9780321269348

An example-based book that introduces an effective open source framework for building better software by incorporating automated testing.

Rick Mugridge runs his own company, Rimu Research, and is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He specializes in Agile software development, automated testing, test-driven development, and user interfaces. Rick is one of the world's leading developers of Fit fixtures and tools, and is the creator of the FitLibrary.

Ward Cunningham is widely respected for his contributions to the practices of object-oriented development, Extreme Programming, and software agility. Cofounder of Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc., he has served as Director of R&D at Wyatt Software and as principal engineer at the Tektronix Computer Research Laboratory. Ward led the creation of Fit, and is responsible for innovations ranging from the CRC design method to WikiWikiWeb.

Foreword

xxi

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

About the Authors

xxvii

Introduction

1

(6)

The Need for Fit

1

(1)

The Value of Fit Tables

2

(1)

Fit and Business Roles

3

(2)

Organization of the Book

5

(1)

The Book's Use of Color

6

(1)

PART I Introducing Fit Tables

7

(80)

Communicating with Tables

9

(4)

Fit Tables

9

(1)

Tables for Communicating

10

(1)

Tables for Testing

11

(1)

Tables, Fixtures, and a System Under Test

11

(1)

Reading Fit Tables

11

(2)

Testing Calculations with ColumnFixture Tables

13

(10)

Calculating Discount

13

(1)

Reports: Traffic Lights

14

(2)

Calculating Credit

16

(3)

Selecting a Phone Number

19

(1)

Summary

20

(1)

Exercises

21

(2)

Testing Business Processes with ActionFixture Tables

23

(8)

Buying Items

23

(3)

Actions on a Chat Server

26

(2)

Summary

28

(1)

Exercises

29

(2)

Testing Lists with RowFixture Tables

31

(8)

Testing Lists Whose Order Is Unimportant

31

(3)

Testing Lists Whose Order Is Important

34

(2)

Summary

36

(1)

Exercises

36

(3)

Testing with Sequences of Tables

39

(10)

Chat Room Changes

39

(4)

Discount Group Changes

43

(3)

Summary

46

(1)

Exercises

47

(2)

Creating Tables and Running Fit

49

(8)

Using Spreadsheets for Tests

49

(1)

Organizing Tests in Test Suites

50

(2)

Using HTML for Tests

52

(2)

Summary

54

(1)

Exercises

55

(2)

Using FitNesse

57

(10)

Introduction

57

(1)

Getting Started

58

(3)

Organizing Tests with Subwikis

61

(1)

Test Suites

62

(1)

Ranges of Values

63

(1)

Other Features

64

(1)

Summary

64

(1)

Exercises

64

(3)

Expecting Errors

67

(4)

Expected Errors with Calculations

67

(2)

Expected Errors with Actions

69

(1)

Summary

69

(2)

FitLibrary Tables

71

(10)

Flow-Style Actions with DoFixture

71

(3)

Expected Errors with DoFixture

74

(1)

Actions on Domain Objects with DoFixture

75

(1)

Setup

76

(2)

CalculateFixture Tables

78

(1)

Ordered List Tables

78

(1)

Testing Parts of a List

79

(1)

Summary

79

(1)

Exercises

80

(1)

A Variety of Tables

81

(6)

Business Forms

81

(1)

Testing Associations

82

(1)

Two-Dimensional Images

83

(2)

Summary

85

(1)

Exercises

85

(2)

PART II Developing Tables for RentAPartySoftware

87

(88)

Introducing Fit at RentAPartySoftware

89

(6)

RentAPartySoftware

89

(1)

Development Issues

90

(1)

An Initial Plan

90

(1)

The Cast

91

(1)

The Rest of This Part

92

(1)

Summary

92

(1)

Exercises

93

(2)

Getting Started: Emily and Don's First Table

95

(8)

Introduction

95

(1)

Choosing Where to Start

95

(1)

The Business Rule

96

(1)

Starting Simple

97

(1)

Adding the Grace Period

98

(1)

Adding High-Demand Items

99

(1)

Reports

100

(1)

Seth's Return

101

(1)

Summary

101

(1)

Exercises

102

(1)

Testing a Business Process: Cash Rentals

103

(12)

Introduction

103

(1)

Cash Rentals

104

(3)

Split and Restructure

107

(2)

Which Client

109

(2)

Summary

111

(1)

Exercises

112

(3)

Tests Involving the Date and Time

115

(12)

Introduction

115

(1)

Charging a Deposit

115

(3)

