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Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

by: Barusch, Amanda S.

Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

by: Barusch, Amanda S.

ISBN 13:
9780534567200
ISBN 10:
0534567207
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 07/01/2005
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Summary

PART I: POLICY ANALYSIS FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS. 1. Social Justice and Social Workers. 2. The Government's Role. 3. Policy Analysis and Policy Practice. PART II: COLLECTIVE RESPONSES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS. 4. The Social Security Act. 5. Poverty. 6. Physical Illness. 7. Mental Illness. 8. Disability. PART III: VULNERABLE POPULATIONS. 9. Racial and Ethnic Minorities. 10. Gays and Lesbians. 11. Children. 12. Women. 13. The Elderly. PART IV: CYCLES OF LIBERATION. 14. A Glance Towards the Future.

Preface

xxi

I POLICY ANALYSIS: FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS

(91)

Social Justice and Social Workers

(21)

Social Justice Defined

(14)

Defining Justice: A Modern Approach

(1)

Defining Justice: A Postmodern Approach

(1)

Justice in Process

(1)

Components of Social Justice

(2)

Oligarchy and Social Justice

(1)

Libertarian Conceptions of Social Justice

(1)

Liberal Conceptions of Social Justice

(1)

A Contractual Approach (John Rawls)

(1)

A Utilitarian Approach (John Stuart Mill)

(1)

Socialist Conceptions of Social Justice

(1)

Summary of Philosophical Approaches

(1)

Social Justice: Themes for ``Micro'' Practice

(3)

Social Justice Is Personal and Political

(2)

Social Justice Issues Are Ubiquitous

(1)

Injustice Undermines Social Bonds and Nation-States

(1)

Social Workers and Social Justice

(2)

Bertha Capen Reynolds: A Profile

(1)

Social Work and Social Justice

(1)

Summary: Social Justice Concepts

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

(1)

Think About It

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

(1)

Suggested Resources

(1)

The Government's Role

(29)

Philosophical Perspectives and Contemporary Politics

(4)

Political Parties

(2)

Political Labels

(1)

Levels of Government

(1)

Branches of Government

(11)

The Legislative Branch

(1)

Legislation

(2)

Resolutions

(1)

Budgeting

(1)

Where the Money Goes

(1)

Trends in Federal Spending

(1)

The Executive Branch

(3)

The Regulatory Process

(1)

The Judicial Branch

(2)

Privatization: Ending the ``Era of Big Government''?

(3)

Theoretical and Practical Limits of Privatization

(1)

Access to Diverse Providers

(1)

Informed and Able Consumers

(1)

Assessable Product

(1)

The U.S. Tax System: A Brief Introduction

(8)

Structural and Philosophical Considerations

(1)

Federal Income Tax

(2)

Recent Federal Tax Cuts

(1)

Social Security Tax

(1)

State Taxes

(1)

Local Taxes

(1)

Tax Revolts

(1)

Taxation as Social Policy

(2)

Summary: The Role of Government in Pursuit of Social Justice

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

(1)

Think About It

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

(1)

Suggested Resources

(1)

Policy Analysis and Policy Practice

(39)

What Is Policy Practice?

(1)

Research for Policy Practice: Assessment and Analysis

(1)

Policy Analysis

(14)

Process Approaches

(1)

Need Assessment

(1)

Normative Definition of Need

(1)

Demand-Based Definition of Need

(1)

Prince Policy Appraisal

(1)

Identify the Players

(1)

Determine a Position for Each Player

(1)

Estimate the Power of Each Player

(1)

Estimate the Priority of the Issue for Each Player

(1)

Calculate the Likelihood That the Policy Will Be Implemented

(3)

Product Analysis

(1)

Goal or Social Problem

(1)

Basis for Entitlement

(1)

Nature of the Benefit

(1)

Administrative Structure

(1)

Financing Mechanism

(1)

Performance Analysis

(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis

(1)

Social Justice Framework for Policy Analysis

(1)

Assessing the Process

(1)

Describing the Allocation Rules

(1)

Determine the Effect on Vulnerable Populations (Deserts, Needs, Rights, and Equality)

(1)

Reach a Conclusion

(1)

Advocacy Skills

(1)

Preparing, Composing, and Delivering Arguments

(4)

Preparation: Speak to the Audience

(2)

Composing the Argument

(1)

An Approach to Avoid When Composing Arguments

(1)

Another Approach to Avoid When Composing Arguments

(1)

Successful Delivery

(1)

Negotiation and Compromise

(1)

Use of Relationship

(1)

Building and Maintaining Coalitions

(1)

Empowerment in Policy Practice

(1)

Ethical Issues in Policy Practice

(3)

Is Advocacy an Ethical Obligation?

