Barbara Johnstone is Professor of Rhetoric and Linguistics at Carnegie Mellon University, USA. She is the author of several books as well as numerous articles and book chapters on topics related to language, place, and the individual.

List of Figures ix

List of Tables x

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is Discourse Analysis? 1

1.2 Some Uses of Discourse Analysis 5

1.3 Facets of Discourse Analysis 6

1.4 Data for Discourse Analysis 16

1.5 Locations of Meaning 25

1.6 Discourse as Strategy; Discourse as Adaptation 27

1.7 Language and Languaging 29

1.8 Particularity, Theory, and Method 30

1.9 From Text Outward 32

1.10 Summary 33

Further Reading 34

2 Discourse and World 35

2.1 Linguistic Categories, Minds, and Worldviews 38

2.2 Discourse, Culture, and Ideology 44

2.3 Language Ideology 67

2.4 Silence 70

2.5 Summary 73

Further Reading 74

3 Intention and Interpretation 76

3.1 Speech Acts and Conversational Implicature 77

3.2 Contextualization Cues and Discourse Marking 83

3.3 Rhetorical Aims, Strategies, and Styles 88

3.4 Verbal Art and Performance 97

3.5 Summary 100

Further Reading 100

4 Discourse Structure: Parts and Sequences 102

4.1 Words and Lines 104

4.2 Old and New Information and the Organization of Sentences 110

4.3 Cohesion 115

4.4 Paragraphs and Episodes 121

4.5 Discourse Schemata and the Structure of Narrative 123

4.6 The Emergent Organization of Conversation 131

4.7 Structures and Rules 141

Further Reading 143

5 Participants in Discourse: Relationships, Roles, Identities 144

5.1 Power and Solidarity 145

5.2 Indexicality 148

5.3 Social Roles and Participant Frameworks 151

5.4 Stance and Style 156

5.5 Audience, Politeness, and Accommodation 163

5.6 Social Identity and Identification 168

5.7 Personal Identity: Discourse and the Self 172

5.8 The Linguistic Individual in Discourse 174

5.9 Summary 176

Further Reading 177

6 Prior Texts, Prior Discourses 179

6.1 Intertextuality and Recontextualization 180

6.2 Repetition in Conversation 187

6.3 Situational Registers 192

6.4 Enregisterment 197

6.5 Genre: Recurrent Forms in Recurrent Practices 198

6.6 Frames, Plots, and Coherence 203

6.7 Summary 206

Further Reading 207

7 Discourse and Medium 209

7.1 Early Research About “Orality and Literacy” 210

7.2 Literacy and Literacies 214

7.3 Communication and Technology 219

7.4 Medium and Discourse Form 222

7.5 Medium and Discourse Processing: Fixity, Fluidity, and Coherence 226

7.6 Medium and Interpersonal Relations 230

7.7 Medium, Expertise, and Knowledge‐Making 233

7.8 Analyzing Multi‐modal Discourse 234

7.9 Speech and the Body 235

7.10 Writing and Seeing 240

7.11 Summary 252

Further Reading 253

Glossary 254

References 258

Index 285

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