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Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

by: Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

by: Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June

ISBN 13:
9780321412904
ISBN 10:
0321412907
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2007
Publisher: Longman
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Summary

The market-leading guide to arguments, Writing Arguments has proven highly successful in teaching readers to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own. Teaches readers to write better arguments. How to write arguments; how to do research for arguments. Anyone interested in writing better arguments.

Color Plates

xxi

Preface

xxii

Acknowledgments

xxxi

Part One Overview of Argument

(72)

Argument: An Introduction

(19)

What Do We Mean by Argument?

(2)

Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel

(1)

Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate

(1)

Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit

(1)

Wilfred Owen, ``Dulce et Decorum Est''

(2)

The Defining Features of Argument

(6)

Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims

(3)

Argument Is Both a Process and a Product

(1)

Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion

(3)

Argument and the Problem of Truth

(3)

A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee

(1)

Gordon Adams (student), ``Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement''

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

Reading Arguments

(28)

Why Reading Arguments Is Important for Writers

(1)

Strategy 1: Reading as a Believer

(2)

Lisa Turner, ``Playing with Our Food''

(7)

Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe

(3)

Suspending Doubt: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer's Views

(1)

Strategy 2: Reading as a Doubter

(2)

Strategy 3: Exploring How Rhetorical Context and Genre Shape the Argument

(4)

Understanding the Genres of Argument

(3)

Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre

(1)

Strategy 4: Seeking Out Alternative Views and Analyzing Sources of Disagreement

(3)

Disagreement about Facts or Their Relevance

(1)

Disagreement about Values, Beliefs, or Assumptions

(2)

Council for Biotechnology Information, ``Why Biotech Labeling Can Confuse Consumers''

(3)

Writing an Analysis of a Disagreement

(1)

``An Analysis of the Sources of Disagreement between Lisa Turner and the Council for Biotechnology Information''

(2)

Strategy 5: Using Disagreement Productively to Prompt Further Investigation

(3)

Accepting Ambiguity and Uncertainty

(1)

Seeking Sources of Facts and More Complete Versions of Alternative Views

(1)

Determining What Values Are at Stake for You and Articulating Your Own Values

(1)

Considering Ways to Synthesize Alternative Views

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Writing Arguments

(23)

Who Writes Arguments and Why?

(3)

Tips for Improving Your Writing Process

(3)

Starting Point, Exploration, and Research

(1)

Writing a First Draft

(1)

Revising through Multiple Drafts

(1)

Editing for Style, Impact, and Correctness

(1)

Using Exploratory Writing to Discover Ideas and Deepen Thinking

(7)

Freewriting or Blind Writing

(1)

Idea Mapping

(1)

Playing the Believing and Doubting Game

(2)

Brainstorming for Pro and Con Because Clauses

(1)

Brainstorming a Network of Related Issues

(1)

Shaping Your Argument: Classical Argument as a Planning Tool

(4)

The Structure of Classical Argument

(3)

An Illustration of Classical Argument as a Planning Guide

(1)

Discovering Ideas: Two Sets of Exploratory Writing Tasks

(4)

Set 1: Starting Points

(2)

Set 2: Exploration and Rehearsal

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 1--3

(2)

Part Two Principles of Argument

(120)

The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons

(12)

An Introduction to the Classical Appeals

(1)

Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument

(3)

Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question

(2)

Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument

(2)

Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics

(1)

Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions

(2)

Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons

(3)

What Is a Reason?

(1)

Advantages of Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses

(2)

Application of This Chapter's Principles to Your Own Writing

(1)

Application of This Chapter's Principles to the Reading of Arguments

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

The Logical Structure of Arguments

(22)

An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the ``Logical Structure'' of an Argument?

