Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is a professor at Lovely Professional with more than seventeen years of experience in academics. She has published more than 45 research papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students, and she has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and reviewer for IEEE journals and conferences.  She has published one edited book and currently has multiple volumes scheduled for publication, including volumes available from Wiley-Scrivener.

Souvik Ganguli, PhD, is an assistant professor and received his PhD from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala.  With fourteen years of experience in academics and several years in industry, he has been a session chair, keynote speaker, and conference organizer for scholarly conferences, and he has published over 50 papers in academic journals.  He also has coveted grants to his credit and has published a number of book chapters in edited volumes. 

Abhishek Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor at and obtained his PhD in the area of VLSI Design for Low Power and Secured Architecture from Lovely Professional University, India.  With over 11 years of academic experience, he has published more than 30 research papers and proceedings in scholarly journals. He has also published five book chapters and one authored book.  He has worked as a reviewer and program committee member and editorial board member for academic and scholarly conferences and journals.

Tengiz Magradze, PhD, is an electrical design advisor for WINDTHINK, head of power transmission lines projects with “Georgian State Electrosystem,” and an adjunct professor of Electrical/Power Engineering/Management  at Ballsbridge University, Dominica.  He has published 14 journal articles and one book and is an editorial board member for a number of academic journals. 

Preface xv

List of Contributors xvii

1 An Overview of the Intelligent Green Technologies for Sustainable Smart Cities 1
Tanya Srivastava, Sahil Virk and Souvik Ganguli

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Case Study 1: Oslo—A Smart City 5

1.3 Case Study 2: Chandigarh—A Smart City 5

1.4 Features of the Smart Cities 6

1.5 Well-Planned Public Spaces and Streets 6

1.5.1 Waste Management 6

1.5.2 Energy Management 7

1.5.3 Good Connectivity 7

1.5.4 Urban Residence 8

1.5.5 Smart Grids 8

1.5.6 Smart Governance 8

1.6 Intelligent Green Technologies 9

1.7 Global and National Acceptance Scenarios 13

1.8 Conclusions 15

References 15

2 Artificial Intelligence for Green Energy Technology 19
Shanthi Jayaraj and Meena Chinniah

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Solar Energy and AI 20

2.3 AI Transforms Renewable Energy 23

2.4 IBM Solution Using AI 24

2.5 Hydrogen Vehicles 24

2.6 Wind Energy and AI 25

2.7 Renewable Energy Industry in India 29

2.8 Conclusion 30

References 30

Website Reference 31

Abbreviations 31

3 Effective Waste Management System for Smart Cities 33
G. Boopathi Raja

3.1 Introduction 34

3.2 Literature Survey 36

3.3 Waste Management in India 37

3.4 Existing Methodology 40

3.4.1 IoT-Based Smart Waste Bin Monitoring and Municipal Solid Waste Management System 40

3.4.2 IoT Enabled Solid Waste Management System 41

3.4.3 Smart Garbage Management System 41

3.5 Proposed Framework 42

3.5.1 System Description 42

3.6 Functionality of the Proposed System 44

3.6.1 Sensing Module 44

3.6.2 Storage Module 46

3.6.3 User Module 47

3.7 Workflow of the Proposed Framework 48

3.8 Conclusion and Future Scope 49

References 50

4 Municipal Solid Waste Energy: An Option for Green Technology for Smart Cities 53
Soumitra Mukhopadhyay

4.1 Unavoidable Impacts of Nonrenewable Energy 53

4.2 Municipal Solid Waste Energy as Clean Energy for Smart Cities 55

4.2.1 Renewable Energy Options 55

4.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste as Renewable Energy Option for Smart Cities 56

4.2.3 Why Is MSW Energy Renewable? 58

4.2.4 Various Waste to Energy Technologies 58

4.3 Waste to Energy Technologies (WTE-T) 59

4.3.1 Incineration 59

4.3.2 Pyrolysis 61

4.3.3 Gasification 63

4.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion 65

4.3.5 Landfill with Gas Capture 66

4.3.6 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) 68

4.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems (ISWM-S) for Smart Cities 69

