9781568027593

Mark M. Lowenthal has twenty-seven years of experience as an intelligence official in the executive and legislative branches of government and in the private sector. He returned to government service in 2002, concurrently performing the duties of the assistant director of central intelligence for analysis and production, and serving as vice chairman of the National Intelligence Council for Evaluation. Dr. Lowenthal is also an adjunct professor at Columbia University

Figures and Boxes

ix

Preface

xi

Introduction-What? is ``Intelligence?''

1

(9)

Why Do We Have Intelligence Agencies?

2

(3)

What Is Intelligence About?

5

(5)

The Development of U.S. Intelligence

10

(15)

Major Themes

11

(6)

Major Historical Developments

17

(6)

A Final Note

23

(2)

The U.S. Intelligence Community

25

(16)

Alternative Ways of Looking at the Intelligence Community

26

(2)

The Many Different Intelligence Communities

28

(2)

Intelligence Community Relationships that Matter

30

(6)

The Intelligence Budget Process

36

(5)

The Intelligence Process-A Macro Look: Who Does What for Whom?

41

(13)

Requirements

42

(3)

Collection

45

(1)

Processing and Exploitation

45

(2)

Analysis and Production

47

(1)

Dissemination and Consumption

48

(2)

Feedback

50

(1)

Thinking About the Intelligence Process

51

(3)

Collection and the Collection Disciplines

54

(33)

Overarching Themes

54

(9)

The Collection Disciplines: Strengths and Weaknesses

63

(20)

Collection-Conclusion

83

(4)

Analysis

87

(26)

Major Themes

88

(10)

Analytical Issues

98

(9)

Intelligence Analysis: An Assessment

107

(6)

Counterintelligence

113

(11)

Internal Safeguards

114

(3)

External Indicators and Counterespionage

117

(1)

Problems in Counterintelligence

118

(6)

Covert Action

124

(15)

The Decision-making Process

125

(4)

The Range of Covert Actions

129

(2)

Issues in Covert Action

131

(5)

Assessing Covert Action

136

(3)

The Role of the Policymaker

139

(14)

The Nature of the National Security Policy Process in the U.S. Government

139

(3)

Who Wants What?

142

(1)

The Intelligence Process: Policy and Intelligence

143

(10)

Oversight and Accountability

153

(22)

Executive Oversight Issues

153

(2)

Congressional Oversight

155

(6)

Issues in Congressional Oversight

161

(6)

Internal Dynamics of Congressional Oversight of Intelligence

167

(5)

Conclusion

172

(3)

The Legacy of the Cold War

175

(11)

The Primacy of the Soviet Issue

175

(2)

The Emphasis on Soviet Military Capabilities

177

(3)

The Emphasis on Statistical Intelligence

180

(1)

The Intelligence Record-Collapse of the Soviet Union

181

(1)

Conclusion-Intelligence and the Soviet Problem

182

(4)

The New Intelligence Agenda

186

(20)

U.S. National Security Policy after the Cold War

186

(4)

Intelligence and the New Priorities

190

(13)

Conclusion

203

(3)

Ethical and Moral Issues in Intelligence

206

(17)

General Moral Questions

206

(5)

Issues Related to Collection and Covert Action

211

(4)

Analysis-related Issues

215

(4)

Oversight-related Issues

219

(2)

The Media

221

(1)

Conclusion

221

(2)

Intelligence Reform

223

(11)

The Purpose of Reform

223

(2)

Issues in Intelligence Reform

225

(7)

Conclusion

232

(2)

Foreign Intelligence Services

234

(13)

Britain

234

(3)

China

237

(1)

France

238

(2)

Israel

240

(2)

Russia

242

(2)

Conclusion

244

(3)

Appendix 1 Additional Bibliographic Citations and Web Sites

247

(4)

Appendix 2 Major Intelligence Reviews of Proposals

251

(4)

Author Index

255

(2)

Subject Index

257

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Intelligence

Intelligence

1568027591

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials