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Critical Reasoning

by: Cederblom, Jerry; Paulsen, David

Critical Reasoning

by: Cederblom, Jerry; Paulsen, David

ISBN 13:
9780534605070
ISBN 10:
0534605079
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/19/2005
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Did you know that mastering a few theories can help you make better choices and be more successful? CRITICAL REASONING shows you how to use easy-to-understand logical principles to solve problems in real-world situations. And, because it's loaded with examples from newspapers and popular essays, this textbook has all the interesting illustrations that will keep you turning pages. Study tools, review help, and easily understood concepts help you review and prepare for tests.

Preface

Deciding What to Believe

(18)

Critical Reasoning Versus Passive Reading or Listening

(1)

Critical Reasoning Versus Mere Disagreement

(1)

The Attitude of the Critical Reasoner

(1)

Critical Reasoning as a Cooperative Enterprise

(1)

Some Common Misconceptions About Critical Reasoning

(1)

Benefits of Critical Reasoning

(1)

Exercise 1.1 Taking Notice of Disagreements and Reasoning

(1)

The Main Techniques of Critical Reasoning

(11)

Exercise 1.2 A Beginning Step: Identifying Main Points and Supporting Points

(6)

The Anatomy of Arguments: Identifying Premises and Conclusions

(24)

The Key to Identification: Seeing What Is Supported by What

(1)

Clues to Identifying Argument Parts: Indicator Words

(4)

Exercise 2.1 Techniques for Marking the Parts of Arguments

(2)

What to Do When There Are No Indicator Words: The Principle of Charitable Interpretation

(4)

Exercise 2.2 Using the Principle of Charitable Interpretation to Pick Out Premises and Conclusions in Arguments Without Explicit Indicator Words

(2)

Patterns of Argument

(7)

Exercise 2.3 Using Argument Patterns to Pick Out Premises and Conclusions in Arguments Without Explicit Indicator Words

(3)

Identifying Premises and Conclusions in Longer Passages

(5)

Exercise 2.4 Reconstructing Explicit Arguments in Longer Passages

(3)

Understanding Arguments Through Reconstruction

(36)

Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Conclusions

(2)

Understanding Arguments by Identifying Implicit Premises

(2)

Adding Both Conclusion and Premises

(1)

Guidelines and Warnings in Adding Implicit Premises and Conclusions

(12)

Exercise 3.1 Recognizing Argument Patterns and Adding Implicit Premises, Conclusions, or Both

(8)

Moving to Real-World Discourse

(5)

Exercise 3.2 Simplification and Paraphrasing: Making a First Approximation

(3)

Finding an Argument in a Sea of Words

(13)

Exercise 3.3 Putting All This into Practice

(7)

Evaluating Arguments: Some Basic Questions

(33)

When Does the Conclusion Follow from the Premises?

(12)

Exercise 4.1 Showing Invalidity

(1)

When Should the Premises Be Accepted As True?

(4)

Exercise 4.2 Casting Doubt on Premises

(1)

Sample Appraisals: Examples of Techniques of Criticism

(6)

Exercise 4.3 Distinguishing the Validity of an Argument (That Is, Whether the Conclusion Follows) from the Truth of Its Premises

101

(2)

Some Special Cases: Arguments That We Should or Should Not Do Something

103

(4)

The Rationale for Using These Critical Techniques

107

(5)

Exercise 4.4 Criticizing Arguments

108

(4)

When Does the Conclusion Follow? A More Formal Approach to Validity

112

(29)

Exercise 5.1 Formalizing

114

(2)

Statements Containing Logical Connectives: When Are They True? When Are They False?

116

(6)

Exercise 5.2 Evaluating Statements

121

(1)

Truth Tables As a Test for Validity

122

(7)

Exercise 5.3 Truth Tables

127

(2)

Representing Structures Within Statements: Predicates and Quantifiers

129

(5)

(Optional) A More Formal Way of Representing Statements with Quantifiers

134

(2)

Exercise 5.4 Venn Diagrams

135

(1)

A Glimpse at Natural Deduction

136

(5)

Fallacies: Bad Arguments That Tend to Persuade

141

(34)

Persuasiveness

141

(1)

What Is a Fallacy?

142

(1)

Distraction Fallacies: False Dilemma, Slippery Slope, Straw Man

143

(6)

Exercise 6.1 Identifying Distraction Fallacies

146

(3)

Resemblance Fallacies: Affirming the Consequent, Denying the Antecedent, Equivocation, Begging the Question

149

(5)

Review

154

(3)

Exercise 6.2 Identifying Distraction and Resemblance Fallacies

155

(2)

Emotion and Reason in Argument

157

(1)

When Is an Emotional Appeal Illegitimate?