4.5 Conclusion 70

References 70

5 E-Waste Management and Recycling Issues: An Overview 73
Simran Srivastava, Sahil Virk, Saumyadip Hazra and Souvik Ganguli

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 Global Status of E-Waste Management 75

5.3 Industrial Practices in E-Waste Management 77

5.4 Recycling of E-Waste 79

5.5 E-Waste Management Benchmarking 81

5.6 Future of E-Waste Management 82

5.7 Conclusions 83

References 84

6 Energy Audit and Management for Green Energy 89
Arjyadhara Pradhan and Babita Panda

6.1 Introduction 89

6.2 Types of Renewable Energy 91

6.2.1 Solar Energy 91

6.2.2 Wind Energy 91

6.2.3 Biomass 92

6.2.4 Geothermal Energy 92

6.2.5 Ocean Energy 93

6.3 Energy Management 93

6.3.1 Types of Energy Management 94

6.3.1.1 Demand Side Management 94

6.3.1.2 Implementation of DSM 95

6.3.1.3 Supply Side Management 96

6.3.2 Ways to Improve Energy Management 97

6.4 Energy Audit 97

6.4.1 Types of Energy Audit 98

6.4.2 Preliminary Energy Audit 98

6.4.3 Detailed Energy Audit 98

6.4.4 Data Analysis 100

6.4.5 Detailed Steps in Energy Audit 100

6.5 Energy Audit in Solar Plant 101

6.5.1 Technical Inspection Steps of Solar Power Plant 103

6.6 Energy Conservation 104

6.6.1 Energy Conservation Methods 104

6.6.2 Case Study 105

6.7 Conclusion 108

References 108

7 A Smart Energy-Efficient Support System for PV Power Plants 111
Salwa Ammach and Saeed Mian Qaisar

7.1 Introduction 112

7.2 Literature Review 118

7.2.1 Solar Tracking System 119

7.2.2 Solar Cleaning Mechanisms 120

7.2.3 Hotspots Detection 123

7.3 Proposed Solution 131

7.3.1 Solar Tracking 131

7.3.2 Cleaning System 136

7.3.3 Hotspots 136

7.3.4 Modeling and Simulation 136

7.3.5 Limitations 137

7.3.6 Hypothesis 137

7.4 Conclusion 138

References 138

8 A New Hybrid Proposition Based on a Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells 143
Souvik Ganguli, Shilpy Goyal and Parag Nijhawan

8.1 Introduction 144

8.2 Modelling of an Amended Double Diode Model (ADDM) and the Objective Function 145

8.3 Proposed Work 149

8.4 Results and Discussions 149

8.5 Conclusions 161

References 162

9 Supervisory Digital Feedback Control System for An Effective PV Management and Battery Integration 165
Amal E. Abdel Gawad, Nehal A. Alyamani and Saeed Mian Qaisar

9.1 Introduction 166

9.2 Literature Review 173

9.2.1 GHI in the Middle East 173

9.2.2 Types of PV Systems 173

9.2.3 Solar Tracking Systems 176

9.2.4 Charger Controller 179

9.2.5 Series Regulator 179

9.2.6 Shunt Regulator 180

9.2.7 Pulse Width Modulation 180

9.2.8 Maximum Power Point Tracker Charger Controller 181

9.2.9 Reducing the Charging Time 182

9.2.10 Dust Remover 183

9.3 Proposed Solution 185

9.3.1 Single Axis Solar Tracking System 186

9.3.2 Supervisory Digital Feedback Solar Tracker Control System 186

9.3.3 Database-Based Digital Solar Tracker Control System 187

9.3.4 Soiling Treatment Module 187

9.3.5 PV-to-Battery Switching Module 187

9.4 Discussion 189

9.5 Conclusion 191

References 191

10 Performance Analysis of Tunnel Field Effect Transistor for Low-Power Applications 195
Deepak Kumar, Shiromani Balmukund Rahi and Neha Paras