(4)

Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System

(6)

Using Toulmin's Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support

(5)

The Power of Audience-Based Reasons

102

(6)

Difference between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons

102

(3)

Finding Audience-Based Reasons: Asking Questions about Your Audience

105

(3)

Conclusion

108

(1)

Using Evidence Effectively

109

(20)

General Principles for the Persuasive Use of Evidence

109

(2)

Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence

110

(1)

Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts

111

(1)

Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence

111

(11)

Kinds of Evidence

111

(5)

Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence

116

(2)

Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence

118

(2)

Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence

120

(2)

Gathering Evidence

122

(2)

Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence

122

(1)

Gathering Data from Interviews

122

(1)

Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires

123

(1)

Conclusion

124

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapters 4--6

124

(2)

David Langley (student), `` 'Half-Criminals' or Urban Athletes? A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders''

126

(3)

Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos

129

(12)

Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview

129

(2)

How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility

131

(1)

Be Knowledgeable about Your Issue

131

(1)

Be Fair

131

(1)

Build a Bridge to Your Audience

132

(1)

How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Belief and Emotions

132

(4)

Use Concrete Language

133

(1)

Use Specific Examples and Illustrations

134

(1)

Use Narratives

134

(1)

Choose Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations

135

(1)

Using Images for Emotional Appeal

136

(2)

Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments

138

(2)

Conclusion

140

(1)

Accommodating Your Audience: Treating Differing Views

141

(20)

One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments

141

(1)

Determining Your Audience's Resistance to Your Views

142

(3)

Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument

145

(1)

Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument

145

(5)

Summarizing Opposing Views

145

(2)

Refuting Opposing Views

147

(1)

Strategies for Rebutting Evidence

148

(1)

Conceding to Opposing Views

149

(1)

Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy

150

(1)

Marybeth Hamilton (student), From ``First Place: A Healing School for Homeless Children''

150

(2)

Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument

152

(1)

Delayed-Thesis Argument

153

(1)

Ellen Goodman, ``Minneapolis Pornography Ordinance''

153

(4)

Rogerian Argument

156

(1)

Rebekah Taylor (student), ``A Letter to Jim''

157

(2)

Conclusion

159

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapters 7 and 8

159

(2)

Conducting Visual Arguments

161

(32)

Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument

162

(4)

Use of Type

163

(1)

Use of Space or Layout

164

(1)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements

165

(1)

Drug Enforcement Administration, ``A Single Hit of Ecstasy . . .'' (advocacy advertisement)

166

(1)

Common Sense for Drug Policy, ``What We Know About Ecstasy'' (advocacy advertisement)

167

(3)

Use of Color

168

(1)

Use of Images and Graphics

168

(1)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components

169

(1)

The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings

170

(6)

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images

172

(4)

The Genres of Visual Argument

176

(2)

Posters and Fliers

176

(1)

Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements

177

(1)

The Pro-Choice Public Education Project, ``When Your Right . . .'' (advocacy advertisement)

178

(4)

Cartoons

180

(1)

Web Pages

181

(1)

Constructing Your Own Visual Argument

182

(2)

Leah Johnson (student), ``Drink and Then Drive? Jeopardize My Future?'' (poster)

184

(1)

Using Information Graphics in Arguments

185

(4)

How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories

185

(2)

Using a Graph to Tell a Story

187

(1)

Bar Graphs

187

(1)

Pie Charts

188

(1)

Line Graphs

188

(1)

Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument

189

(3)

Designing the Graphic

190

(1)

Numbering, Labeling, and Titling the Graphic

190

(1)

Referencing the Graphic in Your Text

191

(1)

Conclusion

192

(1)

Writing Assignments for Chapter 9

192

(1)

Part Three Arguments in Depth: Six Types of Claims

193

(164)

An Introduction to the Types of Claims

195

(13)

An Overview of the Types of Claims

195

(5)

Type 1: Simple Categorical Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where You and Your Audience Agree on the Meaning of Y)

196

(1)

Type 2: Definitional Arguments (Is X a Y?, Where the Definition of Y Is Contested)

197

(1)

Type 3: Cause/Consequence Arguments (Does X Cause Y? Is Y a Consequence of X?)

197

(1)

Type 4: Resemblance Arguments (Is X Like Y?)

198

(1)

Type 5: Evaluation Arguments (Is X Good or Bad? Is X a Good or Bad Y?)

198

(1)

Type 6: Proposal Arguments (Should We Do X?)

199

(1)

How Knowledge of Claim Types Will Help You Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas

200

(3)

Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments

203

(2)

Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments

204

(1)

An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument

204

(1)

Aaron Friedman, ``All That Noise for Nothing''

205

(3)

Categorical and Definitional Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Y

208

(34)

An Overview of Categorical Arguments

209

(1)

Simple Categorical Arguments

210

(4)

Difference between Facts and Simple Categorical Claims

210

(1)

Variations in the Wording of Simple Categorical Claims

211

(1)

Supporting Simple Categorical Claims: Supply Examples

212

(1)

Refuting Simple Categorical Claims

213

(1)

An Overview of Definitional Arguments

214

(1)

The Criteria-Match Structure of Definitional Arguments

214

(3)

Conceptual Problems of Definition

217

(2)

Why Can't We Just Look in the Dictionary?

217

(1)

Definitions and the Rule of Justice: At What Point Does X Quit Being a Y?

217

(2)

Kinds of Definitions

219

(3)

Aristotelian Definition

219

(2)

Effect of Context and Authorial Purpose on Aristotelian Definitions

221

(1)

Operational Definitions

222

(1)

Strategies for Defining the Contested Term in a Definitional Argument

222

(4)

Reportive Approach: Research How Others Have Used the Term

223

(1)

Stipulative Approach: Create Your Own Definition

224

(2)

Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument

226

(1)

Writing a Definitional Argument

227

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 11

227

(3)

Exploring Ideas

227

(1)

Organizing a Definitional Argument

228

(1)

Revising Your Draft

229

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument

230

(1)

Questioning the Criteria

230

(1)

Questioning the Match

231

(1)

Readings

231

(1)

``Low-Carb Diets Unhealthy Trend''

231

(3)

Critiquing ``Low-Carb Diets Unhealthy Trend''

233

(1)

Kathy Sullivan (student), ``Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board''

234

(2)

Critiquing ``Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board''

236

(1)

Charles Krauthammer, ``This Isn't a 'Legal' Matter, This Is War''

236

(3)

Critiquing ``This Isn't a 'Legal' Matter, This Is War''

238

(1)

Eugene Volokh, ``You Can Blog, But You Can't Hide''

239

(3)

Critiquing ``You Can Blog, But You Can't Hide''

241

(1)

Causal Arguments: X Causes (Does Not Cause) Y

242

(28)

An Overview of Causal Arguments

243

(1)

The Nature of Causal Arguing

244

(1)

Describing a Causal Argument in Toulmin Terms

245

(2)

Three Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another

247

(6)

First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly

247

(2)

Second Method: Use Various Inductive Methods to Establish a High Probability of a Causal Link

249

(3)

Third Method: Argue by Analogy or Precedent

252

(1)

Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments

253

(2)

Writing Your Causal Argument

255

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 12

255

(3)

Exploring Ideas

255

(2)

Organizing a Causal Argument

257

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument

258

(1)

Readings

259

(1)

Daeha Ko (student), ``The Monster That Is High School''

259

(3)

Critiquing ``The Monster That Is High School''

261

(1)

United Way, ``Kids Who Do Not Participate . . .'' (advocacy advertisement)

262

(1)

Critiquing the United Way Advocacy Ad

262

(1)

Olivia Judson, ``Different but (Probably) Equal''

263

(3)

Critiquing ``Different but (Probably) Equal''

265

(1)

Carlos Macias (student), `` 'The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!'---The Credit Card Industry's Role in Causing Student Debt''

266

(4)

Critiquing ``The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!''

