Margo Mastropieri, Ph.D., is University Professor Emerita, College of Education and Human Development, George Mason University. She has served as a Diagnostic-Remediator for the Learning Center at Mount Holyoke College, and as a classroom teacher for students with special needs, from preschool to secondary levels, in Massachusetts and Arizona. Prior to her present position, she served as University Professor of Special Education at George Mason University. Earlier she was a Professor of Special Education at Purdue University, and as Assistant Professor of Special Education at Utah State University, where she also worked as a researcher at the Early Intervention Research Institute. She earned her Ph.D. from Arizona State University. She has co-directed federally funded research projects in mnemonic strategy instruction, inclusive science and social studies education, and writing instruction at the elementary, middle school, and high school levels, in addition to directing undergraduate and doctoral level personnel preparation grants. From 1991 to 1997 she served as Co-Editor of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, the journal of the Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children. From 1992 to 2011 she served as Co-Editor of the research annual Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities (Emerald). From 2009 to 2015 she served as Co-Editor of Exceptional Children, the research journal for the Council for Exceptional Children. Among her publications are over 200 journal articles, 67 chapters in books, and 31 co-authored or co-edited books. In 2007, she was awarded the distinguished University Professor title from George Mason University. In 2008 she was the recipient of a Teaching Excellence Award at George Mason University, In 2010, she was the recipient of the Virginia Outstanding faculty Award, which is the Commonwealth’s highest honor for faculty at Virginia’s public and private colleges and universities.

Tom Scruggs is University Professor Emeritus, George Mason University. He served as a classroom teacher for students with special needs, including gifted students, from preschool to secondary levels in Massachusetts and Arizona. Prior to his present position, he served as University Professor of Special Education at George Mason University. Earlier he was a Professor of Special Education at Purdue University, where he also had served as Director of the Purdue Achievement Center; and as a Research Assistant Professor at Utah State University. He earned his Ph.D. from Arizona State University. He has directed or co-directed externally funded research projects in peer tutoring, test-taking skills, mnemonic strategy instruction, and inclusive science and social studies education, at the elementary, middle school, and high school levels. From 1991 to 1997 he served as Co-Editor of Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, the journal of the Division for Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children. From 1992 to 2011 he served as Co-Editor of the research annual Advances in Learning and Behavioral Disabilities (Emerald). Since 2009 to 2015 he served as Co-Editor of Exceptional Children. Among his publications (mostly in collaboration with Margo Mastropieri) are over 200 journal articles, 61 chapters in books, and 32 co-authored or co-edited books. In 2010, he received the Scholarly Achievement Award from the College of Education and Human Development at George Mason University.

Both authors are the recipients of the 2006 “CEC Special Education Research Award,” as well as the 2011 “Distinguished Research Award” from the American Educational Research Association: Special Education Special Interest Group for their research efforts in working with and advocating on behalf of individuals with exceptionalities.

PART 1 THE FUNDAMENTALS

Introduction to Inclusive Teaching 3

Collaboration: Partnerships and Procedures 25

Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities 53

Teaching Students with Autism and Lower-Incidence Disabilities 79

Teaching Students with Other Special Learning Needs 105

PART 2 DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TEACHING SKILLS

Effective Differentiated Instruction for All Students 125

Response to Intervention and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support 153

Improving Motivation and Social Behavior 175

Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers 207

Improving Attention and Memory 229

Teaching Study Skills 255

Assessment 279

PART 3 TEACHING IN THE CONTENT AREAS

Literacy 307

Mathematics 343

Science, Social Studies, and Transitions 375

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Inclusive Teaching 3

LEARNING OUTCOMES 3

What Are the Educational Rights for Individuals with Disabilities? 5 The Least Restrictive Environment 6

   Where Are Students with Disabilities Served? 6   Mainstreaming and Inclusion, 6   Who Is

Served Under IDEA? 7   Other Instances of Classroom Diversity, 9

Legal Foundations 9

  Legal Proceedings and Legislation, 9   Section 504, 10   Americans with Disabilities Act, 11

  Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 12   No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 and Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015, 14

Models of Service Delivery 16

  The Continuum of Services, 16   Where Are Most Students with Disabilities Served? 17

  What Are General Education Classroom and Consultation Services? 17   What Are Resource and Self-Contained Services? 18   Special Schools     and Special Facilities, 18   What Other Related Services Are Available? 19   Full Inclusion, 19   What Does This Debate Mean for Teachers? 20   Teacher Attitudes, 21

SUMMARY 23

CHAPTER 2: Collaboration: Partnerships and Procedures 25 

LEARNING OUTCOMES 25

Collaboration to Meet Students’ Needs 27

    Shared Goals, 27

Effective Communication 27

    Strategies for Communicating Effectively, 27

Collaboration and Communication for Intervention 30

    General Education Prereferral Request, 30   The Intervention Process, 32

Collaboration for Referrals and Placements 34 Collaboration as Partnerships  43

    Consultation Between Special and General Educators, 43   Co-Teaching, 43

  Strategies for Collaborating with Paraprofessionals, 45   Strategies for Collaborating Effectively with Parents and Families,  46

