Political Science : An Introduction

by: Roskin, Michael G.; Cord, Robert L.; Medeiros, James A.; Jones, Walter S.

ISBN 13:
9780130991348
ISBN 10:
0130991341
Edition: 8th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2003
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

Exceptionally up-to-date and rich in cross-national examples—with an emphasis on the U.S. political system—this book offers an unbiased, thorough introduction to the basic terminology, concepts, and theories of political science. A five-part organization covers chapter topics under the headings of: the bases of politics, political attitudes, political interaction, the institutions of politics, and what political systems do. For anyone looking for an exciting view of the political science field.

Preface

xxiii

Part I The Bases of Politics

A Science of Politics?

(17)

The Master Science

(3)

History

(1)

Human Geography

(1)

Economics

(1)

Sociology

(1)

Anthropology

(1)

Psychology

(1)

Political Power

(7)

Biological

(3)

Psychological

(1)

Cultural

(1)

Rational

(1)

Irrational

(1)

Power as a Composite

(2)

Is Politics a Science?

(4)

The Struggle to See Clearly

(3)

What Good Is Political Science?

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Websites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Theories: Classic and Modern

(18)

Classic Theories

(5)

The Contractualists

(1)

Marxist Theories

(2)

Institutional Theories

(1)

Contemporary Theories

(9)

Behavioralism

(2)

Systems Theory

(4)

Modernization Theory

(1)

Rational-Choice Theory

(1)

New Institutionalism

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Websites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Nations, States, and Governments

(18)

The Elements of Nationhood

(3)

Territory

(2)

Population

(1)

Independence

(1)

Government

(1)

The Crises of Nation Building

(4)

Identity

(1)

Legitimacy

(1)

Penetration

(1)

Participation

(1)

Distribution

(2)

Government: What It Is and What It Does

(6)

Classifying Governments

(4)

The State as Agent of Modernization

(2)

Making Public Policy

(2)

Public Policies: Material and Symbolic

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Websites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Individuals and Constitutions

(17)

Constitutions in the Modern World

(7)

The Highest Law of the Land

(2)

The Purpose of a Constitution

(4)

The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution

(2)

Can the Constitution Ensure Rights?

(2)

Freedom of Expression in the United States

(5)

Free Speech and Sedition

(4)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Websites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Authoritarianism

(21)

Modern Democracy

(5)

Representative Democracy

(5)

Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism?

(3)

Totalitarianism

(5)

What Is Totalitarianism?

(5)

Authoritarianism

(2)

Authoritarianism and the Developing Nations

(2)

The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Websites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Part II Political Attitudes

Political Ideologies

(22)

What Is Ideology?

(3)

The Major Ideologies

(12)

Classic Liberalism

(1)

Classic Conservatism

(1)

Modern Liberalism

(1)

Modern Conservatism

(1)

Marxist Socialism

(1)

Social Democracy

100

(1)

Communism

101

(3)

Nationalism

104

(2)

Fascism

106

(1)

Ideology in Our Day

107

(3)

The Collapse of Communism

107

(1)

Neoconservatism

108

(1)

Libertarianism

109

(1)

Feminism

109

(1)

Environmentalism

110

(1)

Is Ideology Finished?

110

(2)

Key Terms

112

(1)

Key Websites

112

(1)

Further Reference

112

(2)

Political Culture

114

(19)

What Is Political Culture?

114

(6)

Political Culture and Public Opinion

116

(1)

Participation in America

117

(3)

The Decay of Political Culture

120

(7)

Elite and Mass Cultures

122

(1)

Political Subcultures

123

(4)

Political Socialization

127

(4)

The Agents of Socialization

128

(3)

Key Terms

131

(1)

Key Websites

131

(1)

Further Reference

131

(2)

Public Opinion

133

(20)

The Shape of Public Opinion

135

(5)

Social Class

136

(1)

Education

136

(1)

Region

137

(1)

Religion

138

(1)

Age

139

(1)

Gender

139

(1)

Ethnic Group

139

(1)

Public-Opinion Polls

140

(6)

Polling Techniques

142

(2)

Now Reliable Are the Polls?

144

(2)

American Opinion

146

(3)

Presidential Ratings

146

(1)

Liberals and Conservatives

147

(1)

Who Pays Attention?

147

(2)

Is Polling Fair?

149

(2)

Should America Be Governed by Polls?

150

(1)

Key Terms

151

(1)

Key Websites

151

(1)

Further Reference

151

(2)

Part III Political Interactions

Political Communication and the Media

153

(21)

Communication in Politics

153

(5)

Modern Mass Media

155

(3)

The Giant: Television

158

(8)

Television News

159

(2)

Television and Politics

161

(3)

Television: Ownership and Control

164

(2)

Are We Poorly Served?

