationships between CS and US

(3)

CS-US Correlations

(1)

Other Conditioning Arrangements

(2)

Higher-Order Conditioning

(2)

Sensory Preconditioning

(1)

Classical Conditioning Outside the Laboratory

(9)

Classical Conditioning and Emotional Responses

(2)

Classical Conditioning and the Immune System

(1)

Applications in Behavior Therapy

(6)

5 THEORIES AND RESEARCH ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

(35)

Theories of Associative Learning

(12)

The Blocking Effect

(1)

The Rescorla-Wagner Model: Basic Concepts

(3)

The Rescorla-Wagner Model: Equations and Mathematical Examples

(4)

Theories of CS Effectiveness

(2)

Comparator Theories of Conditioning

(2)

Summary

100

(1)

Types of Associations

100

(5)

Associations in First-Order Conditioning

100

(1)

Associations in Second-Order Conditioning

100

(1)

Associations Involving Contextual Stimuli

101

(1)

CS-CS Associations

102

(1)

Occasion Setting

103

(1)

Summary

104

(1)

Biological Constraints on Classical Conditioning

105

(7)

The Contiguity Principle and Taste-Aversion Learning

105

(2)

Biological Preparedness and Taste-Aversion Learning

107

(2)

Biological Preparedness in Human Learning

109

(1)

Biological Constraints and the General-Principle Approach

110

(2)

The Form of the Conditioned Response

112

(4)

Drug Tolerance as a Conditioned Response

112

(2)

Conditioned Opponent Theories

114

(2)

Physiological Research on Classical Conditioning

116

(6)

Research with Primitive Creatures

116

(1)

Research with Mammals and Other Vertebrates

117

(2)

Research with Human Subjects>

119

(3)

6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

122

(29)

The Law of Effect

122

(9)

Thorndike's Experiments

122

(2)

Guthrie and Horton: Evidence for a Mechanical Strengthening Process

124

(3)

Superstitious Behaviors

127

(3)

Problems with the "Stop-Action Principle,"

130

(1)

The Procedure of Shaping or Successive Approximations

131

(4)

Shaping Lever Pressing in a Rat

131

(1)

Shaping Behaviors in the Classroom

132

(1)

Shaping as a Tool in Behavior Modification

133

(1)

Making Shaping More Precise: Percentile Schedules

134

(1)

Versatility of the Shaping Process

135

(1)

The Research of B.F. Skinner

135

(4)

The Free Operant

136

(1)

The Three-Term Contingency

137

(1)

Other Basic Principles: Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization and Conditional Reinforcement

138

(1)

Response Chains

139

(2)

Biological Constraints on Operant Conditioning

141

(10)

Instinctive Drift

141

(2)

Autoshaping

143

(5)

Reconciling Reinforcement Theory and Biological Constraints

148

(3)

7 REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES AND APPLICATIONS

151

(25)

Plotting Moment-to-Moment Behavior: The Cumulative Recorder

151

(1)

The Four Simple Reinforcement Schedules

152

(7)

Fixed Ratio

152

(2)

Variable Ratio

154

(1)

Fixed Interval

155

(2)

Variable Interval

157

(1)

Extinction and the Four Simple Schedules

157

(2)

Other Reinforcement Schedules

159

(1)

Factors Affecting Performance on Reinforcement Schedules

159

(4)

Contingency-Shaped Versus Rule-Governed Behaviors

160

(2)

Reinforcement History

162

(1)

Summary

162

(1)

The Experimental Analysis of Reinforcement Schedules

163

(5)

The Cause of the FR Postreinforcement Pause

163

(1)

Comparisons of VR and VI Response Rates

164

(4)

Applications of Operant Conditioning

168

(8)

Teaching Language to Autistic Children

168

(2)

The Taken Economy

170

(1)

Reinforcing Employee Performance

171

(2)

Behavior Therapy for Couples

173

(1)

Summary

174

(2)

8 AVOIDANCE AND PUNISHMENT

176

(30)

Avoidance

177

(10)

A Representative Experiment

177

(1)

Two-Factor Theory

178

(1)

Evidence Supporting Two-Factor Theory

179

(1)

Problems with Two-Factor Theory

180

(1)

One-Factor Theory

181

(2)

Cognitive Theory

183

(1)

Biological Constraints in Avoidance Learning

184

(2)

Conclusions about the Theories of Avoidance

186

(1)

Flooding as Behavior Therapy

186

(1)

Learned Helplessness

187

(3)

Punishment

190

(6)

Is Punishment the Opposite of Reinforcement?

190

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment

192

(2)

Disadvantages of Using Punishment

194

(1)

Negative Punishment

195

(1)

Behavior Decelerators in Behavior Therapy

196

(10)

Positive Punishment

196

(2)

Negative Punishment: Response Cost and Time-Out

198

(2)

Other Techniques for Behavior Deceleration

200

(3)

The Aversives Controversy

203

(3)

9 THEORIES AND RESEARCH ON OPERANT CONDITIONING

206

(25)

The Role of the Response

206

(1)

The Role of the Reinforcer

207

(9)

Is Reinforcement Necessary for Operant Conditioning

207

(2)

Expectations about the Reinforcer

209

(2)

Is Reinforcement at Work in Classical Conditioning?