(1)

Sharpening the Message

(1)

Using Clients

(1)

Keeping Confidences

(1)

Characteristics of Ethical Persuasion

(1)

Legal Considerations in Policy Practice

(3)

The Hatch Act

(1)

Preserving Tax-Exempt Status

(2)

Summary: Question the Inevitable and Challenge the Invincible

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

(1)

Think About It

(1)

Suggested Resources

(1)

II COLLECTIVE RESPONSES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS

(162)

Predicting Collective Action

(1)

Social Problem Analysis

(2)

About Part II

(1)

The Social Security Act

(28)

Social Insurance in Western Europe

(1)

Social Security in the United States

100

(3)

Old-Age and Survivors Insurance for Workers

103

(8)

How OASI Operates

104

(2)

``Privatizing'' OASI

106

(2)

Women and OASI

108

(2)

Earnings Sharing

110

(1)

Caregiver Credits

110

(1)

Unemployment Insurance

111

(2)

Disability Insurance

113

(1)

Medical Insurance

114

(2)

The Development of National Health Insurance in Europe

114

(1)

Medical Insurance in the United States

115

(1)

Means-Tested Programs under the Social Security Act

116

(3)

Public Assistance for Dependent Children

116

(1)

Supplemental Security Income

117

(1)

Medical Care for the Indigent: Medicaid

118

(1)

Health and Social Services

119

(2)

Child Welfare Services (Title IV)

120

(1)

Maternal and Child Health Services (Title V)

120

(1)

Social Services Block Grant (Title XX)

121

(1)

Children's Health Insurance Program (Title XXI)

121

(1)

A Tool for Social Justice: The Philosophies of Social Security in the United States

121

(1)

Summary: Social Security Programs

122

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

123

(1)

Think About It

123

(1)

Web-Based Exercises

123

(1)

Suggested Resources

124

(1)

Poverty

125

(47)

Defining Poverty

128

(1)

Critiques of the Poverty Threshold

129

(2)

Values and Beliefs about Poverty and the Poor

131

(5)

Religious Beliefs about Charity

131

(1)

Poverty as Crime

132

(1)

Poverty as Motivation

132

(1)

Human Capital Explanations of Poverty

133

(1)

Culture of Poverty Explanations

134

(1)

Restricted Opportunity Theories of Poverty

135

(1)

The Pauperization Argument

136

(1)

Public Interventions to Prevent or Alleviate Poverty

136

(15)

British Approaches

136

(1)

American Approaches to Poverty in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

137

(1)

Poverty Interventions in Early America

138

(1)

Relief in the New Nation

139

(1)

Relief in Nineteenth-Century America

139

(3)

American Approaches to Poverty in the Twentieth Century

142

(1)

The Depression and the New Deal

143

(2)

World War II and the War on Poverty

145

(2)

The War on Welfare

147

(2)

Ending Welfare as We Know It

149

(2)

Programs for America's Poor

151

(8)

Medicaid

152

(1)

Food Stamps

153

(1)

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

154

(1)

Work Requirements

154

(1)

Lifetime Assistance Limits

155

(1)

Maintenance of Effort Requirements

155

(1)

Financial Rewards and Penalties to States

155

(1)

Special Requirements for Teen Parents

155

(1)

Paternity Determination and Child Support Enforcement

155

(1)

Housing Assistance

156

(1)

Public Housing

156

(1)

Section 202

156

(1)

Section 8

157

(1)

Earned Income Tax Credit

157

(1)

Minimum Wage

158

(1)

Summary of Attitudes and Interventions

159

(1)

The Realities of Poverty in the Contemporary United States

159

(10)

Characteristics of America's Poor

159

(1)

Race

159

(1)

Gender

160

(1)

Age

160

(1)

Residence

161

(1)

Immigration Status

161

(1)

Employment

162

(1)

Summary: Characteristics of Americans Living in Poverty

162

(1)

Inequality in the United States

162

(1)

Work as an Antipoverty Strategy

163

(1)

``Secondary Risks'' of Poverty

164

(1)

Homelessness

164

(3)

Violence

167

(1)

Welfare Fraud

167

(2)

Summary: What Does the Future Hold for America's Poor?

