Political Science : An Introduction

ISBN 13:
9780131932913
ISBN 10:
0131932918
Edition: 9th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2006
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

Exceptionally up-to-date and rich in cross-national examples,Political Science offers an unbiased and thorough introduction to the basic concepts and theories of political science. With a critical look at the major theories, it exposes students to many ways of thinking, and challenges them to think critically. Emphasizing both U.S. and comparative politics provides students with a solid foundation for connecting their studies ot what is happening in the world around them.

Preface

xxiii

Part I The Bases of Politics

A Science of Politics?

(17)

The Master Science

(3)

History

(1)

Human Geography

(1)

Economics

(1)

Sociology

(1)

Anthropology

(1)

Psychology

(1)

Political Power

(7)

Biological

(3)

Psychological

(1)

Cultural

(1)

Rational

(1)

Irrational

(1)

Power as a Composite

(1)

Is Politics a Science?

(4)

The Struggle to See Clearly

(3)

What Good Is Political Science?

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Web Sites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Theories: Classic and Modern

(18)

Classic Theories

(6)

The Contractualists

(1)

Marxist Theories

(2)

Institutional Theories

(1)

Contemporary Theories

(8)

Behavioralism

(2)

Systems Theory

(3)

Modernization Theory

(1)

Rational-Choice Theory

(1)

New Institutionalism

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Web Sites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Nations, States, and Governments

(18)

The Elements of Nationhood

(4)

Territory

(2)

Population

(1)

Independence

(1)

Government

(1)

The Crises of Nation Building

(3)

Identity

(1)

Legitimacy

(1)

Penetration

(1)

Participation

(1)

Distribution

(2)

Government: What It Is and What It Does

(6)

Classifying Governments

(2)

The State as Agent of Modernization

(3)

Making Public Policy

(2)

Public Policies: Material and Symbolic

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Web Sites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Individuals and Constitutions

(17)

Constitutions in the Modern World

(6)

The Highest Law of the Land

(3)

The Purpose of a Constitution

(2)

The Adaptability of the U.S. Constitution

(4)

Can the Constitution Ensure Rights?

(3)

Freedom of Expression in the United States

(4)

Free Speech and Sedition

(3)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Web Sites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Democracy, Totalitarianism, and Authoritarianism

(21)

Modern Democracy

(5)

Representative Democracy

(4)

Democracy in Practice: Elitism or Pluralism?

(4)

Totalitarianism

(4)

What Is Totalitarianism?

(4)

Authoritarianism

(1)

Authoritarianism and the Developing Nations

(1)

The Democratization of Authoritarian Regimes

(3)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Web Sites

(1)

Further Reference

(1)

Part II Political Attitudes

Political Ideologies

(22)

What Is Ideology?

(1)

The Major Ideologies

(14)

Classic Liberalism

(3)

Classic Conservatism

(1)

Modern Liberalism

(1)

Modern Conservatism

(1)

Marxist Socialism

(2)

Social Democracy

101

(1)

Communism

102

(3)

Nationalism

105

(1)

Fascism

106

(1)

Ideology in Our Day

107

(4)

The Collapse of Communism

107

(1)

Neoconservatism

108

(1)

Libertarianism

109

(1)

Feminism

109

(1)

Environmentalism

110

(1)

Is Ideology Finished?

111

(1)

Key Terms

112

(1)

Key Web Sites

112

(1)

Further Reference

113

(1)

Political Culture

114

(19)

What Is Political Culture?

115

(4)

Political Culture and Public Opinion

115

(2)

Participation in America

117

(2)

The Decay of Political Culture

119

(8)

Elite and Mass Cultures

122

(1)

Political Subcultures

123

(4)

Political Socialization

127

(4)

The Agents of Socialization

127

(4)

Key Terms

131

(1)

Key Web Sites

131

(1)

Further Reference

132

(1)

Public Opinion

133

(19)

The Shape of Public Opinion

135

(6)

Social Class

136

(1)

Education

137

(1)

Region

137

(1)

Religion

138

(1)

Age

139

(1)

Gender

139

(2)

Ethnic Group

141

(1)

Public Opinion Polls

141

(4)

Polling Techniques

143

(1)

How Reliable Are the Polls?

144

(1)

American Opinion

145

(4)

Presidential Ratings

145

(1)

Liberals and Conservatives

146

(1)

Who Pays Attention?

147

(2)

Is Polling Fair?

149

(1)

Should America Be Governed by Polls?

149

(1)

Key Terms

150

(1)

Key Web Sites

150

(1)

Further Reference

151

(1)

Part III Political Interactions

Political Communication and the Media

152

(21)

Communication in Politics

153

(4)

Modern Mass Media

154

(3)

The Giant: Television

157

(9)

Television News

158

(2)

Television and Politics

160

(4)

Television: Ownership and Control

164

(2)

Are We Poorly Served?