Dates

118

(1)

Business Transactions

119

(2)

Sad Paths

121

(1)

Reports

122

(2)

Summary

124

(1)

Exercises

124

(3)

Transforming Workflow Tests into Calculation Tests

127

(10)

Introduction

127

(1)

Testing Calculations Instead

128

(3)

Using Durations

131

(1)

Reports

132

(1)

Summary

133

(1)

Exercises

134

(3)

Story Test-Driven Development with Fit

137

(18)

Introduction

137

(2)

The Stories

139

(1)

The First Storytests

140

(3)

The Planning Game

143

(4)

Adding to the Storytests

147

(1)

Progress During the Iteration

148

(3)

Exploratory Testing at Iteration End

151

(1)

Summary

151

(2)

Exercises

153

(2)

Designing and Refactoring Tests to Communicate Ideas

155

(16)

Principles of Test Design

155

(1)

Fit Tests for Business Rules

156

(5)

Workflow Tests

161

(4)

Calculation Tests

165

(2)

List Tests

167

(1)

Tests and Change

168

(2)

Automation of Tests

170

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

Closing for Nonprogrammers

171

(4)

The Value of Fit Tables

171

(1)

Getting Fit at RentAPartySoftware

171

(4)

PART III Introducing Fit Fixtures

175

(78)

Connecting Tables and Applications

177

(2)

Writing Fixtures

177

(1)

Fixtures and Traffic Lights

178

(1)

Column Fixtures

179

(8)

Fixture CalculateDiscount

179

(3)

Extending Credit

182

(2)

Selecting a Phone Number

184

(1)

ColumnFixture in General

185

(1)

Summary

186

(1)

Exercises

186

(1)

Action Fixtures

187

(8)

Buying Items

187

(3)

Changing State of Chat Room

190

(2)

ActionFixture in General

192

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Exercises

194

(1)

List Fixtures

195

(8)

Testing Unordered Lists

195

(2)

Testing Ordered Lists

197

(4)

Testing a List with Parameters

201

(1)

Summary

202

(1)

Exercises

202

(1)

Fixtures for Sequences of Tables

203

(10)

Chat Room Fixtures

203

(5)

Discount Group Fixtures

208

(3)

Summary

211

(1)

Exercises

212

(1)

Using Other Values in Tables

213

(6)

Standard Values

213

(1)

Values of Money

214

(3)

Values in FitNesse and the Flow Fixtures

217

(1)

Summary

217

(1)

Exercises

217

(2)

Installing and Running Fit

219

(4)

Installing Fit and FitLibrary

219

(1)

Running Fit on Folders

219

(1)

Running Fit on HTML Files

220

(1)

Running Tests During the Build

220

(1)

Other Ways to Run Tests

220

(1)

Summary

221

(2)

Installing FitNesse

223

(4)

Installation

223

(1)

Locating the Code

223

(1)

Larger-Scale Use with Virtual Wiki

224

(1)

Debugging FitNesse Tests

224

(1)

Summary

225

(1)

Exercises

225

(2)

FitLibrary Fixtures

227

(20)

Flow-Style Actions with DoFixture

227

(4)

DoFixtures as Adapters

231

(1)

Using SetFixture

232

(1)

Expected Errors with DoFixture

232

(2)

Actions on Domain Objects with DoFixture

234

(3)

DoFixture in General

237

(2)

Setup

239

(3)

CalculateFixture Tables

242

(1)

Ordered-List Tables

243

(1)

Testing Parts of a List

244

(1)

Using Other Values in Flow Tables

245

(1)

Summary

245

(1)

Exercises

245

(2)

Custom Table Fixtures

247

(6)

Business Forms

247

(1)

Testing Associations

248

(3)

Two-Dimensional Images

251

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

PART IV Developing Fixtures for RentAPartySoftware

253

(52)

Fixtures and Adapting the Application

255

(6)

Introduction

255

(1)

The Programmers' Perspective

255

(1)

System Architecture

256

(2)

Test Infecting for Improvements

258

(2)

The Rest of This Part

260

(1)

Emily's First Fixture

261

(6)

The Table

261

(1)

Developing the Fixture

262

(3)

Summary

265

(1)

Exercises

266

(1)

Fixtures Testing Through the User Interface

267

(10)

Introduction

267

(2)

Spike

269

(1)

The Fixtures

270

(1)

The Adapter

271

(3)

Showing Others

274

(1)

Summary

275

(2)

Restructuring the System for Testing

277

(12)

Test Infecting

277

(1)