158

(1)

Emotion Fallacies: Appeal to Force, Appeal to Pity, Prejudicial Language

159

(5)

Exercise 6.3 Identifying Emotion Fallacies

163

(1)

Emotion and Resemblance Combined: Appeal to Authority, Attacking the Person

164

(4)

Note on Terminology

168

(1)

Review

169

(6)

Exercise 6.4 A Comprehensive Review of Fallacies

171

(2)

Exercise 6.5 Fallacious or Not?

173

(2)

``That Depends on What You Mean by . . .''

175

(33)

Unclear Expressions in the Premises: Looking for Shifts in Meaning

176

(3)

The Possibility of Misleading Definition

179

(1)

Kinds of Unclarity: Vagueness and Ambiguity

180

(2)

Interpreting and Evaluating: A Dialogue Process

182

(4)

Exercise 7.1 Criticizing Arguments That Contain Unclear Words or Expressions

185

(1)

Argument and Definition

186

(3)

Evaluating Definition-like Premises

189

(1)

Conceptual Theories

190

(2)

A Model for Conceptual Theories

192

(1)

Reconstructing Fragmentary Theories

193

(3)

Exercise 7.2 Reconstructing Conceptual Theories

195

(1)

The Criticism of Conceptual Theories

196

(7)

Exercise 7.3 Criticism of Conceptual Theories

200

(3)

Conceptual Clarification and Argument

203

(5)

Exercise 7.4 Reconstructing and Criticizing Conceptual Theories and Arguments Based on Them

204

(4)

Arguments That Are Not Deductive: Induction and Statistical Reasoning

208

(25)

Two Types of Inductive Arguments

209

(2)

Inductive Versus Deductive Arguments

211

(4)

Exercise 8.1 Generalizations, Descriptions of Particulars, and Inductive Arguments

214

(1)

Criticizing Arguments That Generalize: Sampling Arguments

215

(12)

Exercise 8.2 Criticizing Sampling Arguments

223

(4)

Arguments with Statistical Premises

227

(5)

Exercise 8.3 Criticizing Arguments with Statistical Premises

231

(1)

Review: Types of Inductive Arguments

232

(1)

Causal, Analogical, and Convergent Arguments: Three More Kinds of Nondeductive Reasoning

233

(33)

Causal Generalization

235

(1)

Five Ways in Which Causal Reasoning Might Fail

236

(3)

The Controlled Experiment: Handling the X-Factor

239

(3)

What Happens If Control Is Limited?

242

(8)

Exercise 9.1 The Faulty Move from Correlation to Cause

246

(4)

Arguments from Analogy

250

(5)

Exercise 9.2 Criticizing Arguments from Analogy

253

(2)

Convergent Arguments

255

(10)

Exercise 9.3 Reconstructing and Criticizing Convergent Arguments

264

(1)

Review: Types of Nondeductive Arguments

265

(1)

Explanation and the Criticism of Theories

266

(37)

``That's Just a Theory''

268

(1)

Picking Out Theories

269

(10)

Exercise 10.1 Identifying Theories and Regularities

274

(5)

Criticism of Theories

279

(1)

First-Stage Criticisms---Plausible Alternative; Doubtful Predictions

280

(7)

Exercise 10.2 Applying First-Stage Criticisms to Theories

282

(5)

Second-Stage Criticisms---ad Hoc Defense; Untestability

287

(5)

Exercise 10.3 Applying Second-Stage Criticisms to Theories

289

(3)

Review of Techniques for Criticizing Theories

292

(11)

Exercise 10.4 Criticizing Empirical Theories in Longer Passages

293

(10)

Putting It All Together: Six Steps to Understanding and Evaluating Arguments

303

(29)

A Sample Application of the Six-Step Procedure

306

(8)

A Second Application: A Convergent Argument Contained in a Linked Argument

314

(18)

Exercise 11.1 Applying the Six-Step Procedure

318

(11)

Exercise 11.2 Putting It All Together in the Classroom: ``Fishbowl'' Discussions and Critical Exchanges

329

(3)

Making Reasonable Decisions As an Amateur in a World of Specialists

332

(14)

Leaving It to the Experts

333

(2)

The Dilemma

335

(3)

Coping with the Dilemma

338

(2)

Creating Arguments and Theories in a World of Experts

340

(2)

The Strategy and Its Prospects

342

(1)

Can Information Technology Dissolve the Dilemma?

342

(2)

The Contemporary Problem of Knowledge

344

(2)

Exercise 12.1 Case Study for Individual Writing Exercise or Group Discussion

345

(1)

Glossary

346

(9)

Answers to Selected Exercises

355

(40)

Index

395

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Critical Reasoning

Critical Reasoning

9780534605070

0534605079

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Critical Reasoning

Critical Reasoning

9780534605070

0534605079

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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