166

(2)

What Can Be Done?

167

(1)

The Adversaries: Media and Government

168

(3)

Key Terms

171

(1)

Key Web Sites

171

(1)

Further Reference

172

(1)

Interest Groups

173

(20)

What Is an Interest Group?

173

(5)

Who Belongs to Interest Groups?

175

(1)

Interest Groups and Government

175

(2)

Bureaucrats as an Interest Group

177

(1)

Effective Interest Groups

178

(11)

Political Culture

178

(1)

The Rise of Big Money

179

(2)

The Rise of Single-Issue Groups

181

(2)

Size and Membership

183

(1)

Access

183

(2)

Strategies of Interest Groups

185

(4)

Interest Groups: An Evaluation

189

(2)

Stalemating Political Power

190

(1)

Key Terms

191

(1)

Key Web Sites

191

(1)

Further Reference

192

(1)

Political Parties and Party Systems

193

(19)

Functions of Parties

194

(2)

A Bridge between People and Government

194

(1)

Aggregation of Interests

194

(1)

Integration into the Political System

194

(1)

Political Socialization

195

(1)

Mobilization of Voters

196

(1)

Organization of Government

196

(1)

Parties in Democracies

196

(5)

Centralization

196

(3)

Setting Government Policy

199

(1)

Party Participation in Government

199

(1)

Financing the Party

200

(1)

Classifying Political Parties

201

(1)

The Party in Communist States

201

(3)

Party Systems

204

(6)

Classifying Party Systems

204

(3)

The Party System and the Electoral System

207

(2)

Are Parties Fading?

209

(1)

Key Terms

210

(1)

Key Web Sites

210

(1)

Further Reference

210

(2)

Elections

212

(21)

Why Do People Vote?

212

(3)

Who Votes?

215

(4)

Income and Education

216

(1)

Race

216

(1)

Age

217

(1)

Gender

217

(1)

Place of Residence

218

(1)

How Do People Vote?

219

(1)

Party Identification

219

(1)

Who Votes How?

220

(4)

Class Voting

221

(2)

Regional Voting

223

(1)

Religious Blocs

223

(1)

Age Groups

223

(1)

Gender Gap

223

(1)

Marriage Gap

224

(1)

Racial Minorities

224

(1)

Urban Voting

224

(1)

Electoral Realignment

224

(2)

A Reagan Realignment?

225

(1)

What Wins Elections?

226

(5)

Retrospective Voting

229

(1)

Candidate Strategies and Voter Groups

230

(1)

Key Terms

231

(1)

Key Web Sites

231

(1)

Further Reference

232

(1)

Part IV The Institutions of Politics

The Basic Institutions of Government

233

(20)

The Form of State

235

(1)

Electoral Systems

236

(4)

Single-Member Districts

236

(3)

Proportional Representation

239

(1)

Unitary or Federal Systems

240

(8)

Unitary Systems

241

(2)

Federal Systems

243

(5)

The United States: Balkanization of Government

248

(2)

The Unitary-Federal Mixture

250

(1)

Choosing Institutions

250

(1)

Key Terms

251

(1)

Key Web Sites

252

(1)

Further Reference

252

(1)

Legislatures

253

(21)

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems

255

(7)

Separation and Fusion of Powers

257

(2)

Advantages of Parliamentary Systems

259

(3)

What Legislatures Do

262

(6)

The Committee System

262

(3)

A Closer Look at Legislatures

265

(3)

The Decline of Legislatures

268

(4)

Structural Disadvantages

268

(1)

Lack of Expertise

268

(2)

Psychological Disadvantages

270

(1)

The Absentee Problem

270

(1)

Lack of Turnover

271

(1)

The Dilemma of Parliaments

271

(1)

Key Terms

272

(1)

Key Web Sites

272

(1)

Further Reference

273

(1)

Executives

274

(20)

Presidents and Prime Ministers

275

(4)

``Forming a Government'' in Britain

275

(1)

``Constructive No Confidence'' in Germany

276

(1)

``Cohabitation'' in France

276

(1)

The ``Presidentialization'' of Prime Ministers

277

(1)

Executive Terms

277

(2)

The Roles of the Executive

279

(2)

Head of State

279

(1)

Chief of Government

279

(1)

Party Chief

280

(1)

Commander in Chief

280

(1)

Chief Diplomat

281

(1)

Dispenser of Appointments

281

(1)

Chief Legislator

281

(1)

Executive Leadership

281

(2)

Disabled Presidents

283

(6)

Cabinets

289

(2)

Who Serves in a Cabinet?