10.1 Introduction 196

10.1.1 Limitation of Conventional MOSFET 199

10.1.2 Subthreshold Slope Devices 199

10.2 TFET Structure and Simulation Setup 201

10.3 TFET Working Principle 203

10.3.1 Transport Mechanism in TFET 205

10.3.1.1 Band to Band (BTB) Tunneling Transmission 205

10.3.1.2 Kane’s Model 208

10.4 Subthreshold Swing (SS) in Tunnel FETs 209

10.5 Performance of Hetrojunction Tunnel FET 214

10.5.1 Transfer Characteristics Analysis of TFET Devices 214

10.5.2 Frequency Analysis of TFET Devices 219

10.6 Conclusion 221

References 222

11 Low-Power Integrated Circuit Smart Device Design 227
Shasanka Sekhar Rout, Salony Mahapatro, Gaurav Jayaswal and Manish Hooda

11.1 Introduction 228

11.2 Need of Low Power 229

11.3 Design Techniques of Low Power 230

11.3.1 Power Optimization by IC System 230

11.3.2 Power Optimization by Algorithm Section 231

11.3.3 Power Optimization by Architecture Design 231

11.3.4 Power Optimization by Circuit Level 231

11.3.5 Power Optimization by Process Technology 231

11.4 VLSI Circuit Design for Low Power 232

11.4.1 Power Dissipation of CMOS Inverter 232

11.4.1.1 Static Power 232

11.4.1.2 Dynamic Power 233

11.4.1.3 Short Circuit Power Dissipation 233

11.4.1.4 Other Power Issue 233

11.4.2 Capacitance Estimation of CMOS Logic Gate 234

11.5 Circuit Techniques for Low Power 234

11.5.1 Static Power Technique 234

11.5.1.1 Self-Reverse Biasing 234

11.5.1.2 Multithreshold Voltage Technique 235

11.5.2 Dynamic Power Technique 235

11.6 Random Access Memory (RAM) Circuits for Low Power 236

11.6.1 Low-Power Techniques for SRAM 236

11.6.2 Low-Power Techniques for DRAM 237

11.7 VLSI Design Methodologies for Low Power 237

11.7.1 Low-Power Physical Design 237

11.7.2 Low-Power Gate Level Design 237

11.7.2.1 Technology Mapping and Logic Minimization 238

11.7.2.2 Reduction of Spurious Transitions 238

11.7.2.3 Power Reduction by Precomputation 238

11.7.3 Low-Power Architecture Level Design 238

11.8 Power Reduction by Algorithmic Level 239

11.8.1 Lowering in Switched Capacitance 239

11.8.2 Lowering in Switching Activities 239

11.9 Power Estimation Technique 239

11.9.1 Circuit Level Tool 239

11.9.2 Gate Level 240

11.9.3 Architectural Level 240

11.9.4 Behavioral Level 240

11.10 Low-Power Flood Sensor Design 240

11.11 Low-Power VCO Design 241

11.12 Low-Power Gilbert Mixer Design 241

11.13 Conclusion 243

References 243

12 GaN Technology Analysis as a Greater Mobile Semiconductor: An Overview 247
Biyyapu Sai Vamsi, Tarun Chaudhary, Deepti Kakkar, Amit Tiwari and Manish Sharma

12.1 Introduction 248

12.2 Research and Collected Data 250

12.3 Studies Reviewed and Findings 255

12.4 Conclusion 266

References 266

13 Multilevel Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Relay Node Selection in Three-Tiered Architecture 269
Deepti Kakkar, Gurjot Kaur and Aradhana Tirkey

