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Heritage of World Civilizations : Teaching and Learning, Classroom Edition

by: Craig, Albert M.; Graham, William A.; Kagan, Donald M.; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

Heritage of World Civilizations : Teaching and Learning, Classroom Edition

by: Craig, Albert M.; Graham, William A.; Kagan, Donald M.; Ozment, Steven; Turner, Frank M.

ISBN 13:
9780131501003
ISBN 10:
0131501003
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2005
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

This book provides a thoughtful history of human civilizations while maintaining a balance between the Western world and other societies.Starting with the birth of civilization, this combined volume takes the reader through the empires and cultures of the ancient world, the consolidation and interaction of world civilizations, the enlightenment and revolution in the west, and into global conflict and change of the Twentieth Century.For readers looking to make history come alive.

Preface

xxi

Part 1 The Coming of Civilization

xxxii

The Birth of Civilizations

(22)

Early Human Beings and Their Culture

(2)

The Paleolithic Age

(1)

The Neolithic Age

(1)

The Emergence of Civilization

(1)

Early Civilizations in the Near East

(4)

Mesopotamian Civilization

(1)

Egyptian Civilization

(3)

Ancient Near Eastern Empires

(1)

The Hittites

(1)

The Assyrians

(1)

Early Indian Civilization

(5)

The Indus Civilization

(3)

The Vedic Aryan Civilization

(2)

Early Chinese Civilization

(5)

Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley

(1)

Early Bronze Age: The Shang

(1)

Later Bronze Age: The Western Chou

(1)

Iron Age: The Eastern Chou

(1)

The Rise of Civilization in the Americas

(2)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

The Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion

(22)

Comparing the Four Great Revolutions

(1)

Philosophy in China

(3)

Confucianism

(1)

Taoism

(1)

Legalism

(1)

Religion in India

(5)

``Hindu'' and ``Indian''

(1)

Historical Background

(1)

The Upanishadic Worldview

(2)

Mahavira and the Jain Tradition

(1)

The Buddha's ``Middle Path''

(1)

The Religion of the Israelites

(3)

From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation

(1)

The Monotheistic Revolution

(2)

Greek Philosophy

(7)

Reason and the Scientific Spirit

(2)

Political and Moral Philosophy

(4)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Part 2 Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World

(108)

Greek and Hellenistic Civilization

(26)

Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.

(1)

The Minoans

(1)

The Mycenaeans

(1)

Greek ``Middle Age'' to ca. 750 B.C.E.

(2)

Age of Homer

(1)

The Polis

(1)

Development of the Polis

(1)

The Hoplite Phalanx

(1)

Expansion of the Greek World

(2)

Greek Colonies

(1)

The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.)

(2)

Life in Archaic Greece

(2)

Society

(1)

Religion

(1)

Poetry

(1)

Major City-States

(2)

Sparta

(1)

Athens

(1)

The Persian Wars

(1)

Ionian Rebellion

(1)

The War in Greece

(1)

Classical Greece

(5)

The Delian League

(1)

The First Peloponnesian War

(1)

The Athenian Empire

(2)

Athenian Democracy

(1)

Women of Athens

(1)

The Great Peloponnesian War

(1)

Struggle for Greek Leadership

(1)

Culture of Classical Greece

(4)

Fifth Century B.C.E.

(1)

Emergence of the Hellenistic World

(1)

Macedonian Conquest

(1)

Alexander the Great and His Successors

(2)

Hellenistic Culture

(2)

Philosophy

(1)

Literature

(1)

Architecture and Sculpture

(1)

Mathematics and Science

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Iran, India, and Inner Asia to 200 C.E.

(18)

Iran

(1)

Ancient Backgrounds

(1)

The Iranians

(1)

Ancient Iranian Religion

(1)

Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition

(1)

The First Iranian Empire (550-330 B.C.E.)

(4)

The Achaemenids

(2)

The Achaemenid State

(1)

The Achaemenid Economy

(1)

India

(1)

The First Indian Empire (321-185 B.C.E.)

(3)

The Mauryans

(3)

Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.--300 B.C.E.)

(1)

The Economic Base

(1)

High Culture

(1)

Religion and Society

(1)

Greek and Asian Dynasties

(1)

Seleucids

(1)

Indo-Greeks

(1)

Steppe Peoples

(1)

Parthians

(1)

Sakas and Kushans

(1)

Summary

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Goddesses and the Female Form in Ancient Art

(2)

Republican and Imperial Rome

(26)

The Etruscans

(1)

Royal Rome

(1)

Government

(1)

Family

(1)

Clientage

(1)

Patricians and Plebeians

(1)

The Republic

(3)

Constitution

(1)

Conquest of Italy

(1)

Rome and Carthage

(1)

The Republic's Conquest of the Hellenistic World

(1)

Civilization in the Early Roman Republic: Greek Influence

(2)

Religion

(1)

Education

(2)

Roman Imperialism

100

(1)

Aftermath of Conquest

100

(1)

The Gracchi

100

(1)

Marius and Sulla

101

(1)

War Against the Italian Allies (90-88 B.C.E.)