166

(3)

What Can Be Done?

168

(1)

The Adversaries: Media and Government

169

(3)

Key Terms

172

(1)

Key Websites

172

(1)

Further Reference

173

(1)

Interest Groups

174

(20)

What Is an Interest Group?

174

(6)

Who Belongs to Interest Groups?

176

(1)

Interest Groups and Government

176

(2)

Bureaucrats as an Interest Group

178

(2)

Effective Interest Groups

180

(10)

Political Culture

180

(1)

The Rise of Big Money

180

(2)

The Rise of Single-Issue Groups

182

(2)

Size and Membership

184

(1)

Access

185

(1)

Strategies of Interest Groups

186

(4)

Interest Groups: An Evaluation

190

(2)

Stalemating Political Power

191

(1)

Key Terms

192

(1)

Key Websites

192

(1)

Further Reference

192

(2)

Political Parties and Party Systems

194

(18)

Functions of Parties

195

(3)

A Bridge between People and Government

195

(1)

Aggregation of Interests

195

(1)

Integration into the Political System

195

(1)

Political Socialization

196

(1)

Mobilization of Voters

196

(1)

Organization of Government

197

(1)

Parties in Democracies

198

(5)

Centralization

198

(2)

Setting Government Policy

200

(1)

Party Participation in Government

200

(1)

Financing the Party

200

(2)

Classifying Political Parties

202

(1)

The Party in Communist States

203

(1)

Party Systems

204

(6)

Classifying Party Systems

205

(4)

The Party System and the Electoral System

209

(1)

Are Parties Fading?

209

(1)

Key Terms

210

(1)

Key Websites

211

(1)

Further Reference

211

(1)

Elections

212

(25)

Electoral Systems

212

(3)

Single-Member Districts

212

(2)

Proportional Representation

214

(1)

Why Do People Vote?

215

(3)

Who Votes?

218

(4)

Income and Education

219

(1)

Race

219

(1)

Age

220

(1)

Gender

22l

(221)

Area of Residence

221

(1)

How Do People Vote?

222

(1)

Party Identification

223

(1)

Who Votes How?

223

(5)

Class voting

224

(2)

Regional voting

226

(1)

Religious Blocs

226

(1)

Age Groups

226

(1)

Gender Gap

227

(1)

Marriage Gap

227

(1)

Racial Minorities

227

(1)

Urban voting

227

(1)

Electoral Realignment

228

(2)

A Reagan Realignment?

228

(2)

What Wins Elections?

230

(5)

Retrospective voting

232

(1)

Candidate Strategies and voter Groups

233

(2)

Key Terms

235

(1)

Key Websites

235

(1)

Further Reference

236

(1)

Part IV The Institutions of Politics

The Basic Institutions of Government

237

(19)

The Form of State

239

(2)

Unitary or Federal Systems

241

(8)

Unitary Systems

241

(4)

Federal Systems

245

(4)

The United States: Balkanization of Government

249

(4)

The Unitary-Federal Mixture

253

(1)

Choosing Institutions

253

(1)

Key Terms

254

(1)

Key Websites

254

(1)

Further Reference

255

(1)

Legislatures

256

(21)

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems

258

(6)

Separation and Fusion of Powers

260

(2)

Advantages of Parliamentary Systems

262

(2)

What Legislatures Do

264

(6)

The Committee System

265

(2)

A Closer Look at Legislatures

267

(3)

The Decline of Legislatures

270

(5)

Structural Disadvantages

270

(2)

Lack of Expertise

272

(1)

Psychological Disadvantages

272

(1)

The Absentee Problem

273

(1)

Lack of Turnover

273

(1)

The Dilemma of Parliaments

274

(1)

Key Terms

275

(1)

Key Websites

275

(1)

Further Reference

276

(1)

Executives

277

(21)

Presidents and Prime Ministers

277

(6)

``Forming a Government'' in Britain

278

(2)

``Constructive No Confidence'' in Germany

280

(1)

``Cohabitation'' in France

280

(1)

The ``Presidentialization'' of Prime Ministers

280

(1)

Executive Terms

281

(2)

The Roles of the Executive

283

(2)

Head of State

283

(1)

Chief of Government

283

(1)

Party Chief

284

(1)

Commander in Chief

284

(1)

Chief Diplomat

285

(1)

Dispenser of Appointments

285

(1)

Chief Legislator

285

(1)

Executive Leadership

285

(2)

Disabled Presidents

287

(5)

Cabinets

292

(3)

Who Serves in a Cabinet?