Slow Tests

278

(1)

Setup

278

(2)

Barriers to Testing

280

(2)

Transactions

282

(1)

Transaction Fixture

283

(2)

Split Domain and Data Source Layers

285

(1)

Reduce Interdependencies

286

(1)

Summary

287

(2)

Mocks and Clocks

289

(6)

Introduction

289

(2)

Changing the Date

291

(1)

Time-Related Object Interactions

292

(1)

Date Formatting

292

(1)

Changing the Application in Small Steps

293

(1)

Summary

294

(1)

Running Calculation Tests Indirectly

295

(6)

Testing Directly

295

(2)

Testing Indirectly

297

(3)

Summary

300

(1)

Closing for Programmers at RPS

301

(4)

The Value of Fit Tables

301

(1)

Getting Fit at RPS

301

(4)

PART V Custom Development

305

(28)

The Architecture of Fit

307

(6)

Running Fit

307

(1)

Parse Tree

308

(1)

doTable()

309

(1)

Counts in Class Fixture

310

(1)

The Fixture Subclasses

310

(1)

TypeAdapter

311

(1)

Summary

312

(1)

Exercises

312

(1)

Developing Custom Fixtures

313

(6)

Using SetUpFixture

313

(1)

SetUpFixture

314

(1)

ImageFixture

314

(2)

Summary

316

(3)

Custom Runners

319

(6)

Runners

319

(1)

Calculator Runner

319

(1)

Reading Tests from a Text File

320

(2)

Reading Tests from a Spreadsheet

322

(2)

Summary

324

(1)

Model-Based Test Generation

325

(8)

Symmetries: Operations That Cancel Each Other

325

(1)

Generate a Simple Sequence

326

(3)

Generate an Interleaved Sequence

329

(3)

Summary

332

(1)

Exercises

332

(1)

PART VI Appendices

333

(8)

A. Background Material

335

(2)

A.1 Testing

335

(1)

A.2 Agile Software Development

335

(1)

A.3 Ubiquitous Language

336

(1)

B. Book Resources Web Site

337

(2)

C. Fit and Other Programming Languages

339

(2)

C.1 Table Portability

339

(1)

C.2 Other Programming Languages

339

(2)

Bibliography

341

(4)

Index

345

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

Fitness, agility, and balance apply as much to software development as they do to athletic activities. We can admire the movements of a highly skilled dancer, skier, or athlete. Gracefulness comes from wasting no energy on unnecessary tension or balance recovery, so that effort can be focused exactly where it is needed, exactly when it is needed. The expert is continuously making small adjustments to stay aligned and in balance. Agile responses to unexpected changes distinguish the expert from the nonexpert, as their rebalancing adjustments are fluid and subtle and go unnoticed by nonexperts. Injury, pain, distractions, and poor concentration can wreck balance, reducing the expert's ability to respond well in a focused way. Much more effort is required to perform even at a substandard level. A high degree of fitness and practice is needed in order to build the required concentration, balance, agility, and focused power. This, inevitably, is a process of refinement over time, with attention given to more subtle aspects of risk assessment and response as expertise increases. The achievements of athletes have continued to improve over time, sometimes through changes that break assumptions about the activity or how best to train. Big changes are often met with skepticism but will slowly become accepted as the norm as they prove their worth. When we look at the efforts of most software developers, we see a lot of energy being wasted. In the rush to get software completed, there is often little time to reflect on how to improve the way we do things, how to get that special fitness, balance, and agility that allow us to be graceful in our intellectual efforts in order to achieve inspired results with less effort. We get unbalanced when we have to fix old bugs, losing flow. We often have to speculate about what's needed, and feedback is too slow. Our software becomes less than elegant and is difficult to change, with tensions and stresses building up in us and in our software. This book is intended to help improve your fitness and agility in two areas of software development where we can make huge improvements to current practice. First, improving communication between the people who need the software and the people who develop it, as well as show you how to express the business rules that are at the heart of a software solution. Second, how to use automated testing to provide immediate and effective feedback so we can maintain balance and agility and avoid "injury." The book also questions some common assumptions about the way in which software is developed. But we don't expect that you'll make a big leap of faith: We start with current practice and show how you make small yet effective improvements. Just like the dancer and the athlete, you will have to do more than simply read about how to do this. It is also necessary to practice. Rick Mugridge Ward Cunningham 0321269349P06012005

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Fit for Developing Software Framework for Integrated Tests

Fit for Developing Software Framework for Integrated Tests

0321269349

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