169

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

169

(1)

Think About It

170

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

170

(1)

Suggested Resources

170

(2)

Physical Illness

172

(38)

History of Public Health Interventions in the United States

176

(2)

Federal Health Agencies

178

(3)

Public Health Service

178

(1)

Children's Bureau

179

(1)

Department of Veterans Affairs

180

(1)

Federal Financing of Health Care

181

(7)

Medicaid

182

(1)

Medicaid Cost Containment

182

(1)

Medicaid and Managed Care

183

(2)

Long-Term Care

185

(1)

Medicare

185

(1)

Medicare and Managed Care

186

(1)

Medicare Prescription Coverage: A Case Study in the Politics of Reform

187

(1)

Growth of the ``Health Industry''

188

(1)

Public Health Investments and Returns

189

(5)

Health Expenditures and the GDP

190

(1)

Health Outcomes: The Return on Our Investment

190

(1)

Infant Mortality Rates

191

(1)

Life Expectancy

192

(1)

Health Outcomes in Developing Nations

192

(2)

Vulnerable Groups in an Affluent Nation

194

(4)

Poverty and Health

194

(1)

Health Disparities

194

(2)

Gender and Health

196

(1)

Uninsured Citizens

197

(1)

Infant Mortality in Harlem

197

(1)

Modern Epidemics and Global Government

198

(4)

HIV/AIDS: A Global Epidemic

198

(1)

HIV/AIDS in the United States

199

(2)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

201

(1)

Fundamental Dilemmas in U.S. Health Care Policy

202

(1)

Assigning Risk

202

(1)

Market-Based Solutions versus Public Provision of Care

203

(1)

Health Care Reform Proposals

203

(3)

Insurance Regulation

204

(1)

Managed Care

205

(1)

Single-Payer Proposals

205

(1)

Social Work Roles in Health Care Policy

206

(1)

Summary: Health Care Issues in the United States

206

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

207

(1)

Think About It

208

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

208

(1)

Suggested Resources

209

(1)

Mental Illness

210

(28)

Defining Mental Illness

213

(1)

Values and Beliefs about Mental Illness

214

(2)

Mental Illness as Eccentricity

214

(1)

Mental Illness as Sin

215

(1)

Mental Illness as Disease

215

(1)

Mental Illness as Disability

215

(1)

Historical Development of Interventions for Mental Illness

216

(10)

Care of People with Mental Illness in Colonial America

216

(1)

The Promise of the Asylum

217

(1)

Dorothea Dix, ``Apostle to the Insane''

218

(1)

Commitment as Incarceration

219

(1)

Preventing Mental Illness: The Mental Hygiene Movement

220

(1)

Mental Health Treatments During the Depression and World War II

221

(1)

Federal Involvement in Mental Health

221

(1)

The National Mental Health Act of 1946

222

(1)

The Community Mental Health Movement and Deinstitutionalization

222

(3)

Mentally Ill Offenders in the Criminal Justice System

225

(1)

Mental Illness in the United States Today

226

(9)

The Prevalence of Mental Illness

227

(1)

Social Class and Mental Illness

227

(1)

Homelessness and Mental Illness

228

(1)

Violence and Mental Illness

229

(1)

The ``De Facto'' Mental Health Service System

229

(1)

Financing Mental Health Care

230

(1)

Access to Treatment

231

(1)

Managed Care and Mental Health Services

231

(1)

Social Workers in the Mental Health System

232

(1)

Emerging Policy Issues

232

(1)

Involuntary Commitment

232

(1)

Mandatory Outpatient Treatment

233

(1)

Insurance Parity

234

(1)

Summary: Mental Health Interventions and Issues

235

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

236

(1)

Think About It

236

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

237

(1)

Suggested Resources

237

(1)

Disability

238

(16)

Defining Disability

241

(1)

A Brief History of Policies Affecting People with Disabilities

242

(8)

Income Supports for Disabled Veterans and Workers

243

(1)

Addiction as Disability

244

(1)

Vocational Training

245

(1)

