9781933116020

Mark M. Lowenthal has more than twenty-three years' experience in the executive and legislative branches of government as an intelligence official. He currently is an adjunct professor in the graduate programs at Columbia University and George Washington University and is a senior principal in the Intelligence Directorate of SRA International, Inc., where he is involved in a variety of projects in support of the U.S. intelligence community.

Tables, Figures, and Boxes

ix

Preface

xi

Acronyms

xiv

Chapter 1 WHAT IS "INTELLIGENCE"?

1

(10)

Why Have Intelligence Agencies?

2

(3)

What Is Intelligence About?

5

(4)

Key Terms

9

(1)

Further Readings

9

(2)

Chapter 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. INTELLIGENCE

11

(19)

Major Themes

12

(7)

Major Historical Developments

19

(9)

Key Terms

28

(1)

Further Readings

29

(1)

Chapter 3 THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

30

(24)

Alternative Ways of Looking at the Intelligence Community

33

(1)

The Many Different Intelligence Communities

34

(4)

Intelligence Community Relationships That Matter

38

(10)

The Intelligence Budget Process

48

(4)

Key Terms

52

(1)

Further Readings

52

(2)

Chapter 4 THE INTELLIGENCE PROCESS—A MACRO LOOK: WHO DOES WHAT FOR WHOM?

54

(14)

Requirements

55

(4)

Collection

59

(1)

Processing and Exploitation

60

(1)

Analysis and Production

61

(1)

Dissemination and Consumption

62

(2)

Feedback

64

(1)

Thinking about the Intelligence Process

65

(2)

Key Terms

67

(1)

Further Readings

67

(1)

Chapter 5 COLLECTION AND THE COLLECTION DISCIPLINES

68

(41)

Overarching Themes

68

(11)

Strengths and Weaknesses

79

(25)

Conclusion

104

(2)

Key Terms

106

(1)

Further Readings

106

(3)

Chapter 6 ANALYSIS

109

(36)

Major Themes

110

(14)

Analytical Issues

124

(15)

Intelligence Analysis: An Assessment

139

(3)

Key Terms

142

(1)

Further Readings

142

(3)

Chapter 7 COUNTERINTELLIGENCE

145

(12)

Internal Safeguards

146

(3)

External Indicators and Counterespionage

149

(1)

Problems in Counterintelligence

150

(5)

Key Terms

155

(1)

Further Readings

155

(2)

Chapter 8 COVERT ACTION

157

(17)

The Decision-making Process

158

(4)

The Range of Covert Actions

162

(3)

Issues in Covert Action

165

(6)

Assessing Covert Action

171

(1)

Key Terms

172

(1)

Further Readings

172

(2)

Chapter 9 THE ROLE OF THE POLICY MAKER

174

(17)

The U.S. National Security Policy Process

174

(3)

Who Wants What?

177

(3)

The Intelligence Process: Policy and Intelligence

180

(9)

Further Readings

189

(2)

Chapter 10 OVERSIGHT AND ACCOUNTABILITY

191

(29)

Executive Oversight Issues

191

(4)

Congressional Oversight

195

(8)

Issues in Congressional Oversight

203

(7)

Internal Dynamics of Congressional Oversight

210

(7)

Conclusion

217

(1)

Key Terms

218

(1)

Further Readings

218

(2)

Chapter 11 THE LEGACY OF THE COLD WAR

220

(12)

The Primacy of the Soviet Issue

220

(2)

The Emphasis on Soviet Military Capabilities

222

(3)

The Emphasis on Statistical Intelligence

225

(1)

Collapse of the Soviet Union

226

(2)

Intelligence and the Soviet Problem

228

(2)

Key Terms

230

(1)

Further Readings

230

(2)

Chapter 12 THE NEW INTELLIGENCE AGENDA

232

(23)

U.S. National Security Policy after the Cold War

232

(4)

Intelligence and the New Priorities

236

(16)

Conclusion

252

(1)

Key Terms

253

(1)

Further Readings

253

(2)

Chapter 13 ETHICAL AND MORAL ISSUES IN INTELLIGENCE

255

(19)

General Moral Questions

255

(5)

Issues Related to Collection and Covert Action

260

(6)

Analysis-Related Issues

266

(4)

Oversight-Related Issues

270

(2)

The Media

272

(1)

Conclusion

273

(1)

Further Readings

273

(1)

Chapter 14 INTELLIGENCE REFORM

274

(16)

The Purpose of Reform

274

(2)

Issues in Intelligence Reform

276

(11)

Conclusion

287

(1)

Further Readings

288

(2)

Chapter 15 FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES

290

(16)

Britain

290

(4)

China

294

(2)

France

296

(2)

Israel

298

(2)

Russia

300

(3)

Conclusion

303

(1)

Further Readings

304

(2)

Appendix 1 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS AND WEB SITES

306

(4)

Appendix 2 MAJOR INTELLIGENCE REVIEWS OR PROPOSALS

310

(4)

Author Index

314

(2)

Subject Index

316

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Intelligence

Intelligence

1933116021

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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