211

(1)

Can Reinforcement Control Visceral Responses?

212

(2)

Biofeedback

214

(2)

How Can We Predict What Will Be a Reinforcer?

216

(8)

Need Reduction

217

(1)

Drive Reduction

217

(1)

Trans-Situationality

218

(1)

Premack's

219

(4)

Response Deprivation Theory

223

(1)

Behavioral Economics

224

(7)

Optimization: Theory and Research

224

(3)

Elasticity and Inelasticity of Demand

227

(1)

Income Level and Demand

227

(1)

Behavioral Economics and Drug Abuse

228

(1)

Summary

229

(2)

10 STIMULUS CONTROL AND CONCEPT FORMATION

231

(28)

Generalization Gradients

232

(5)

Measuring Generalization Gradients

232

(1)

What Causes Generalization Gradients?

233

(4)

Is Stimulus Control Absolute or Relational?

237

(5)

Transposition and Peak Shift

237

(2)

Spence's Theory of Excitatory and Inhibitory Gradients

239

(1)

The Intermediate-Size Problem

240

(1)

Evaluating the Two Theories

241

(1)

Behavioral Contrast

242

(2)

"Errorless" Discrimination Learning

244

(3)

Transfer of Learning After Discrimination Training

247

(2)

Concept Formation

249

(6)

The Structure of Natural Categories

250

(1)

Animal Studies on Natural Concept Formation

251

(2)

Developing Stimulus Equivalence

253

(2)

Stimulus Control in Behavior Modification

255

(4)

Study Behavior

255

(1)

Insomnia

256

(3)

11 COMPARATIVE COGNITION

259

(30)

Memory

260

(12)

Short-Term Memory or Working Memory

260

(6)

Rehearsal

266

(4)

Long-Term Memory, or Reference Memory

270

(2)

Time, Number, and Serial Patterns

272

(8)

Experiments on an "Internal Clock,"

273

(2)

Counting

275

(2)

Serial Pattern Learning

277

(1)

Chunking

278

(2)

Language and Reasoning

280

(9)

Teaching Language to Animals

280

(5)

Reasoning by animals

285

(4)

12 LEARNING BY OBSERVATION

289

(22)

Theories of Imitation

290

(7)

Imitation as an Instinct

290

(2)

Imitation as an Operant Response

292

(1)

Imitation as a Generalized Operant Response

292

(1)

Bandura's Theory of Imitation

293

(2)

Which Theory of Imitation is Best?

295

(2)

Factors That Affect the Likelihood of Imitation

297

(1)

Interactions Between Observational Learning and Operant Conditioning

298

(2)

Achievement Motivation

298

(1)

Aggression

299

(1)

The Influence of Television

300

(1)

What Can Be Learned through Observation?

301

(3)

Phobias

302

(1)

Drug Use and Addictions

302

(1)

Cognitive Development

303

(1)

Moral Standards and Behavior

304

(1)

Modeling in Behavior Therapy

304

(5)

Facilitation of Low-Probability Behaviors

305

(1)

Acquisition of New Behaviors

306

(1)

Elimination of Fears and Unwanted Behaviors

306

(2)

Videotape Self-Modeling

308

(1)

Conclusions: The Sophisticated Skill of Learning by Observation

309

(2)

13 LEARNING MOTOR SKILLS

311

(24)

The Variety of Motor Skills

312

(1)

Variables Affecting Motor Learning and Performance

313

(8)

Reinforcement and Knowledge of Results

313

(3)

Knowledge of Performance

316

(2)

Distribution of Practice

318

(2)

Transfer from Previous Training

320

(1)

Theories of Motor-Skill Learning

321

(7)

Adams's Two-Stage Theory

321

(4)

Schmidt's Schema Theory

325

(3)

Learning Movement Sequences

328

(7)

The Response Chain Approach

328

(1)

Motor Programs

329

(6)

14 CHOICE

335

(33)

The Matching Law

336

(8)

Herrnstein's (1961) Experiment

336

(2)

Other Experiments on Matching

338

(1)

Deviations from Matching

338

(2)

Varying the Quality and Amount of Reinforcement

340

(1)

An Application to Single Schedules

341

(3)

Theories of Choice Behavior

344

(10)

Matching as an Explanatory Theory

345

(1)

Melioration Theory

346

(1)

Optimization Theory as an Explanation of Matching

347

(4)

Momentary Maximization Theory

351

(2)

Other Theories of Choice

353

(1)

Self-Control Choices

354

(7)

The Ainslie-Rachlin Thoery

355

(1)

Animal Studies on Self-Control

356

(2)

Factors Affecting Self-Control in Children

358

(2)

Techniques for Improving Self-Control

360

(1)

Other Choice Situations

361

(7)

Preference for Variability

361

(2)

Risk Taking

363

(1)

The Tragedy of the Commons

364

(4)

References

368

(46)

Author Index

414

(10)

Subject Index

424

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Learning and Behavior

Learning and Behavior

9780138575663

0138575665

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Learning and Behavior

Learning and Behavior

9780138575663

0138575665

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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