SUMMARY 49

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 50

CHAPTER 3: Teaching Students with Higher-Incidence Disabilities 53

LEARNING OUTCOMES 53

Speech or Language Impairments 54

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Speech or Language Impairments, 54

  Causes of Speech or Language Impairments,  54   Identification and Assessment of Speech   or Language Impairments, 55   Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students with Speech or Language Impairments, 55

Learning Disabilities 57

  Prevalence and Definitions of Learning Disabilities, 57   Causes of Learning Disabilities, 58

  Issues in Identification and Assessment of Learning Disabilities, 58   Characteristics of Learning Disabilities, 59   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Learning Disabilities, 60

Intellectual Disabilities  62

  Prevalence and Definitions of Intellectual Disabilities, 62   Causes of Intellectual Disabilities, 64

  Issues in Identification and Assessment of Intellectual Disabilities, 64   Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities, 64 Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Intellectual Disabilities, 66

Emotional Disturbance 68

  Prevalence and Definitions of Emotional Disturbance, 68   Causes of Emotional Disturbance, 68

  Issues in Identification and Assessment of Emotional Disturbance, 68   Characteristics of Emotional Disturbance, 69 Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Emotional Disturbance, 69

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 72

  Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of ADHD, 72   Causes of ADHD, 73   Issues in Identification and Assessment of ADHD, 73   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 74

SUMMARY 76

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 77

CHAPTER 4: Teaching Students with Autism and Lower-Incidence Disabilities 79 

LEARNING OUTCOMES 79

Autism 79

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Autism, 79   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Autism, 80

Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments 83

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments, 83   Physical and Health-Related Disabilities, 84   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments, 88

Severe and Multiple Disabilities 92

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Severe and Multiple Disabilities, 92   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students     with Severe and Multiple Disabilities, 93

Visual Impairments 97

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Visual Impairments, 97   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments, 98

Hearing Impairments Including Deafness  99

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Hearing Impairments, 99   Educational Programming, 100   Strategies for Making Classroom Adaptations for Students with Hearing Impairments, 101

SUMMARY 102

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 103

CHAPTER 5 : Teaching Students with Other Special Learning Needs 105

LEARNING OUTCOMES 105

Gifted, Creative, and Talented 105

    Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Gifted, Creative, and Talented, 105

  Issues in Identification and Assessment of Gifted, Creative, and Talented, 107   Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students Who Are Gifted, Creative, and Talented,    107

Students Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse 108

  Prevalence, Definitions, and Characteristics of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

Students, 108   Issues in Identification and Assessment of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students, 112   Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds,  113

Students at Risk 116

  Definitions, Prevalence, and Characteristics of Students at Risk, 116   Coordinating Instruction with Compensatory Education Programs, 120   Strategies for Making Adaptations for Students at Risk, 120

SUMMARY 121

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 122

PART 2 :  DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TEACHING SKILLS

CHAPTER 6: Effective Differentiated Instruction for All Students 125

LEARNING OUTCOMES 125

What Is Differentiated Instruction? 125

Promoting Effective Differentiated Instruction: The PASS Variables 127

P: Prioritize Instruction 127

  Strategies for Planning for Content Coverage, 127

A: Adapt Instructional Methods, Instructional Materials, or the Learning Environment  129

  Strategies for Making Adaptations, 130

S: Systematically Teach with the SCREAM Variables   136

  Strategies for Implementing the SCREAM Variables, 136   Strategies for Maximizing On-Task Behavior, 141   Strategies for Maximizing Time for Learning, 144

S: Systematically Evaluate the Outcomes of Your Instruction 146

  Strategies for Promoting Systematic Evaluation of Instruction,  147

Putting the PASS Variables to Work: Including Model Lesson Components in Instruction 149

SUMMARY 150

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 151  

CHAPTER 7: Response to Intervention and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support 153

LEARNING OUTCOMES 153

What Is RTI? 154

Schoolwide Screening, Progress Monitoring, and Data-Based Decision Making 155

  Strategies for Administering Schoolwide Screening, 155   Strategies for Progress Monitoring and Data-Based Decision Making, 156

Tier 1: Effective Instruction in General Education  163

  Features of Tier 1 Instruction,  163   Strategies for Implementation of Tier 1 Instruction, 164

Tier 2: Intervention to Remediate 164

  Features of Tier 2 Instruction, 165   Strategies for Implementation of Tier 2 Instruction, 165

  Considerations in Implementation of Tier 2 Instruction, 167

Tier 3: Individualized, Intensive Instruction 167

  Strategies for Implementation of Tier 3 Instruction, 168

Fidelity of Implementation 168

  Strategies for Determining Fidelity of Implementation, 169

  Strategies for Implementing RTI at The Secondary Level, 170

Challenges with Implementing RTI  171

SUMMARY 172

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 173

CHAPTER 8: Improving Motivation and Social Behavior 175

LEARNING OUTCOMES 175

Setting the Stage for Academic Success 175

  Strategies for Improving Motivation and Affect, 176

Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills  184

  Managing Classroom Behavior, 184   Strategies for Observing and Recording Classroom Behavior, 184   Strategies for Using Effective Classroom Management Methods, 187