Education for Children with Disabilities

246

(1)

The Disability Rights Era

247

(1)

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

248

(2)

Current Realities Affecting People with Disabilities

250

(1)

The Prevalence of Disability

250

(1)

Poverty and Disability

250

(1)

Race and Disability

251

(1)

Summary: An Emerging Agenda

251

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

252

(1)

Think About It

252

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

253

(1)

Suggested Resources

253

(1)

III VULNERABLE POPULATIONS: DISCRIMINATION AND OPPRESSION

254

(164)

People of Color

257

(41)

Defining Race and Ethnicity

261

(1)

Theories about Racism

262

(2)

The Role of Government: Racism and Public Policy

264

(1)

People of Color in the United States: A Historical Overview

264

(21)

African Americans

264

(1)

Slavery and Its Aftermath

264

(2)

Credit and Sharecropping

266

(1)

Debt Peonage

266

(1)

Convict Leasing

267

(1)

Segregated Schools

267

(1)

Voting Restrictions

268

(1)

The New Deal

268

(1)

The Civil Rights Movement

269

(1)

Labor Unions and Interracial Solidarity

269

(1)

Current Realities

270

(1)

Hispanic Americans

271

(1)

Mexican Americans

272

(2)

Immigrants from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Latin American Countries

274

(1)

Current Realities

275

(1)

Asian Americans

275

(1)

Chinese Immigrants

276

(1)

Japanese Immigrants

277

(2)

Current Realities

279

(1)

Native Americans

279

(1)

Early Contacts with European Immigrants

279

(4)

Forced Assimilation

283

(1)

Current Realities

284

(1)

Policies Affecting People of Color

285

(10)

Immigration Policy

285

(2)

Exclusion

287

(1)

Economic Advancement

287

(1)

Humanitarian Goals

288

(1)

Affirmative Action

288

(4)

Hate Crime Legislation

292

(1)

English-Only Legislation

293

(2)

Standardized Testing

295

(1)

Summary: Future Prospects

295

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

296

(1)

Think About It

296

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

296

(1)

Suggested Resources

297

(1)

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Individuals

298

(21)

Defining Homosexuality

302

(2)

A Sexual Minority

303

(1)

Legal Issues Affecting Gays and Lesbians

304

(6)

Sodomy Laws

304

(1)

More Recent Antigay Initiatives

304

(1)

Colorado Amendment Two

305

(1)

Oregon Initiatives

305

(1)

Marriage and Family Formation

306

(2)

Child Custody and Visitation

308

(1)

Adoption

309

(1)

Discrimination by Organizations and Employers

310

(3)

Exclusion of Gay Men and Boys from the Boy Scouts of America

311

(1)

Gays in the Military

312

(1)

Antigay Violence and Hate Crime Legislation

313

(1)

HIV/AIDS and Social Policy

314

(1)

Transgendered Individuals

315

(1)

Social Workers, Social Justice, and Gay Rights

315

(2)

Summary: Current and Future Status of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Individuals

317

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

317

(1)

Think About It

317

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

318

(1)

Suggested Resources

318

(1)

Children

319

(33)

Changing Conceptions of Childhood: From ``Little Men'' to ``Future Citizens''

322

(1)

Children as Assets

323

(4)

Childhood in Colonial America

323

(1)

Child Labor: A Target of Reform

324

(1)

Building Families through Adoption

325

(1)

Transracial Adoption

325

(1)

Adoption by Gays and Lesbians

326

(1)

Children as Students

327

(8)

Compulsory Attendance Laws

329

(1)

An Expanded Federal Presence

330

(1)

Desegregation

330

(1)

Head Start

331

(1)

Educating Children with Disabilities

331

(1)

Modern Educational Reforms

332

(1)

School Financing

332

(2)

Lotteries

334

(1)

School Choice: Tuition Vouchers and Charter Schools

334

(1)

Children as Victims

335

(7)

Poverty and Children, Past and Present

335

(2)

Violence against Children, Past and Present

337

(5)

Children as Villains

342

(6)

Child Villains in Modern America

342

(2)

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

344

(1)

Other Forms of Child Villainy

344

(1)

Teen Pregnancy

345

(1)

Youth Gangs

345

(1)

Certification of Serious Youth Offenders as Adults

346

(1)

Victims or Villains?