293

(1)

The Rise of Noncabinet Advisers

294

(1)

The Danger of Expecting Too Much

295

(1)

Key Terms

296

(1)

Key Websites

296

(1)

Further Reference

297

(1)

Administration and Bureaucracy

298

(21)

The U.S. Federal Bureaucracy

299

(1)

The Cabinet Departments

299

(1)

Federal Agencies

300

(1)

Independent Regulatory Agencies

300

(1)

Bureaucracies in Other Nations

300

(3)

Communist Countries

300

(1)

France

301

(1)

Germany

301

(2)

Great Britain

303

(1)

Characteristics of Bureaucracies

303

(2)

Bureaucracy in Modern Governments

305

(4)

Administration

305

(3)

Services

308

(1)

Regulation

308

(1)

Licensing

309

(1)

Information Gathering

309

(1)

The Trouble with Bureaucracy

309

(4)

Administrator or Policymaker?

310

(1)

Adjudication

311

(1)

Discretionary Implementation

311

(1)

Rule Making

312

(1)

Advisory Roles

313

(1)

What to Do with Bureaucracy?

313

(3)

Ombudsmen

313

(1)

Legislative Checks

314

(1)

Cutting

314

(1)

Decentralization

315

(1)

Politicize the Bureaucracy

315

(1)

Bureaucracy and Society

316

(1)

Key Terms

317

(1)

Key Websites

317

(1)

Further Reference

317

(2)

Legal Systems and The Courts

319

(19)

Types of Law

319

(5)

Criminal Law

320

(1)

Civil Law

320

(1)

Constitutional Law

321

(1)

Administrative Law

321

(1)

International Law

321

(3)

The Courts, the Bench, and the Bar

324

(5)

The U.S. Court System

324

(1)

Judges

325

(1)

Comparing Courts

326

(1)

The British Court System

327

(1)

The European Court System

327

(2)

The Role of the Courts

329

(7)

The U.S. Supreme Court

330

(1)

The Supreme Court's Political Role

331

(1)

The Views of Judges

331

(2)

The Political Impact of the Court

333

(3)

Key Terms

336

(1)

Key Websites

336

(1)

Further Reference

336

(2)

Part V What Political Systems Do

Political Economy

338

(20)

Government and the Economy

339

(10)

Inflation

341

(1)

Tax Hike

341

(1)

Balance of Payments

341

(1)

Gold Standard

341

(3)

Wage-Price Freeze

344

(1)

Oil Shocks

344

(1)

Stagflation

345

(1)

Interest Rates

345

(1)

Tax Cut

346

(1)

Budget Deficits

346

(1)

Trade Deficits

346

(1)

Budget Balancing

347

(2)

Who Is Entitled to What?

349

(6)

The Casts of Welfare

351

(4)

How Big Should Government Be?

355

(1)

Key Terms

356

(1)

Key Websites

356

(1)

Further Reference

356

(2)

Violence and Revolution

358

(20)

System Breakdown

358

(8)

Violence as a Symptom

359

(4)

Types of Violence

363

(1)

Change as a Cause of Violence

364

(2)

Revolutions

366

(5)

Intellectuals and Revolution

367

(2)

The Stages of Revolution

369

(2)

After the Revolution

371

(5)

The Waning of Revolution

372

(4)

Key Terms

376

(1)

Key Websites

376

(1)

Further Reference

376

(2)

International Relations

378

(18)

Power and National Interest

380

(5)

The Role of Elites

385

(1)

Keeping Peace

386

(3)

World Government

386

(1)

Collective Security

386

(1)

Functionalism

387

(1)

Third-Party Assistance

387

(1)

Diplomacy

388

(1)

Peacekeeping

388

(1)

The Cold War

389

(3)

The Truman Doctrine

389

(1)

The Marshall Plan

389

(1)

Containment

389

(1)

Deterrence

390

(2)

Beyond Sovereignty?

392

(2)

The United Nations

393

(1)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

393

(1)

Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe

393

(1)

Key Terms

394

(1)

Key Websites

394

(1)

Further Reference

395

(1)

The Global System

396

(18)

Historical Systems

397

(2)

The Nineteenth-Century Balance of Power System

397

(1)

The Interwar System

398

(1)

The Bipolar Cold War System

398

(1)

What System Is Emerging?

399

(10)

A Unipolar Model

399

(1)

A Hub-and-Spokes Model

399

(1)

A Multipolar Model

400

(1)

A Stratified Model

401

(1)

A Zones-of Chaos Model

401

(1)

A Repolarized Model

401

(2)

A Globalized Model

403

(2)

A Resource-Wars Model

405

(1)

A ``Clash-of Civilizations'' Model

405

(1)

A Proliferation Model

406

(3)

Foreign Policy: Involved or Isolated?

409

(3)

Cycles of U.S. Foreign Policy

410

(2)

Key Terms

412

(1)

Key Websites

412

(1)

Further Reference

412

(2)

Index

414

Political Science : An Introduction

9780130991348

0130991341

Summary

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