101

(1)

Sulla's Dictatorship

101

(1)

Fall of the Republic

101

(1)

Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar

101

(1)

First Triumvirate

102

(1)

Dictatorship of Julius Caesar

102

(1)

Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian

102

(1)

The Augustan Principate

102

(1)

Administration

103

(1)

The Army and Defense

103

(1)

Religion and Morality

103

(1)

Civilization of the Ciceronian and the Augustan Ages

103

(2)

The Late Republic

103

(1)

Age of Augustus

104

(1)

Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome (14--180 C.E.)

105

(3)

Administration of the Empire

105

(1)

Culture of the Early Empire

105

(3)

Rise of Christianity

108

(3)

Jesus of Nazareth

108

(1)

Paul of Tarsus

109

(1)

Organization

110

(1)

Persecution of Christians

110

(1)

Emergence of Catholicism

110

(1)

Rome as a Center of the Early Church

111

(1)

The Crisis of the Third Century

111

(1)

Barbarian Invasions

111

(1)

Economic Difficulties

111

(1)

Civil Disorder

111

(1)

The Late Empire

112

(3)

The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization

112

(1)

Triumph of Christianity

113

(2)

Arts and Letters in the Late Empire

115

(1)

Preservation of Classical Culture

116

(1)

Christian Writers

116

(1)

Summary

116

(1)

Review Questions

117

(1)

Key Terms

117

(1)

Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E.

118

(18)

Physical Description of the Continent

120

(1)

African Peoples

121

(1)

Africa and Early Human Culture

121

(1)

The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Christian Era

121

(3)

Early Saharan Cultures

121

(1)

Neolithic Sudanic Cultures

121

(2)

The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture

123

(1)

Nilotic African and the Ethiopian Highlands

124

(4)

The Kingdom of Kush

124

(1)

The Napatan Empire

124

(1)

The Meroitic Empire

124

(3)

The Aksumite Empire

127

(1)

Isolation of Christian Ethiopia

128

(1)

The Western and Central Sudan

128

(3)

Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers

128

(2)

Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First Millennium

130

(1)

Central, Southern, and East Africa

131

(3)

Bantu Migrations and Diffusion

131

(1)

East Africa

132

(2)

Summary

134

(1)

Review Questions

135

(1)

Key Terms

135

(1)

China's First Empire (221 B.C.E.--220 C.E.)

136

(18)

Ch'in Unification of China

138

(2)

Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.--8 C.E.)

140

(5)

The Dynastic Cycle

140

(1)

Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty

141

(1)

Han Wu Ti

141

(1)

Government During the Former Han

142

(2)

Decline and Usurpation

144

(1)

Later Han (25-220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath

145

(2)

First Century

145

(1)

Decline During the Second Century

146

(1)

Aftermath of Empire

146

(1)

Han Thought and Religion

147

(5)

Han Confucianism

147

(2)

History

149

(1)

Neo-Taoism

150

(1)

Buddhism

150

(2)

Summary

152

(1)

Review Questions

153

(1)

Key Terms

153

(1)

Part 3 Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations

154

(174)

Imperial China (589--1368)

156

(30)

Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589--618) and T'ang (618--907) Dynasties

158

(11)

The Sui Dynasty

158

(1)

The T'ang Dynasty

159

(10)

Transition to Late Imperial China: The Sung Dynasty (960--1279)

169

(8)

Agriculture Revolution of the Sung: From Serfs to Free Farmers

170

(1)

Commercial Revolution of the Sung

171

(2)

Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy

173

(1)

Sung Culture

174

(3)

China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279--1368)

177

(7)

Rise of the Mongol Empire

177

(2)

Mongol Rule in China

179

(2)

Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture

181

(3)

Last Years of the Yuan

184

(1)

Summary

184

(1)

Review Questions

185

(1)

Key Terms

185

(1)

Japan: Early History to 1467

186

(20)

Japanese Origins

188

(1)

The Yayoi Revolution

188

(3)

Tomb Culture and the Yamato State

188

(1)

The Yamato Court and Korea

189

(1)

Religion in Early Japan

189

(2)

Nara and Heian Japan

191

(4)

Seventh Century

191

(1)

Nara and Early Heian Court Government

191

(1)

Land and Taxes

192

(1)

Rise of the Samurai

193

(1)

Late Heian Court Government

194

(1)

Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism in Nara and Heian Japan

195

(3)

Chinese Tradition in Japan

195

(1)

Birth of Japanese Literature

195

(1)

Nara and Heian Buddhism

195

(3)

Japan's Early Feudal Age

198

(4)

Rise of Minamoto Yoritomo

198

(1)

The Question of Feudalism

199

(1)

Kamakura Rule after Yoritomo

199

(1)

Women in Warrior Society

200

(1)

The Ashikaga Era

200

(1)

Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds

201

(1)

Buddhism and Medieval Culture

202

(3)

Japanese Pietism: Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism

202

(1)

Zen Buddhism

203

(1)

No Plays

204

(1)

Summary

205

(1)

Review Questions

205

(1)

Key Terms

205

(1)

Iran and India Before Islam

206

(16)

Iran

208

(1)

The Parthians

208

(1)

The Sasanid Empire (224--651 C.E.)

209

(2)

Society and Economy

209

(1)

Religion

210

(1)

Later Sasanid Developments

211

(1)

India

211

(1)

Golden Age of the Guptas

211

(2)

Gupta Rule

211

(2)

Gupta Culture

213

(1)

The Development of ``Classical'' Traditions in Indian Civilization (ca. 300--1000 C.E.)

213

(5)

Society

214

(1)

Religion

214

(4)

Summary

218

(1)

Review Questions

219

(1)

Key Terms

219

(3)

The Formation of Islamic Civilization (622--945)

222

(16)

Origins and Early Development

222

(4)

The Setting

222

(1)

Muhammad and the Qur'an

222

(4)

Early Islamic Conquests

226

(2)

Course of Conquest

226

(1)

Factors of Success

226

(2)

The New Islamic Order

228

(4)

The Caliphate

228

(1)

The Ulama

229

(1)

The Umma

230

(2)

The High Caliphate

232

(2)

The Abbasid State

232

(1)

Society

233

(1)

Decline

234

(1)

The ``Classical'' Islamic Culture

234

(3)

Intellectual Traditions

234

(1)

Language and Literature

235

(1)

Art and Architecture

235

(2)

Summary

237

(1)

Review Questions

237

(1)

Key Terms

237

(1)

The Early Middle Ages in the West to 1000: the Birth of Europe

238

(20)

The End of the Western Roman Empire

240

(1)

The Byzantine Empire

240

(4)

The Reign of Justinian

240

(1)

Eastern Influences

241

(3)

The Impact of Islam on the East and West

244

(1)

The Western Debt to Islam

244

(1)

The Developing Roman Church

244

(3)

Monastic Culture

244

(2)

The Doctrine of Papal Primacy

246

(1)

Division of Christendom

246

(1)

The Kingdom of the Franks

247

(6)

Reign of Charlemagne (768--814)

248

(5)

Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom

253

(1)

Feudal Society

253

(3)

Origins

254

(1)

Vassalage and the Fief

254

(2)

Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty

256

(1)

Summary

256

(1)

Review Questions

257

(1)

Key Terms

257

(1)

The Islamic Heartlands and India (ca. 1000--1500)

258

(16)

The Islamic Heartlands

261

(1)

Religion and Society

261

(3)

Sunni Consolidation

261

(1)

Sufi Piety and Organization

261

(1)

Consolidation of Shi'ite Traditions

261

(3)

Regional Developments

264

(4)

The Islamic West: Spain and North Africa

264

(1)

The Islamic West: Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean World

265

(1)

The Islamic East: Before the Mongol Conquests

266

(1)

The Islamic East: The Mongol Age

267

(1)

India

268

(1)

The Spread of Islam to India

268

(4)

Muslim-Hindu Encounter

269

(1)

Islamic States and Dynasties

269

(1)

Religious and Cultural Accommodation

270

(1)

Hindu and Other Indian Traditions

271

(1)

Summary

272

(1)

Review Questions

273

(1)

Key Terms

273

(1)

Ancient Civilizations of the Americas

274

(22)

Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization

276

(1)

Mesoamerica

276

(2)

The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization

278

(2)

The Olmec

278

(1)

The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban

279

(1)

The Classic Period in Mesoamerica

280

(3)

Teotihuacan

280

(1)

The Maya

281

(2)

The Post-Classic Period

283

(5)

The Toltecs

283

(1)

The Aztecs

284

(4)

Andean South America

288

(1)

The Preceramic and the Initial Period

288

(1)

Chavin de Huantar and the Early Horizon

289

(1)

The Early Intermediate Period

289

(1)

Nazca

289

(1)

Moche

289

(1)

The Middle Horizon Through the Late Intermediate Period

290

(3)

Tiwanaku and Huari

290

(1)

The Chimu Empire

290

(1)