13.1 Introduction 270

13.1.1 Overview 270

13.1.2 Routing Challenges and Design Issues 271

13.1.3 Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (HWSNs) 272

13.1.3.1 Clustering in WSN 273

13.1.4 Relay Node Selection Scheme 274

13.1.5 Genetic Algorithm 275

13.1.6 Problem Definition and Motivation 275

13.1.7 Proposed Work 276

13.2 Implementation of Proposed Relay Node Selection Based on GA 276

13.2.1 Network Model 276

13.2.2 Heterogenous Network Model 277

13.2.3 Radio Energy Dissipation Model 279

13.2.4 GA-Based Relay Node Selection 279

13.2.5 Steady State Phase or Data Communication Phase 282

13.3 Results of Simulation For Energy Consumption, Lifetime and Throughput of Network 282

13.3.1 Simulation Setup 282

13.3.2 Comparison of Residual Energy Consumption 284

13.3.3 Comparison of Lifetime of Network 284

13.3.4 Comparison of Throughput at BS 286

13.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 287

References 288

14 Privacy and Security of Smart Systems 291
K. Suresh Kumar, D. Prabakaran, R. Senthil Kumaran and I. Yamuna

14.1 Smart Systems—An Overview 291

14.2 Security and Privacy Challenges in Smart Systems 292

14.2.1 Botnet Activities in Smart Systems 294

14.2.2 Threats of Nonhuman-Operated Cars 294

14.2.3 Privacy Issues of Virtual Reality 294

14.3 Case Studies—Security Breaches in Smart Systems 294

14.3.1 Breaching Smart Surveillance Cameras 295

14.3.2 Hacking Smart Televisions 295

14.3.3 Hacked Smart Bulbs 295

14.3.4 Vulnerable Smart Homes 296

14.3.5 Identity Stealing using Smart Coffee Machines 296

14.4 Existing Security and Privacy Protection Technologies 296

14.4.1 Cryptography 297

14.4.2 Biometric 299

14.4.3 Block Chain Technology 301

14.5 Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Artificial Intelligence 301

14.5.1 Machine Learning in Smart Systems 301

14.5.2 Genetic Algorithm 302

14.5.3 Deep Learning in Smart Systems 303

14.5.4 Artificial Intelligence in Smart Systems 303

14.6 Security Requirement for Smart Systems 303

14.6.1 Thwarting of Data Leakage and Falsifications 304

14.6.2 Identification and Prevention of Device Tampering 304

14.6.3 Light Weight Encryption Algorithm for Authentication 304

14.6.4 Access Restrictions to Users 305

14.6.5 Incident Response for Entire Systems 305

14.7 Instruction to Build Strong Privacy Policy 305

14.7.1 Privacy Policy 305

14.7.2 Definition 306

14.7.3 Key Reasons Why There Is a Need for Privacy Policy 306

14.8 Role of Internet in Smart Systems 306

14.8.1 Home Automation 307

14.8.2 Agriculture 307

14.8.3 Industry 308

14.8.4 Health & Lifestyle 309

14.9 Frameworks, Algorithms, and Protocols for Security Enhancements 310

14.9.1 Framework for the Internet of Things by Cryptography 311

14.9.2 Protocols for Security Enhancements 312

14.10 Design Principles of Privacy Enhancing Methodologies 312

14.11 Conclusion 313

References 314

15 Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technologies for Smart City 317
Jagendra Singh, Mohammad Sajid, Suneet Kumar Gupta and Raza Abbas Haidri

15.1 Introduction 318

15.2 Standard for Designing Smart City and Society 322

15.2.1 Scalability 322

15.2.2 Intelligent Health Care 322

15.2.3 Flexible and Interoperable 322

15.2.4 Safeguard Infrastructure 322

15.2.5 Robust Environment 323

15.2.6 Distribution and Sources of Energy 323

15.2.7 Intelligent Infrastructure 323

15.2.8 Choice-Based Backing System 323

15.2.9 Monitoring of Behavior 323

15.3 Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence 323

15.4 Contributions and Literature Study 324

15.5 Conclusion 328

References 329

16 Android Application for School Bus Tracking System 331
S. Sriram

16.1 Introduction 331

16.2 Application Methods for Access 332

16.2.1 Driver Portal Screen 333

16.2.2 Parent Portal Screen 334

16.2.3 Teachers Portal Screen 334

16.3 GPS Data Processing Methodology 335

16.4 GPS Working Process 336

16.5 System Implementation 336

16.6 Result and Discussion 336

16.6.1 Reasons to Utilize Android Application for School Bus Tracking System 337

16.6.1.1 Perfect Child Security 337

16.6.1.2 Elaborate Operational Efficiency 337

16.6.1.3 Valid Timely Maintenance 338

16.6.1.4 Automating Attendance Management 338

16.6.1.5 Better Staff Management 338

16.6.1.6 Addressing Environmental Concerns 338

16.7 Conclusion 338

References 339

About the Editors 341

Index 343

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