289

(1)

The Rise of Noncabinet Advisers

290

(1)

The Danger of Expecting Too Much

291

(1)

Key Terms

292

(1)

Key Web Sites

292

(1)

Further Reference

293

(1)

Administration and Bureaucracy

294

(21)

The U.S. Federal Bureaucracy

295

(1)

The Cabinet Departments

295

(1)

Federal Agencies

296

(1)

Independent Regulatory Agencies

296

(1)

Bureaucracies in Other Nations

296

(4)

Communist Countries

297

(1)

France

297

(1)

Germany

298

(1)

Great Britain

299

(1)

Characteristics of Bureaucracies

300

(1)

Bureaucracy in Modern Governments

301

(5)

Administration

301

(3)

Services

304

(1)

Regulation

304

(1)

Licensing

305

(1)

Information Gathering

306

(1)

The Trouble with Bureaucracy

306

(3)

Administrator or Policymaker?

307

(1)

Adjudication

307

(1)

Discretionary Implementation

308

(1)

Rule Making

308

(1)

Advisory Roles

308

(1)

What to Do with Bureaucracy?

309

(3)

Ombudsmen

310

(1)

Legislative Checks

310

(1)

Cutting

310

(1)

Decentralization

311

(1)

Politicize the Bureaucracy

311

(1)

Bureaucracy and Society

312

(1)

Key Terms

313

(1)

Key Web Sites

313

(1)

Further Reference

313

(2)

Legal Systems and the Courts

315

(19)

Types of Law

316

(4)

Criminal Law

316

(1)

Civil Law

317

(1)

Constitutional Law

317

(1)

Administrative Law

317

(1)

International Law

318

(2)

The Courts, the Bench, and the Bar

320

(4)

The U.S. Court System

320

(1)

Judges

321

(1)

Comparing Courts

322

(1)

The British Court System

323

(1)

The European Court System

323

(1)

The Role of the Courts

324

(7)

The U.S. Supreme Court

325

(2)

The Supreme Court's Political Role

327

(1)

The Views of Judges

327

(1)

The Political Impact of the Court

328

(3)

Key Terms

331

(1)

Key Web Sites

332

(1)

Further Reference

332

(2)

Part V What Political Systems Do

Political Economy

334

(21)

Government and the Economy

335

(10)

Inflation

337

(1)

Tax Hike

337

(1)

Balance of Payments

337

(3)

Gold Standard

340

(1)

Wage-Price Freeze

340

(1)

Oil Shocks

340

(1)

Stagflation

341

(1)

Interest Rates

341

(1)

Tax Cut

342

(1)

Budget Deficits

343

(1)

Trade Deficits

344

(1)

Budget Balancing

344

(1)

Who Is Entitled to What?

345

(6)

The Costs of Welfare

348

(3)

How Big Should Government Be?

351

(2)

Key Terms

353

(1)

Key Web Sites

353

(1)

Further Reference

354

(1)

Violence and Revolution

355

(20)

System Breakdown

356

(8)

Violence as a Symptom

356

(1)

Types of Violence

357

(5)

Change as a Cause of Violence

362

(2)

Revolutions

364

(4)

Intellectuals and Revolution

364

(2)

The Stages of Revolution

366

(2)

After the Revolution

368

(5)

The Waning of Revolution

370

(3)

Key Terms

373

(1)

Key Web Sites

374

(1)

Further Reference

374

(1)

International Relations

375

(18)

Power and National Interest

377

(2)

The Role of Elites

379

(4)

Keeping Peace

383

(3)

World Government

383

(1)

Collective Security

383

(1)

Functionalism

384

(1)

Third-Party Assistance

384

(1)

Diplomacy

385

(1)

Peacekeeping

385

(1)

The Cold War

386

(3)

Truman Doctrine

386

(1)

Marshall Plan

386

(1)

Containment

387

(1)

Deterrence

387

(2)

Beyond Sovereignty?

389

(2)

The United Nations

390

(1)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

390

(1)

Key Terms

391

(1)

Key Web Sites

391

(1)

Further Reference

392

(1)

The Global System

393

(19)

Historical Systems

394

(2)

The Nineteenth-Century Balance of Power System

395

(1)

The Interwar System

395

(1)

The Bipolar Cold War System

395

(1)

What System Is Emerging?

396

(8)

A Unipolar Model

396

(1)

A Counterweight Model

396

(1)

A Multipolar Model

397

(1)

A Stratified Model

398

(1)

A Zones-of-Chaos Model

398

(1)

A Globalized Model

398

(3)

A Resource-Wars Model

401

(1)

A ``Clash-of-Civilizations'' Model

401

(1)

A Proliferation Model

402

(2)

Foreign Policy: Involved or Isolated?

404

(6)

Cycles of U.S. Foreign Policy

405

(4)

The United States in a Dangerous World

409

(1)

Key Terms

410

(1)

Key Web Sites

411

(1)

Further Reference

411

(1)

Index

412

Political Science : An Introduction

9780131932913

0131932918

Summary

Table of Contents

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Political Science : An Introduction

9780131932913

0131932918

Summary

Table of Contents

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