The Inca Empire

291

(2)

Summary

293

(1)

Review Questions

293

(1)

Key Terms

293

(3)

The Divine in the Middle Ages

296

(1)

Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance

296

(32)

Revival of the Empire, Church, and Towns

298

(5)

Otto I and the Revival of the Empire

298

(1)

The Reviving Catholic Church

298

(2)

The First Crusades

300

(1)

Towns and Townspeople

301

(2)

Society

303

(5)

The Order of Life

303

(4)

Medieval Women

307

(1)

Growth of National Monarchies

308

(3)

England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)

308

(1)

France in the Thirteenth Century: Reign of Louis IX

309

(1)

The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152--1272)

310

(1)

Political and Social Breakdown

311

(3)

The Black Death

313

(1)

Ecclesiastical Breakdown and the Revival: the Late Medieval Church

314

(1)

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair

314

(1)

The Great Schism (1378--1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449

315

(1)

The Renaissance in Italy (1375--1527)

315

(6)

The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism

316

(1)

Humanism

316

(2)

Renaissance Art

318

(1)

Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494--1527)

319

(1)

Niccolo Machiavelli

320

(1)

Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century

321

(5)

Medieval Russia

323

(1)

France

324

(1)

Spain

324

(1)

England

325

(1)

Summary

326

(1)

Review Questions

327

(1)

Key Terms

327

(1)

Part 4 The World in Transition

328

(164)

The Age of Reformation and Religious Wars

330

(39)

On the Eve of the Reformation

332

(5)

The Discovery of a New World

332

(2)

Religion and Society

334

(1)

The Northern Renaissance

335

(2)

The Reformation

337

(9)

Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525

337

(3)

Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

340

(1)

Anabaptists and Radical Protestants

341

(1)

John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation

341

(1)

Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation

342

(1)

The English Reformation to 1553

343

(2)

Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation

345

(1)

The Reformation's Achievements

346

(4)

The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions

346

(2)

The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women

348

(2)

The Wars of Religion

350

(9)

French Wars of Religion (1562--1598)

350

(3)

Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556--1598)

353

(1)

England and Spain (1558--1603)

354

(2)

The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)

356

(3)

Superstition and Enlightenment: the Battle Within

359

(7)

Witch Hunts and Panic

359

(2)

Writers and Philosophers

361

(5)

Summary

366

(1)

Review Questions

367

(1)

Key Terms

367

(2)

Africa (ca. 1000--1800)

369

(19)

North Africa and Egypt

370

(1)

The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara

370

(1)

Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan

371

(6)

Ghana

371

(2)

Mali

373

(3)

Songhai

376

(1)

Kanem and Kanem-Bornu

377

(1)

The Eastern Sudan

377

(1)

The Forestlands--Coastal West and Central Africa

378

(3)

West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example of Benin

378

(1)

European Arrivals on the Coastlands

379

(1)

Central Africa

380

(1)

East Africa

381

(3)

Swahili Culture and Commerce

381

(3)

The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar

384

(1)

Southern Africa

384

(1)

Southereastern Africa: ``Great Zimbabwe''

384

(2)

The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa

385

(1)

South Africa: The Cape Colony

385

(1)

Summary

386

(1)

Review Questions

386

(1)

Key Terms

387

(1)

Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy

388

(21)

Mercantilist Theory of Economics Exploitation

390

(1)

Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America

391

(3)

Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas

391

(1)

The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America

392

(2)

Economics of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire

394

(2)

Varieties of Economic Activity

394

(1)

The Decline of Native American Population

395

(1)

Commercial Regulation

395

(1)

Colonial Brazil and Slavery

395

(1)

French and British North America

396

(3)

Slavery in the Americas

399

(2)

Establishment of Slavery

399

(1)

The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade

399

(1)

Slavery on the Plantations

400

(1)

Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade

401

(5)

The Background of Slavery

401

(1)

Slavery and Slaving in Africa

401

(1)

The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade

402

(1)

The Extent of the Slave Trade

402

(3)

Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa

405

(1)

Summary

406

(1)

Review Questions

407

(1)

Key Terms

407

(2)

East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

409

(25)

Late Imperial China

410

(1)

Ming (1368--1644) and Ch'ing (1644--1911) Dynasties

410

(7)

Land and People

410

(1)

China's Third Commercial Revolution

410

(4)

Ming-Ch'ing Foreign Relations

414

(2)

Ming-Ch'ing Culture

416

(1)

Japan

417

(1)

Warring States Era (1467--1600)

417

(2)

War of All Against All

417

(1)

Foreign Relations and Trade

418

(1)

Tokugawa Era (1600--1868)

419

(7)

Political Engineering and Economic Growth During the Seventeenth Century

419

(2)

Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries

421

(2)

Tokugawa Culture

423

(3)

Korea and Vietnam

426

(1)

Korea

426

(2)

Early History

427

(1)

The Chosen Era: Late Traditional Korea

427

(1)

Vietnam

428

(4)

Southeast Asia

428

(1)

Early Vietnamese History

429

(1)

Late Traditional Vietnam

430

(2)

Summary

432

(1)

Review Questions

433

(1)

Key Terms

433

(1)

European State-Building and Worldwide Conflict

434

(22)

Two Models of European Political Development

436

(2)

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England

438

(5)

James I

438

(1)

Charles I

438

(1)

The Long Parliament and Civil War

439

(1)

Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

440

(1)

The Restoration of the Monarchy

440

(1)

James II

440

(1)

The ``Glorious Revolution''

441

(1)

The Age of Walpole

441

(2)

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV

443

(3)

Years of Personal Rule

443

(1)

Versailles

443

(1)

King by Divine Right

444

(1)

Louis's Early Wars

444

(1)

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

445

(1)

War of the Spanish Succession

445

(1)

Russia Enters the European Political Arena

446

(3)

Years of Turmoil

446

(1)

Peter the Great

447

(2)

Central and Eastern Europe

449

(2)

The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction

449

(1)

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns

450

(1)

The First Worldwide Wars

451

(2)

The Colonial Arena

451

(1)

The War of the Austrian Succession (1740--1748)

452

(1)

The Seven Years' War (1756--1763)

452

(1)

Summary

453

(1)

Review Questions

454

(1)

Key Terms

455

(1)

European Society Under the Old Regime

456

(20)

Life in the Old Regime

458

(1)

Hierarchy and Privilege

458

(1)

Aristocracy

458

(2)

Great Britain

459

(1)

France

459

(1)

Eastern Europe

460

(1)

The Land and Its Tillers

460

(1)

Peasants and Serfs

460

(1)

Family Structures and the Family Economy

461

(5)

Households

461

(1)

The Family Economy

462

(2)

Women and the Family Economy

464

(1)

Children and the World of the Family Economy

464

(2)

Growth of Agriculture and Population

466

(2)

The Revolution in Agriculture

466

(2)

Population Expansion

468

(1)

The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution

468

(3)

An Event in World History

468

(1)

Industrial Leadership of Great Britain

469

(2)

Cities

471

(3)

Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization

471

(1)

Urban Classes

472

(2)

The Age of the Ghetto

474

(1)

Summary

474

(1)

Review Questions

475

(1)

Key Terms

475

(1)

The Last Great Islamic Empires (1500--1800)

476

(16)

Islamic Empires

479

(1)

The Ottoman Empire

479

(2)

Origins and Development of the Ottoman State before 1600

479

(1)

The ``Classical Ottoman'' Order

479

(1)

After Suleyman: Challenges and Change

480

(1)

The Decline of Ottoman Military and Political Power

481

(1)

The Safavid Shi'ite Empire

481

(2)

Origins

481

(1)

Shah Abbas I

482

(1)

Safavid Decline

482

(1)

Culture and Learning

482

(1)

The Empire of the Indian Timurids, or ``Mughals''

483

(2)

Akbar's Reign

483

(1)

The Last Great Mughals

483

(1)

Sikhs and Marathas

483

(1)

Political Decline

484

(1)

Religious Developments

485

(1)

Islamic Asia

485

(1)

Islamization and Isolation

485

(1)

Uzbeks and Chaghatays

485

(1)

Consequences of the Shi'ite Rift

486

(1)

Power Shifts in the Southern Seas

486

(2)

Control of the Southern Seas

487

(1)

The Indies: Acheh

488

(1)

Summary

488

(1)

Review Questions

489

(1)

Key Terms

489

(1)

The ``Other'' in the Early Modern Period

490

(2)

Part 5 Enlightenment and Revolution in the West

492

(72)

The Age of European Enlightenment

494

(16)

The Scientific Revolution

496

(3)

Nicolaus Copernicus

496

(1)

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kelper

497

(1)

Galileo Galilei

497

(1)

Francis Bacon

498

(1)

Rene Descartes

498

(1)

Isaac Newton

498

(1)

John Locke

499

(1)

The Enlightenment

499

(2)

Voltaire

499

(1)

The Encyclopedia

500

(1)

The Enlightenment and Religion

501

(2)

Deism

501

(1)

Toleration

501

(2)

The Enlightenment and Society

503

(2)

Adam Smith

503

(1)

Montesquieu and The Spirit of the Laws

503

(1)

Rousseau

504

(1)

Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

504

(1)

Enlightened Absolutism

505

(4)

Joseph II of Austria

506

(1)

Catherine the Great of Russia

507

(1)

