KREMENA BACHMANN is senior research associate at the University of Zurich, senior lecturer at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) and academic advisor at Moor & Bachmann AG, a Swiss multi-family office. As a behavioral finance researcher publishing in peer-reviewed journals she is also actively engaged in the development of practical solutions that help to improve financial decision making.

ENRICO DE GIORGI is professor of mathematics and director of the institute of mathematics and statistics at University of St. Gallen. He is also associate editor of Mathematics and Financial Economics and Decisions in Economics and Finance and founding partner of BhFS Behavioral Finance Solutions. His research has been published in the top peer-reviewed journals in Finance and Management.

THORSTEN HENS is a professor of financial economics and a member of the directorate of the department of banking and finance at the University of Zurich. He is a founding partner of BhFS Behavioral Finance Solutions, Swiss Fintech Innovations and the University of Zurich Research Priority Program on financial regulation, Finreg. He is a coauthor of 60 peer-reviewed scientific publications and seven books.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Behavioral Biases 5

2.1 Information Selection Biases 6

2.2 Information Processing Biases 11

2.3 Biases after Receiving Feedback 31

2.4 Are More Heads Smarter Than One? 33

2.5 Summary of Biases 35

2.6 Conclusion 39

Chapter 3 Cultural Differences in Investors’ Behavior 41

3.1 What Is Financial Culture? 41

3.2 The INTRA Study 43

3.3 Conclusion 46

Chapter 4 Neurological Foundations and Biases’ Moderation 47

4.1 The Human Brain 47

4.2 Insights for Behavioral Finance 48

4.3 Moderation of Biases 49

4.4 Conclusion 50

Chapter 5 Diagnostic Tests for Investment Personality 51

5.1 A Case Study 51

5.2 Design of Diagnostic Questionnaires 52

5.3 Knowledge and Investment Experience 53

5.4 Psychology and Emotions 59

5.5 Client’s Diagnostic Profile 65

Chapter 6 Decision Theory 69

6.1 Introduction 69

6.2 A (Very) Short History of Decision Theory 70

6.3 Expected Utility 73

6.4 Mean-Variance Analysis 76

6.5 Prospect Theory 78

6.6 Rationality of Mean-Variance and Prospect Theory 87

6.7 The Optimal Asset Allocation 91

6.8 Comparing the Decision Theories 102

6.9 Conclusion 103

Chapter 7 Product Design 105

7.1 Introduction 105

7.2 Case Study 107

7.3 Theory of Product Design 114

7.4 Structured Products Designed by Customers 120

7.5 Conclusion 123

Chapter 8 Dynamic Asset Allocation 125

8.1 Time Diversification 126

8.2 Rebalancing 129

8.3 Conclusion 134

Chapter 9 Life-Cycle Planning 137

9.1 Case Study 137

9.2 Case Study Werner Bruni 139

9.3 Consumption Smoothing 140

9.4 The Life-Cycle Hypothesis 141

9.5 The Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis 143

9.6 Conclusion 146

Chapter 10 Risk Profiling 147

10.1 Risk-Profiling Methodologies 148

10.2 Comparing Risk-Profiling Methodologies 151

10.3 A Case Study 152

10.4 The Risk Dimensions 153

10.5 Behavioral Risk Profiler 155

10.6 Risk Profiling and Its Regulation 166

10.7 Conclusion 167

Chapter 11 Structured Wealth Management Process 169

11.1 Benefits 172

11.2 Implementation 173

11.3 Regulatory Requirements 174

11.4 Structuring the Wealth Management Process 177

11.5 Relevance of Different Theories 196

11.6 Complying with the Regulatory Requirements 197

11.7 Information Technology in Client Advisory Services 197

Chapter 12 Fintech 201

12.1 History of Fintech 201

12.2 Current State of Fintech 201

12.3 Assessment of Fintech Solutions 202

Chapter 13 Case Studies 203

13.1 Case Study 1: Structured Wealth Management 204

13.2 Case Study 2: Experience Sampling 209

13.3 Case Study 3: Goal-based Approach 210

Chapter 14 Conclusions 219

Chapter 15 Appendix: Mathematical Arguments 221

15.1 Proof that Expected Utility Satisfies the Axioms of Rational Choice 221

15.2 Derivation of the Fourfold Pattern of Risk Taking 222

15.3 Mean-Variance as a Special Case of Prospect Theory 222

15.4 Prospect Theory Optimal Asset Allocation 224

15.5 No Time Diversification Theorem 225

References 227

Index 235

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