347

(1)

Policy Practice in Child Welfare: The Role of Social Workers

348

(1)

Summary: The Current Outlook for America's Children

349

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

350

(1)

Think About It

350

(1)

Web-Based Exercises

350

(1)

Suggested Resources

351

(1)

Women

352

(34)

Women as Wives and Mothers

352

(14)

Property Rights and Credit

356

(1)

Divorce

357

(1)

Children and Divorce

358

(1)

Reproductive Rights

359

(1)

The Debates over Abortion and Birth Control

360

(2)

Involuntary Sterilization

362

(1)

Prescription Equity

362

(1)

Violence against Women

363

(1)

Domestic Violence

363

(2)

Rape

365

(1)

Women as Workers

366

(17)

A Brief History of Women in the U.S. Labor Force

366

(1)

Protective Legislation for ``Working Girls''

366

(1)

Working Mothers and the New Deal

367

(2)

Working Women and the Great Society

369

(1)

Contemporary Workforce Issues

370

(1)

Occupational Segregation in the U.S. Labor Market

370

(1)

Pay Equity and Comparable Worth

371

(2)

Family and Medical Leave

373

(1)

Child Care

374

(1)

Women and Pensions

375

(2)

Sexual Harassment

377

(1)

Women in the Military

378

(1)

Women as Citizens

379

(1)

Suffrage

379

(2)

The Equal Rights Amendment

381

(2)

Women in the Social Work Profession

383

(1)

Summary: The Status of Women in the United States Today

383

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

384

(1)

Think About It

384

(1)

Web-Based Exercises

384

(1)

Suggested Resources

385

(1)

The Elderly

386

(32)

Defining Old Age

389

(1)

Cultural Perspectives on Old Age in Colonial America

389

(4)

Native Americans

390

(1)

African Americans

391

(1)

European Immigrants

392

(1)

Changing Perspectives on Old Age in American Society

393

(2)

Early Programs and Policies for the Elderly

395

(2)

Public Relief for Needy Elders

395

(1)

Informal Assistance among African Americans

396

(1)

Public Pensions for Veterans

396

(1)

Modern Attitudes toward the Elderly

397

(2)

Intergenerational Equity

398

(1)

Productive Aging: An Attitude Shift

398

(1)

Social and Demographic Factors Affecting the Elderly

399

(5)

The Graying of America

399

(1)

Growing Diversity

400

(1)

Income and Age

400

(1)

Poverty in Late Life

401

(2)

Retirement Income for Older Americans

403

(1)

Modern Programs and Policies for Elderly Americans

404

(10)

The Older Americans Act and Age-Based Services

404

(1)

OAA Programs Today

405

(1)

Tensions Surrounding OAA Programs

406

(2)

Public Policies and Private Pensions

408

(1)

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

409

(1)

Health Care for the Elderly

410

(1)

Prescription Drug Coverage

410

(1)

Long-Term Care

411

(1)

Rationing Health Care by Age

412

(1)

Assisted Suicide

413

(1)

Social Work with the Elderly

414

(1)

Summary: The Outlook for Elderly Americans

415

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

415

(1)

Think About It

415

(1)

Web-Based Exercise

416

(1)

Suggested Resources

416

(2)

IV CYCLES OF LIBERATION

418

(18)

A Glance Toward the Future

420

(16)

Emerging Trends

420

(10)

Globalization and Global Governance

420

(1)

The United Nations

421

(2)

International Financial Organizations

423

(1)

The World Trade Organization

423

(1)

Inequality and U.S. Workers

424

(2)

U.S. Labor Policy

426

(1)

Child Labor Laws

426

(1)

Laws Governing Working Conditions

427

(1)

Employee Benefit Policies

428

(1)

Discharge Policies

428

(2)

Contrasting Visions of Social Welfare

430

(2)

The Enabling State

430

(1)

The Basic Income

431

(1)

Summary: Changing Politics

432

(1)

A Closing Note

433

(1)

InfoTrac College Edition Keywords

434

(1)

Think About It

434

(1)

Web-Based Exercises

435

(1)

Suggested Resources

435

(1)

References

436

(29)

Name Index

465

(6)

Subject Index

471

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Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

9780534567200

0534567207

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Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

Foundations of Social Policy Social Justice in Human Perspective (with InfoTrac)

9780534567200

0534567207

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