The Partition of Poland

508

(1)

Summary

509

(1)

Review Questions

509

(1)

Key Terms

509

(1)

Revolutions in the Transatlantic World

510

(24)

Revolution in the British Colonies in North America

512

(2)

Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue

512

(1)

American Political Ideas

512

(1)

Crisis and Independence

513

(1)

Revolution in France

514

(13)

Revolutions of 1789

514

(2)

Reconstruction of France

516

(3)

A Second Revolution

519

(1)

The Reign of Terror and Its Aftermath

519

(2)

The Napoleonic Era

521

(4)

The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement

525

(2)

Wars of Independence in Latin America

527

(3)

Eighteenth-Century Developments

527

(1)

First Movements Toward Independence

528

(1)

San Martin in Rio de la Plata

529

(1)

Simon Bolivar's Liberation of Venezuela

529

(1)

Independence in New Spain

529

(1)

Brazilian Independence

530

(1)

Toward the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic Economy

530

(2)

Summary

532

(1)

Review Questions

533

(1)

Key Terms

533

(1)

Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America 1815--1880

534

(30)

Nationalism

536

(2)

Early-Nineteenth-Century Liberalism

537

(1)

Liberalism and Nationalism in Modern World History

538

(1)

Efforts to Liberalize Early-Nineteenth-Century European Political Structures

539

(5)

Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 and the Autocracy of Nicholas I

539

(1)

Revolution in France (1830)

540

(1)

Britain: From the Great Reform Bill (1832) to Home Rule for Ireland

541

(2)

1848: Year of Revolutions in Europe

543

(1)

Testing the New American Republic

544

(7)

Toward Sectional Conflict

544

(3)

The Abolitionist Movement

547

(4)

The Canadian Experience

551

(1)

Road to Self-Government

551

(1)

Keeping a Distinctive Culture

552

(1)

Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe

552

(3)

The Crimean War (1854--1856) and Italian Unification (1859--1870)

552

(1)

Italian Unification

553

(2)

German Unification

555

(3)

Bismarck

555

(2)

The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire

557

(1)

Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe

558

(2)

Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism

560

(2)

Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism

561

(1)

Summary

562

(1)

Review Questions

563

(1)

Key Terms

563

(1)

Part 6 Into the Modern World

564

(100)

Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society 1815--1914

566

(32)

European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans

568

(2)

Nineteenth-Century Urban Life in Europe

570

(3)

Redesign of Cities

570

(1)

Urban Sanitation

571

(2)

Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values

573

(1)

Nineteenth-Century European Women

573

(10)

Women in the Early Industrial Revolution

574

(1)

Women's Social Disabilities

575

(2)

New Employment Patterns for Women

577

(1)

Late-Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Women

578

(1)

Poverty and Prostitution

579

(1)

Women of the Middle Class

580

(1)

Political Feminism

581

(2)

Jewish Emancipation

583

(1)

Early Steps to Equal Citizenship

583

(1)

Broadened Opportunities

583

(1)

European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I

584

(7)

The Working Classes

584

(1)

Marxist Critique of the Industrial Order

585

(2)

Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism

587

(1)

France; ``Opportunism'' Rejected

588

(1)

Great Britain: The Labour Party and Fabianism

588

(1)

Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth of Bolshevism

589

(2)

European Socialism in World History

591

(1)

North America and the New Industrial Economy

591

(5)

European Immigration to the United States

592

(1)

Unions: Organization of Labor

593

(1)

The Progressives

594

(1)

Social Reform

594

(1)

The Progressive Presidency

595

(1)

Summary

596

(1)

Review Questions

597

(1)

Key Terms

597

(1)

Latin America: From Independence to the 1940s

598

(18)

Independence Without Revolution

600

(3)

Absence of Social Change

600

(2)

Control of the Land

602

(1)

Submissive Political Philosophies

602

(1)

Economy of Dependence

603

(2)

New Exploitation of Resources

604

(1)

Increased Foreign Influence

604

(1)

Economic Crises and New Directions

605

(1)

Search for Political Stability

605

(1)

Three National Histories

606

(8)

Argentina

606

(3)

Mexico

609

(2)

Brazil

611

(3)

Summary

614

(1)

Review Questions

615

(1)

Key Terms

615

(1)

India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa: The Encounter with the Modern West (1800--1945)

616

(20)

The Indian Experience

618

(1)

British Rule

618

(5)

Building the Empire: The First Half of the Nineteenth Century

618

(1)

British-Indian Relations

619

(1)

From British Raj to Independence

620

(1)

The Burden of Crown Rule

620

(1)

Indian Resistance

620

(1)

Hindu-Muslim Friction

621

(2)

The Islamic Experience

623

(1)

