Preface. Part I: CLASSIC ETHICAL TRADITIONS. 1. Introduction. 2. Plato: Knowledge and Virtue. From THE GORGIAS and THE REPUBLIC, Books I-II, IV, VI-VII, and IX. 3. Aristotle: Moral Character. From NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS, Books I-II, VI, and X. 4. Epicurus: The Pleasant Life. From the letters "To Herodotus" and "To Menoceus", the PRINCIPAL DOCTRINES, and the FRAGMENTS. 5. Epictetus: Self-Discipline. From the DISCOURSES, Books I-IV, the ENCHIRIDION, and the FRAGMENTS. 6. Saint Augustine: The Love of God. From the ENCHIRIDION, Chapters XI-XII, XCVI, and C-CI, and the CITY OF GOD, Books V, XII, XIV, and XIX-XXII. 7. Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality and Natural Law. From the SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES, Book III, and the SUMMA TH EOLOGICA, Articles I-III, and V-VIII. 8. Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract Ethics. From the LEVIATHAN, Chapters VI, XIII-XV, and XXIX-XXX, and PHILO SOPHICAL RUDIMENTS, Chapter I. 9. Benedict de Spinoza: Nature and Reason. Selections from ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE UNDERSTANDING, and THE ETHICS, Parts I-V. 10. Joseph Butler: Conscience in Morality. From SERMONS I-III and XI, and the PREFACE. 11. David Hume: Morality and Sentiment. From AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS. 12. Immanuel Kant: Duty and Reason. From FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS, First and Second Sections. 13. John Stuart Mill: The Greatest Happiness Principle. From UTILITARIANISM, Chapters II-III. Part II: MODERN CONTINUATIONS AND CRITIQUES. 14. Soren Kierkegaard: The Leap of Faith. From EITHER/OR, FEAR AND TREMBLING, and CONCLUDING UNSCIENTIFIC POSTSCRIPT. 15. Karl Marx: Morality as Ideology. From KARL MARX: SELECTED WRITINGS. 16. Henry Sidgwick: Utilitarianism Revised. From THE METHODS OF ETHICS. 17. Friedrich Nietzsche: The Transvaluation of Values. From THE WILL TO POWER, THE GENEOLOGY OF MORALS (First Essay), and BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL. 18. John Dewey: Scientific Method in Ethics. From THE QUEST FOR CERTAINITY, Chapter X. 19. G. E. Moore: The Indefinability of Good. From PRINCIPIA ETHICA. 20. W. D. Ross: Prima Facie Duty. From THE RIGHT AND THE GOOD. 21. A. J. Ayer and C. L. Stevenson: Ethics as Emotive Expression. From AYER'S LANGUAGE, TRUTH AND LOGIC, Chapter V I, and Stevenson's "The Nature of Ethical Disagreement." 22. Jean-Paul Sartre: Radical Freedom. From EXISTENTIALISM AND HUMAN EMOTIONS. 23. Kurt Baier: Good Reason in Ethics. From THE MORAL POINT OF VIEW. 24. William K. Frankena: The Concept of Morality. From THINKING ABOUT MORALITY. 25. John Rawls: Ethics and Social Justice. From "Justice as Reciprocity." 26. Philippa Foot: Moral Virtue and Human Interest. From VIRTUES AND VICES AND OTHER ESSAYS IN MORAL PHILOSOPHY. 27. Annette Baier: Ethics as Trusting in Trust. From "Trust and Antitrust." 28. J.L. Mackie: Inventing Right and Wrong. From "Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong." 29. Bernard Williams: Ethical Skepticism. From MORALITY AN INTRODUCTION TO ETHICS AND THE LIMITS OF PHILOSOPHY. Epilogue: Applied Ethics.