9781119420484

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS

Discover a comprehensive exploration of high temperature materials written by leading materials scientists

In Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics distinguished researchers and authors Nirmal K. Sinha and Shoma Sinha deliver a rigorous and wide-ranging discussion of the behavior of different materials at high temperatures. The book discusses a variety of physical phenomena, from plate tectonics and polar sea ice to ice-age and intraglacial depression and the postglacial rebound of Earth’s crust, stress relaxation at high temperatures, and microstructure and crack-enhanced Elasto Delayed Elastic Viscous (EDEV) models. At a very high level, Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials (EPHTM) takes a multidisciplinary view of the behavior of materials at temperatures close to their melting point. The volume particularly focuses on a powerful model called the Elasto-Delayed-Elastic-Viscous (EDEV) model that can be used to study a variety of inorganic materials ranging from snow and ice, metals, including complex gas-turbine engine materials, as well as natural rocks and earth formations (tectonic processes). It demonstrates how knowledge gained in one field of study can have a strong impact on other fields.

Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials will be of interest to a broad range of specialists, including earth scientists, volcanologists, cryospheric and interdisciplinary climate scientists, and solid-earth geophysicists. The book demonstrates that apparently dissimilar polycrystalline materials, including metals, alloys, ice, rocks, ceramics, and glassy materials, all behave in a surprisingly similar way at high temperatures. This similarity makes the information contained in the book valuable to all manner of physical scientists.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

A thorough introduction to the importance of a unified model of high temperature material behavior, including high temperature deformation and the strength of materials
An exploration of the nature of crystalline substances for engineering applications, including basic materials classification, solid state materials, and general physical principles
Discussions of forensic physical materialogy and test techniques and test systems
Examinations of creep fundamentals, including rheology and rheological terminology, and phenomenological creep failure models

Perfect for materials scientists, metallurgists, and glaciologists, Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics will also earn a place in the libraries of specialists in the nuclear, chemical, and aerospace industries with an interest in the physics and engineering of high-temperature materials.

Nirmal Kumar Sinha, Retired Senior Research Officer, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) and Institute for Aerospace Research (IAR).

Shoma Sinha, Queen's University, Canada.

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: the nature of crystalline substances

• Relationship with other phases: Gas, liquid, plasma,…

• Phase changes and recrystallization (including at high strain rate)

• Basic notions of crystallography

Chapter 3: Quantitative Physical Metallurgy Principles and Forensic type of Applications

• Microstructural parameters, measured quantities and applications: grain growth, high- and low temperature recrystallization, sintering, austenitization of steel

o Experimental procedures: thin and thick sectioning, polishing, etching
o Measurements: grain size, distribution, shape, structure, texture, fabric

• Hardness – elastic, plastic, impact, low- and high-temperature, grain boundary – area, energy, sliding, brittleness etc.

• Stereology, tomography

• Fabric diagram

Chapter 4: Metallurgical Physical Principles

• Solidification of metals, ice, ceramics, rocks transformation in glass

• Structures of metals, ice, rock, ceramics and glass

• Phase diagram

• Defects – point and line (dislocations), grain boundaries, inclusion – solid and liquid

Chapter 5: Test systems and test techniques

• Furnaces – conventional and three-zone

• Conventional creep frames with dead-load

• Test Machines: Screw driven, Servohydraulic closed-loop analogue/digital and computer controlled

o The principle of short term testing – maintaining constant structure
o Closed-loop stress, strain and rate testing
o Specimen boundary conditions and gauge-section strain measurements
o Machine stiffness
o The role of specimen geometry
o SRRT – Principles of Strain Relaxation and Recovery Test
o Boundary conditions
o What happens if one focuses on minimum strain rate: power-law breakdown
o SRRT (Strain Relaxation and Recovery Test) – methodology
o SRT (Stress Relaxation Test)– methodology

• History behind the development of Strain Relaxation and Recovery Test (SRRT)

• Case studies of SRRT

o Ti-6246
o Description
o Mechanical behaviour
o IN-738LC (directionally solidified or DS)
o Description
o Mechanical behaviour
o Waspaloy
o Description
o Mechanical behaviour
o CMSX-10 (single Crystal)
o Description
o Mechanical behaviour
o Ice (freshwater river/lake, sea water – isotropic and directionally solidified or DS)
o Description
o Mechanical behaviour

Chapter 6: Creep Fundamentals – testing methods and traditional analysis

• Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial testing and analysis – with emphasis on delayed elastic strain actually measured

• Constant deformation rate and constant strain-rate (closed-loop controlled)

• Creep curves – primary, secondary (transitional) and tertiary behaviours

• High-temperature diffusional creep and Dislocation creep

• Minimum creep rate and its `presumed` engineering importance

• Creep Fracture and minimum creep rate - equations developed for engineering applications

• Is minimum creep rate a fundamental property? Challenging this old concept.

Chapter 7: Creep Modelling

• Traditional dislocation creep based – their limitations (no grain-size effects)

• Newer grain-boundary shearing (GBS) induced primary creep (grain size and structure dependency)

• Primary creep, GBS and GBS-induced Dlayed-Elastic Strain (DES)

• Development of Elasto-Delayed Elastic-Viscous (EDEV) model

• EDEV to explore primary creep and DES (no significant contributions from dislocation creep)

• Secondary creep without cracking – dominated by dislocation creep

Chapter 8: High-temperature grain-boundary embrittlement and creep

• Dislocation pile –up model for crack initiation

• Grain-boundary shearing (GBS) induced crack initiation

• GBS-based kinetics of grain-boundary microcracking and multiplication

• Prediction of volumetric change or dilatation

Chapter 9: GBS-induced crack-enhanced creep and EDEV base models

• Modelling of constant-stress primary, tertiary creep and creep fracture failure and their temperature dependence

• Modelling of minimum-creep rate and its grain-size dependence

• Modelling of strain-rate and stress-rate dependence of compressive strength

• Modelling of constant-strain rate 0.2% yield and upper yield failure, and their rate sensitivity

• Modelling low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and dwell-fatigue

• Welding and heat-affected zone

Chapter 10: High-temperature stress relaxation

• EDEV-based modelling of constant strain stress relaxation

• Modelling effect of initial strain and temperature

• Quantitative Prediction of the contributions due to viscous strain and DES that can be examined experimentally

• Experimental verification using Ti-6246, a titanium-based high-temperature superalloy

• Verifications using polycrystalline ice

• Experimental verification of calculated contributions of DES and viscous strain

Chapter 11: Summary and discussions leading to Chapter 12.

Chapter 12: Floating sea ice and plate tectonics

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Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics

Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics

1119420482

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