Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science

ISBN 13:
9780130912886
ISBN 10:
0130912883
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Newer Edition

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

This dynamic book presents crime detection as a fascinating field relying heavily on the past experiences of investigators as well as recent practical and technological innovations. It explores the many external variables that can influence the investigator's success and the specific methods of crime detection and prosecution of law available in today's field. The Preliminary Investigation. Documenting the Crime Scene. Search and Seizure. Identification of Criminal Suspects. The Criminal Intelligence Function. Making an Arrest. Interview and Interrogation. Development and Management of Information. Wrongful Death. Robbery. Assault and Related Offenses. Sex Offenses. Child Abuse and Neglect. Burglary. Larceny<45>Theft. Motor Vehicle Theft. Arson and Bombings. Drug Offenses. White<45>Collar Crime. Preparation for Court. For anyone interested in criminal investigation.

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

About the Author

xxi

PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Criminal Investigation: An Overview

(20)

Introduction

(1)

The Romance and Reality of Crime Solving

(2)

Criminal Investigation and Our English Heritage

(3)

The Bow Street Runners

(1)

The London Metropolitan Police

(1)

The Creation of Scotland Yard

(1)

Criminal Investigation in America

(3)

The Pinkerton National Detective Agency

(1)

Prohibition

(1)

The Creation of the FBI

(1)

The Increase of Science in Crime Detection

(1)

Criminal Investigation Research

(3)

The RAND Corporation Study

(2)

The PERF Study

(1)

The Objectives of Criminal Investigation

(1)

The Emergence of the Police Specialist

(1)

Types of Investigations

(1)

Modes of Investigation

(1)

The Role of the Criminal Investigator

(3)

Characteristics of the Investigator

(1)

Gathering Information

(1)

Field Operations

(1)

Arrests

(1)

Patrol Investigations

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Class Project

(1)

The Preliminary Investigation

(17)

Introduction

(1)

Performing the Preliminary Investigation

(1)

The Role of Evidence at the Crime Scene

(2)

Types of Evidence

(1)

The First Officer's Responsibilities

(5)

Arrival at the Scene

(1)

Identification and Separation of Witnesses

(1)

Determining the Size of the Crime Scene

(1)

Entry into the Crime Scene

(1)

When a Suspect is Still on the Scene

(1)

Broadcasting a Flash Description

(1)

Managing Emergency Situations

(1)

Securing the Scene

(1)

Handling Special Situations at the Scene

(3)

Dead Body

(1)

Hanging Victim

(1)

Firearms

(1)

The Illicit Drug Laboratory

(2)

Contacting the Medical Examiner

(1)

Conducting a Neighborhood Canvass

(1)

Performing the Follow-Up Investigation

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Class Project

(1)

PART 2 THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS

Documenting the Crime Scene

(29)

Introduction

(1)

Field Notes and Reports

(5)

The Role of Field Notes

(2)

When to Take Notes

(1)

What to Write Down

(2)

Developing a Note-Taking System

(1)

Field Interview Cards

(1)

Putting Field Notes to Work

(1)

Storage of Field Notes

(1)

Using a Tape Recorder

(1)

Using Field Notes in the Courtroom

(1)

Writing the Official Police Report

(3)

Factuality

(1)

Thoroughness

(1)

Getting to the Point

(1)

Word Choice

(1)

The Structure of the Report

(3)

The Initial Complaint

(2)

Supplemental Reports

(1)

Photographing the Crime Scene

(4)

What to Photograph

(2)

Other Hints

(2)

Admissibility of Photographic Evidence

(2)

Identification of Photographs

(1)

Surveillance Photographs

(1)

Videotaping the Crime Scene

(1)

The Crime Scene Sketch

(5)

Reasons to Sketch

(1)

Putting it Together

(1)

Measurement

(1)

Rough and Finished Sketches

(1)

Choosing the Best Method

(2)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Class Project

(1)

Search and Seizure

(41)

Introduction

(1)

Due Process and the Constitution

(1)

Legal Guidelines for Searches

(3)

The Probable Cause Requirement

(1)

The Exclusionary Rule

(1)

The Fruit of the Poisoned Tree Doctrine

(1)

Search Incident to Lawful Arrest

(1)

Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule

(3)

The Good Faith Exception

(1)

The Inevitable Discovery Doctrine

(1)

The Computer Errors Exception

(1)

Searches with a Warrant

(6)

Advantages of Searching with a Search Warrant

(1)

Structuring the Warrant

(1)

The Affidavit

(2)

The Search Warrant

(1)

The Search Warrant Return

(1)

Execution of the Warrant

(3)

Warrantless Searches

(12)

Search by Consent

(3)

Emergency Searches

(3)

Searches Incident to Arrest

(1)

Stop-and-Frisk Searches

(1)

Plain-View Searches

(2)

Automobile Searches

(2)

Open-Field Searches

(1)

Beginning the Search

(2)

Search Patterns

(2)

Searching the Scene

(1)

Rules for Collecting Evidence

(1)

Gathering and Preserving Evidence

(3)

The Chain of Custody

(1)

Marking the Evidence

(1)

Special Cases in Evidence Handling

(7)

Infected Evidence

(3)

Firearms

102

(1)

Bullets, Cartridges, and Empty Cases

103

(1)

