James G. Speight, PhD, is an independent fuel and environmental consultant with an international reputation for expertise in fuel properties and environmental impacts. He has authored over 100 books and papers and has received numerous awards and distinctions for his research and work in oil refinement and processing.

Preface

Chapter 1: History and Terminology

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Historical Perspectives

2.1         Pre-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen

2.2         Post-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen

3.0         Definitions and Terminology

3.1         Non-Viscous Feedstocks

3.1.1      Crude Oil

3.1.2      Opportunity Crude Oil

3.1.3      High Acid Crude Oil

3.1.4      Foamy Oil

3.2         Viscous Feedstocks

3.2.1      Gas Oil

3.2.2      Heavy Crude Oil

3.2.3      Extra Heavy Crude Oil

3.2.4      Tar Sand Bitumen

3.2.5      Residua

3.2.6      Asphalt

3.2.7      Tar and Pitch

3.2.8      Sludge

4.0         Classification

5.0         Feedstock Evaluation

6.0         Modern Analytical Perspectives

7.0         References

Chapter 2: Sampling and Measurement

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Sampling

2.1         Sampling Protocol

2.1.1      Sampling Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds

2.1.2      Solids

2.1.3      Extract Concentration

2.1.4      Sample Cleanup

2.2         Representative Sample

2.3         Sampling Error

3.0         Measurement

4.0         Method Validation

4.1         Requirements

4.2         Method Detection Limit

4.3         Accuracy

4.4         Precision

5.0         Quality Control and Quality Assurance

5.1         Quality Control

5.2         Quality Assurance

6.0         Assay and Specifications

6.1         Assay

6.2         Specifications

6.3         Metallic Constituents

6.4         Water Content

7.0         Environmental Issues

8.0         References

Chapter 3: Chemical Composition

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Elemental Composition

3.0         Chemical Composition

3.1         Hydrocarbon Constituents

3.1.1      Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives

3.1.2      Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives

3.1.3      Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives

3.1.4      Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives

3.2         Non-hydrocarbon Constituents

3.2.1      Sulfur Compounds

3.2.2      Nitrogen Compounds

3.2.3      Oxygen Compounds

3.3         Metallic Constituents

3.4         Porphyrins

4.0         Chemical Composition by Distillation

4.1         Vacuum Gas Oil

4.2         Vacuum Residua

5.0         Composition by Spectroscopic Methods

5.1         Infrared Spectroscopy

5.2         Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

5.3         Mass Spectrometry

5.4         Other Techniques

6.0         References

Chapter 4: Fractional Composition

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Distillation

3.0         Solvent Treatment

3.1         Asphaltene Separation

3.1.1.     Influence of Solvent Type

3.1.2      Influence of the Degree of Dilution

3.1.3      Influence of Temperature

3.1.4.     Influence of Contact Time

3.2         Fractionation

4.0         Adsorption Methods

4.1         Chemical Factors

4.2         Fractionation Methods

5.0         Chemical Methods

6.0         The Asphaltene Fraction

7.0         Carbenes and Carboids

8.0         References

Chapter 5: Chemical Properties

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Acid Number

3.0         Elemental Analysis and Metals

4.0         Emulsion Formation

5.0         Evaporation

6.0         Flash Point and Fire Point

7.0         Functional Group Analysis

8.0         Halogenation

9.0         Hydrogenation

10.0       Oxidation

11.0       Thermal Methods

12.0       Miscellaneous Methods

13.0       References

Chapter 6: Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Physical Properties

2.1         Adhesion

2.2         Density and Specific Gravity

2.3         Surface and Interfacial Tension

2.4         Viscosity

3.0         Electrical Properties

3.1         Conductivity

3.2         Dielectric Constant

3.3         Dielectric Strength

3.4         Dielectric Loss and Power Factor

3.5         Static Electrification

4.0         Optical Properties

4.1         Optical Activity

4.2         Refractive Index

5.0         References

Chapter 7: Thermal Properties

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Ash Production

3.0         Carbon Residue

4.0         Critical Properties

5.0         Enthalpy

6.0         Heat of Combustion

7.0         Latent Heat

8.0         Liquefaction and Solidification

9.0         Pour Point

10.0       Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships

11.0       Softening Point

12.0       Specific Heat

13.0       Thermal Conductivity

14.0       Volatility

15.0       References

Chapter 8: Chromatographic Analysis

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Adsorption Chromatography

3.0         Gas Chromatography

4.0         Gel Permeation Chromatography

5.0         High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

6.0         Ion-Exchange Chromatography

7.0         Simulated Distillation

8.0         Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

9.0         Thin Layer Chromatography

10.0       References

Chapter 9: Structural Group Analysis

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Physical Property Methods

2.3         Density Method

2.6         Density-Temperature Coefficient Method

2.1         Direct Method

2.5         Dispersion-Refraction Method

2.2         Waterman Ring Analysis

2.7         Molecular Weight-Refractive Index Method

2.4         N-D-M Method

2.8         Miscellaneous Methods

3.0         Spectroscopic Methods

3.1         Electron Spin Resonance

3.2         Infrared Spectroscopy

3.3         Mass Spectrometry

3.4         Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

3.5         Ultraviolet Spectroscopy

3.6         X-ray Diffraction

4.0         Heteroatom Systems

4.1         Nitrogen

4.2         Oxygen

4.3         Sulfur

4.4         Metals

5.0         Miscellaneous Methods

6.0         References

Chapter 10: Molecular Weight Determination

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Methods For Molecular Weight Measurement

2.1         Vapor Pressure Osmometry

2.2         Freezing Point Depression

2.3         Boiling Point Elevation

2.4         Size Exclusion Chromatography

2.5         Mass Spectrometry

2.6         Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

3.0         Molecular Weight of Volatile Fractions

4.0         Molecular Weight of Non-Volatile Fractions

4.1         Resins

4.2         Asphaltenes

4.3         Carbenes and Carboids

5.0         References

Chapter 11: Instability and Incompatibility

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility

3.0         Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility

3.1         Acidity

3.2         Asphaltene Content

3.3         Density/Specific Gravity

3.4         Elemental Analysis

3.5         Metals Content

3.6         Pour Point

3.7         Viscosity

3.3         Volatility

3.9         Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment/Water (BS&W)

4.0         Determination of Instability and Incompatibility

5.0         References

Chapter 12: Use of the Data

1.0         Introduction

2.0         Use of the Data

3.0         Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping

3.1         Property Predictions

3.2         Predicting Separations

3.3         Process Predictability

4.0         Environmental Aspects of Processing

4.1         Gaseous Emissions

4.2         Liquid Effluents

4.3         Solid Effluents

5.0         Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations

5.1         Definitions

5.2         Environmental Regulations

5.3         Environmental Analysis

6.0         References

Glossary

Conversion Tables

About the Author

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