Islamic Responses to Declining Power and Independence

623

(1)

Western Political Economic Encroachment

623

(1)

The Western Impact

624

(1)

Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment

625

(2)

Emulation of the West

625

(1)

Integration of Western and Islamic Ideas

626

(1)

Purification and Revival of Islam

626

(1)

Nationalism

626

(1)

The African Experience

627

(1)

New States and Power Centers

627

(1)

Southern Africa

627

(1)

East and Central Africa

627

(1)

West Africa

628

(1)

Islamic Reform Movements

628

(1)

Increasing European Involvement

629

(4)

Exploration

629

(1)

Christian Missions

629

(1)

The Colonial ``Scramble for Africa''

630

(3)

African Resistance to Colonialism: The Rise of Nationalism

633

(1)

Summary

633

(1)

Review Questions

634

(1)

Key Terms

635

(1)

Modern East Asia

636

(28)

Modern China (1839--1949)

638

(1)

Close of Manchu Rule

638

(4)

The Opium War

638

(1)

Rebellions Against the Manchu

639

(1)

Self-Strengthening and Decline (1874--1895)

640

(1)

The Borderlands: The Northwest, Vietnam, and Korea

641

(1)

From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895--1926)

642

(2)

Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement

644

(1)

Nationalist China

644

(3)

Kuomingtang Unification of China and the Nanking Decade (1927--1937)

644

(1)

War and Revolution (1937--1949)

644

(3)

Modern Japan (1853--1945)

647

(1)

Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853--1868)

647

(2)

Building the Meiji State (18168--1890)

649

(2)

Centralization of Power

649

(1)

Political Parties

649

(1)

The Constitution

649

(2)

Growth of a Modern Economy

651

(1)

First Phase: Model Industries

651

(1)

Second Phase: 1880s--1890s

651

(1)

Third Phase: 1905--1929

651

(1)

Fourth Phase: Depression and Recovery

652

(1)

The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890--1945)

652

(8)

From Confrontation to the Founding of the Seiyukai (1890--1900)

653

(1)

The Golden Years of Meiji

653

(2)

Rise of the Parties to Power

655

(1)

Militarism and War (1927--1945)

656

(4)

Summary

660

(1)

Review Questions

661

(1)

Key Terms

661

(1)

Industrialization

662

(2)

Part 7 Global Conflict and Change

664

(2)

Imperialism and World War I

666

(22)

The ``New Imperialism''

668

(1)

The New Imperialism

668

(1)

Motives for the New Imperialism

668

(1)

Emergence of the German Empire

669

(4)

Formation of the Triple Alliance (1873--1890)

669

(1)

Bismarck's Leadership (1873--1890)

669

(2)

Forging the Triple Entente (1890--1907)

671

(2)

World War I

673

(5)

The Road to War (1908--1914)

673

(1)

Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War (June-August 1914)

674

(3)

Strategies and Stalemate (1914--1917)

677

(1)

The Russian Revolution

678

(2)

End of World War I

680

(6)

Military Resolution

680

(1)

Settlement at Paris

681

(4)

Evaluation of the Peace

685

(1)

Summary

686

(1)

Review Questions

686

(1)

Key Terms

687

(1)

Depression, European Dictators, and the American New Deal

688

(22)

After Versailles: Demand for Revision and Enforcement

690

(1)

Toward the Great Depression in Europe

690

(2)

Financial Tailspin

690

(1)

Problems in Agricultural Commodities

691

(1)

Depression and Government Policy

691

(1)

The Soviet Experiment

692

(4)

War Communism

692

(1)

The New Economic Policy

692

(1)

Stalin Versus Trotsky

693

(1)

Decision for Rapid Industrialization

694

(2)

The Purges

696

(1)

The Fascist Experiment in Italy

696

(2)

Rise of Mussolini

697

(1)

The Fascists in Power

698

(1)

Germen Democracy and Dictatorship

698

(7)

The Weimar Republic

698

(3)

Depression and Political Deadlock

701

(1)

Hitler Comes to Power

702

(1)

Hitler's Consolidation of Power

703

(1)

The Police State

704

(1)

Women in Nazi Germany

704

(1)

The Great Depression and the New Deal in the United States

705

(3)

Economic Collapse

706

(1)

New Role for Government

707

(1)

Summary

708

(1)

Review Questions

709

(1)

Key Terms

709

(1)

World War II

710

(20)

The Road to War (1933--1939)

712

(3)

Destruction of Versailles

712

(1)

Italy Attacks Ethiopia

712

(1)

Remilitarization of the Rhineland

713

(1)

The Spanish Civil War

714

(1)

Austria and Czechoslovakia

714

(1)

Munich

714

(1)

The Nazi-Soviet Pact

715

(1)