  Strategies for Less-Intensive Classroom Management Methods, 187   Strategies for More Formal Classroom Management Methods, 189   Strategies for Handling Classroom Confrontations, 195   Strategies for Implementing Schoolwide Discipline Systems, 196

  Strategies for Confronting Bullying, 198

Teaching Social Skills  200

  Strategies for Social Skills Training, 201

SUMMARY 203

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 204

CHAPTER 9: Promoting Inclusion with Classroom Peers  207

LEARNING OUTCOMES 207

Peer-Supported Social Acceptance 207

  Strategies for Promoting Social Acceptance, 207

Peer Assistance 208

  Strategies for Enlisting Peer Assistance, 209

Peer Tutoring 211

  Benefits of Peer Tutoring,  214   Strategies for Implementing a Tutoring Program,  215

  Strategies for Promoting Learning with Classwide Peer Tutoring, 215

Cooperative Learning 219

  Strategies for Implementing Cooperative Learning, 219   Advantages and Challenges of Cooperative Learning, 224

SUMMARY 226

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 227

CHAPTER 10: Improving Attention and Memory 229 

LEARNING OUTCOMES 229

Attention 229

  Attention and Students with Special Needs, 229   Strategies for Improving Attention, 230

  Strategies for Addressing Extreme Cases of Attention Deficits, 234

Memory 236

  Strategies for Improving Memory, 236   Strategies for Improving Memory with Mnemonic Techniques, 242

SUMMARY 252

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 253

CHAPTER 11: Teaching Study Skills  255

LEARNING OUTCOMES 255

Tools for Developing Independent Learners 256

  Strategies for Developing Personal Organizational Skills, 256   Strategies for Promoting Listening Skills, 263   Strategies for Teaching Note-    Taking Skills, 267

Research and Reference Skills 271

   Strategies for Teaching Library Skills, 272   Strategies for Preparing Reports and Projects, 274

SUMMARY 276

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 277

CHAPTER 12 : Assessment  279

LEARNING OUTCOMES 279

Types of Tests  279

  Performance Assessments and Portfolio Assessments, 280

Adapting Tests for Students with Special Needs 282

  Strategies for Administering Norm-Referenced Tests, 282   Strategies for Adapting Competency-Based Local and Statewide Assessment, 284       Strategies for Adapting Teacher-Made and Criterion-Referenced Tests, 286   Strategies for Using Curriculum-Based

Measurement, 289   Strategies for Using Performance Assessment, 290   Strategies for Using Portfolio Assessment, 291

Teach Test-Taking Skills  295

  Strategies for Teaching Test-Taking Skills,  295

Grading 300

  Strategies for Adapting Report Card Grading, 300

SUMMARY 302

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 303

Approaches to Reading 308

  Strategies for Implementing Approaches to Reading, 308 Common Core State Standards in Reading 311 Teaching Reading Skills 312

  Strategies for Promoting Word Identification, 312   Strategies for Promoting Reading

Fluency, 316

Reading Comprehension 318

  Strategies for Teaching Reading Comprehension, 318   Strategies for Implementing Multi-Tiered Reading Instruction with RTI, 326

Written Expression 327

  Strategies for Improving Handwriting, 327   Strategies for Teaching Spelling, 329   Strategies for Teaching Written Communication, 332

SUMMARY 338

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 339

CHAPTER 14: Mathematics 343

LEARNING OUTCOMES 343

Mathematics Education 343

Mathematics and Students with Disabilities 344 Teaching Math in Inclusive Settings 345

  Strategies for Teaching Beginning Math, 346   Strategies for Teaching Addition and

Subtraction, 347   Strategies for Teaching Multiplication and Division, 355   Strategies for Teaching Problem Solving, 361   Strategies for Teaching About Money and Time, 363

  Strategies for Teaching Fractions and Decimals, 364   Strategies for Teaching Area and Volume Concepts, 366   Strategies for Teaching Algebra, 367   Strategies for Teaching Functional Math, 371

SUMMARY 372

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 373

CHAPTER 15: Science, Social Studies, and Transitions 375

LEARNING OUTCOMES 375

Adapting Textbook-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies 376

  Common Core State Standards Relevant to Science and Social Studies, 376   Strategies for Effective Teaching in Science and Social Studies,     377   Strategies for Promoting Independent Learning from Textbooks, 379   Strategies for Adapting Textbook Materials, 385

Adapting Activities-Oriented Approaches in Science and Social Studies 391

  Strategies for Adapting Science Activities, 391   Strategies for Adapting Life Science Activities, 394   Strategies for Adapting Earth Science     Activities, 395   Strategies for Adapting Physical Science Activities, 396   Strategies for Adapting Social Studies Activities, 397

Inquiry Learning in Science and Social Studies  400

  Strategies for Adapting Inquiry Learning Activities, 400

Transitions 402

  Planning for Transition, 402   Strategies for Promoting Transitions, 403   Strategies for Transitioning for the Future, 407

SUMMARY 409

INCLUSION CHECKLIST 410

REFERENCES  412

NAME INDEX 445

SUBJECT INDEX 450

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