Stains

103

(1)

Glass

103

(1)

Impressions

104

(1)

Drugs

105

(1)

Plant Material

105

(1)

Powdered Material

105

(1)

Liquid Material

105

(1)

Tablets or Capsules

106

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

106

(1)

Important Cases to Remember

106

(1)

Discussion Questions

107

(1)

Class Project

107

(1)

Identification of Criminal Suspects

108

(38)

Introduction

109

(1)

The Role of the Crime Laboratory

109

(1)

Specialized Laboratory Equipment

110

(1)

Fingerprinting

111

(1)

The History of Fingerprinting

111

(7)

Types of Prints

114

(1)

Types of Patterns

114

(3)

Searching for Prints

117

(1)

Developing Latent Fingerprints

118

(8)

Powders

118

(1)

Iodine

119

(1)

Ninhydrin

120

(1)

Silver Nitrate Solution

121

(1)

Superglue Fuming

121

(2)

Lasers

123

(1)

Preservation of Fingerprints

124

(1)

Prints from Gloves

125

(1)

Computerized Fingerprints: The AFIS System

126

(1)

How AFIS Works

126

(1)

The Genetic Fingerprint: DNA

126

(5)

What is DNA?

127

(1)

DNA's History

128

(3)

Analyzing DNA

131

(5)

Admissibility of DNA as Evidence

133

(2)

Other Uses of DNA

135

(1)

Handwriting Analysis

136

(3)

Collection of Exemplars

137

(1)

The Writing Medium

138

(1)

The Writing Area

139

(1)

Criminal Composites

139

(1)

Personality Profiling

140

(2)

Police Lineups

142

(2)

The Photo Lineup

143

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

144

(1)

Discussion Questions

144

(1)

Class Project

144

(2)

The Criminal Intelligence Function

146

(15)

Introduction

147

(1)

Overt and Covert Intelligence Collection

147

(1)

Criminal Intelligence and Criminal Investigation

147

(3)

Defining Criminal Intelligence

148

(2)

Types of Intelligence

150

(1)

Procedures for Intelligence Gathering

150

(4)

Target Selection

150

(2)

Data Collection

152

(1)

Data Collation and Analysis

153

(1)

Dissemination

153

(1)

Analyzing the Information

154

(4)

Link Analysis

154

(2)

Flowcharting

156

(2)

The RISS Projects

158

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

159

(1)

Discussion Questions

159

(1)

Class Project

160

(1)

Making an Arrest

161

(18)

Introduction

162

(1)

Defining Arrest

162

(4)

What Is an Arrest?

162

(1)

The Legal Arrest

162

(2)

Detention versus Arrest

164

(1)

Investigatory Stops

165

(1)

When Is a Person under Arrest?

166

(2)

Use of Force

168

(6)

Defining Use of Force

171

(1)

Understanding Reasonableness

172

(1)

Levels of Force

172

(2)

Deadly Force

174

(2)

The Fleeing-Felon Rule

174

(1)

The Deadly Force Triangle

175

(1)

Off-Duty Arrests

176

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

177

(1)

Discussion Questions

177

(1)

Class Project

177

(2)

Interviews and Interrogations

179

(30)

Introduction

180

(1)

Interview versus Interrogation

180

(1)

The Interview Process

181

(4)

Interviewing Witnesses, Citizens, and Victims

181

(3)

Interviewing Confidential Informants

184

(1)

The Suspect Interrogation Process

185

(1)

Goals of the Interrogation

185

(1)

Legal Requirements of the Interrogation

185

(1)

Safeguarding against Police Misconduct

186

(5)

Coercion and Duress

186

(1)

Unreasonable Delay in Arraignments

186

(1)

The Suspect's Right to Legal Counsel

187

(4)

Preparation for the Interrogation

191

(1)

The Interrogation Setting

191

(1)

The Interrogation Procedure

192

(4)

Interrogation Styles

192

(2)

Verbal Symptoms of Deception

194

(2)

Why Suspects Cooperate and Confess

196

(1)

Searching for Information

197

(1)

Closing the Communication Gap

197

(1)

Admissions versus Confessions

197

(1)

Written Statements

197

(2)

Structuring the Written Statement

199

(1)

Tape-Recorded Statements

199

(2)

The Recording Procedure

199

(2)

Videotaped Confessions

201

(1)

Recap Bias

201

(1)

Framing the Tapes

202

(1)

Use of the Polygraph

202

(4)

Accuracy of the Polygraph

203

(1)

Administration of the Polygraph Exam

204

(2)

Admissibility of Polygraph Results

206

(1)

Voice Stress Analyzer

206

(1)

Do You Recognize These Terms?

207

(1)

Discussion Questions

207

(1)

Class Project

208

(1)

Development and Management of Informants

209

(14)

Introduction

210

(2)

Who Are Informants?

212

(2)

Utilizing the Informant

213

(1)

Informant Motivations

214

(2)

Documenting Your Source

216

(2)

Maintaining Control of the Informant

218

(1)

Protecting the Informant's Identity

218

(1)

Legal Considerations

219

(1)

Federal Protection of the Informant

220

(1)

Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science

9780130912886

0130912883

Summary

Table of Contents

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Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science

9780130912886

0130912883

Summary

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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