World War II (1939--1945)

715

(7)

German Conquest of Europe

715

(2)

Battle of Britain

717

(1)

German Attack on Russia

718

(1)

Hitler's Europe: The Holocaust

718

(1)

America's Entry into the War

718

(1)

The Tide Turns

719

(1)

Defeat of Nazi Germany

719

(1)

Fall of Japanese Empire

720

(2)

The Cost of War

722

(1)

The Domestic Fronts

722

(4)

Germany: From Victory to Defeat

722

(3)

France: Collaboration and Resistance

725

(1)

Great Britain: Organization for Victory

725

(1)

The Soviet Union: ``The Great Patriotic War''

726

(1)

Preparations for Peace

726

(2)

The Atlantic Charter

726

(1)

Tehran

727

(1)

Yalta

728

(1)

Potsdam

728

(1)

Summary

728

(1)

Review Questions

729

(1)

Key Terms

729

(1)

The West Since World War II

730

(24)

The Cold War Era

732

(5)

Early Cold War Conflict

733

(1)

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

733

(1)

Crises of 1956

733

(2)

The Cold War Intensified

735

(1)

Detente and Afterward

736

(1)

European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

737

(2)

Toward Western European Unification

737

(1)

A Consumer Society

738

(1)

The Movement of Peoples

738

(1)

New Patterns for Women

739

(1)

Postwar America

739

(3)

Truman and Eisenhower Administrations

740

(1)

Civil Rights

740

(1)

New Social Programs

740

(1)

The Vietnam War and Domestic Turmoil

741

(1)

The Watergate Scandal

741

(1)

The Triumph of Political Conservation

741

(1)

The Soviet Union to 1989

742

(3)

The Khrushchev Years

742

(1)

Brezhnev

742

(2)

Solidarity in Poland

744

(1)

Gorbachev Attempts to Redirect the Soviet Union

744

(1)

1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe

745

(2)

Solidarity Reemerges in Poland

745

(1)

Hungary Moves Toward Independence

746

(1)

German Reunification

746

(1)

The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia

746

(1)

Violent Revolution in Romania

746

(1)

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

747

(2)

Renunciation of Communist Political Monopoly

747

(1)

The August 1991 Coup

747

(1)

The Yeltsin Years

748

(1)

The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Civil War

749

(1)

Problems in the Wake of the Collapse of Communism

750

(2)

The West Since 1945

751

(1)

Summary

752

(1)

Review Questions

752

(1)

Key Terms

753

(1)

East Asia in the Late Twentieth Century

754

(14)

Japan

756

(3)

The Occupation

756

(1)

Parliamentary Politics

757

(1)

Economic Growth

758

(1)

Society and Culture

759

(1)

China

759

(4)

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965--1976)

761

(1)

China After Mao

761

(2)

Taiwan

763

(1)

Korea

763

(2)

North and South

764

(1)

Civil War and U.S. Involvement

764

(1)

Recent Developments

764

(1)

Vietnam

765

(2)

The Colonial Backdrop

765

(1)

The Anticolonial War

765

(1)

The Vietnam War

765

(1)

War with Cambodia

765

(1)

Recent Developments

765

(2)

Summary

767

(1)

Review Questions

767

(1)

Key Terms

767

(1)

The Emerging Nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America Since 1945

768

(2)

The Postcolonial Era

770

(2)

Africa, the Middle East, and Asia

772

(1)

Postcolonial Africa

772

(3)

The Transition to Independence

772

(1)

The Nigerian Case

773

(1)

The South African Case

773

(1)

The African Future

773

(2)

The Postcolonial Middle East and Central Asia

775

(6)

New Nations in the Middle East

775

(1)

The Arab-Israeli Conflict

776

(3)

Middle Eastern Oil

779

(1)

Islamism and Politics

779

(1)

Iran

780

(1)

Central Asia

781

(1)

South and Southeast Asia

781

(1)

Pakistan and Bangladesh

781

(1)

India

782

(1)

Latin America Since 1945

782

(2)

Revolutionary Challenges

784

(2)

The Cuban Revolution

784

(1)

Chile

785

(1)

The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua

786

(1)

Pursuit of Stability

786

(2)

Argentina

786

(1)

Brazil

787

(1)

Mexico

787

(1)

Continuity and Change in Recent Latin American History

788

(1)

Summary

788

(1)

Review Questions

789

(1)

Key Terms

789

(1)

Imperialism and Race in Modern Art

790

Glossary

(1)

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Heritage of World Civilizations : Teaching and Learning, Classroom Edition

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Heritage of World Civilizations : Teaching and Learning, Classroom Edition

Heritage of World Civilizations : Teaching and Learning, Classroom Edition

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0131501003

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