269

(1)

Resemblance Arguments: X Is (Is Not) Like Y

270

(19)

An Overview of Resemblance Arguments

271

(2)

Arguments by Analogy

273

(3)

Using Undeveloped Analogies

273

(1)

Using Extended Analogies

274

(2)

Arguments by Precedent

276

(2)

Writing a Resemblance Argument

278

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 13

278

(1)

Exploring Ideas

279

(1)

Organizing a Resemblance Argument

279

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Resemblance Argument

279

(1)

Readings

280

(1)

Megan Matthews (student), ``Whales Need Silence''

280

(1)

Critiquing ``Whales Need Silence''

281

(1)

Matthew Miller, ``It Shouldn't Take a Disaster to Help America's Blameless''

281

(3)

Critiquing ``It Shouldn't Take a Disaster to Help America's Blameless''

283

(1)

Sven Van Assche, ``Knock! Knock!'' (political cartoon)

284

(1)

Critiquing the Internet Chat Room Cartoon

284

(1)

Susan Brownmiller, From Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape

285

(4)

Critiquing the Passage from Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape

288

(1)

Evaluation and Ethical Arguments: X Is (Is Not) a Good Y; X Is Right (Wrong)

289

(31)

An Overview of Evaluation Arguments

289

(1)

Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations

290

(2)

Conducting a Categorical Evaluation Argument

292

(4)

Determining Criteria for a Categorical Evaluation Argument

292

(2)

Determining Whether X Meets the Criteria

294

(2)

An Overview of Ethical Arguments

296

(1)

Two Major Ethical Systems

297

(1)

Consequences as the Base of Ethics

297

(1)

Principles as the Base of Ethics

298

(1)

Conducting an Ethical Argument

298

(3)

Constructing a Principles-Based Argument

299

(1)

Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument

299

(2)

Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments

301

(1)

Writing an Evaluation Argument

302

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 14

302

(3)

Exploring Ideas

303

(1)

Organizing an Evaluation Argument

303

(1)

Revising Your Draft

304

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing an Evaluation Argument

305

(3)

Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument

305

(1)

Critiquing an Ethical Argument

306

(2)

Readings

308

(1)

Sam Isaacson (student), ``Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?''

308

(3)

Critiquing ``Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?''

310

(1)

Tiffany Anderson (student), ``A Woman's View of Hip-Hop''

311

(3)

Critiquing ``A Woman's View of Hip-Hop''

314

(1)

Mike Luckovich, ``The Military's Raising Enlistment Age'' (political cartoon)

314

(1)

Critiquing the Military Recruitment Cartoon

315

(1)

Geoffrey Johnson, ``Marking Earth Day Inc.''

315

(2)

Critiquing ``Marking Earth Day Inc.''

317

(1)

David Holcberg, ``Human Organs for Sale?''

317

(3)

Critiquing ``Human Organs for Sale?''

319

(1)

Proposal Arguments: We Should (Should Not) Do X

320

(37)

An Overview of Proposal Arguments

321

(1)

The Structure of Proposal Arguments

322

(1)

Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments

322

(1)

The Need for Presence

322

(1)

The Need to Overcome People's Natural Conservatism

322

(1)

The Difficulty of Predicting Future Consequences

323

(1)

The Problem of Evaluating Consequences

323

(1)

Developing a Proposal Argument

323

(2)

Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists

323

(1)

Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal

324

(1)

The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted

325

(1)

Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements

325

(1)

Using the Claim-Type Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

326

(5)

Using the ``Stock Issues'' Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument

331

(2)

Writing a Proposal Argument

333

(1)

Writing Assignment for Chapter 15

333

(5)

Exploring Ideas

334

(1)

Organizing a Proposal Argument

335

(1)

Revising Your Draft

336

(2)

Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement

338

(1)

Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument

338

(1)

Readings

339

(1)

Laurel Wilson (student), ``A Proposal to Provide Tips for Hosts at Stone's End''

340

(4)

Critiquing ``A Proposal to Provide Tips for Hosts at Stone's End''

343

(1)

Mark Bonicillo (student), ``A Proposal for Universal Health Insurance in the United States'' (MLA-style research paper)

344

(7)

Critiquing ``A Proposal for Universal Health Insurance in the United States''

351

(1)

Center for Children's Health and the Environment, ``More Kids Are Getting Brain Cancer. Why?'' (advocacy advertisement)

351

(2)

Critiquing the Advocacy Ad from the Center for Children's Health and the Environment

352

(1)

Maia Szalavitz, ``Let a Thousand Licensed Poppies Bloom''

353

(4)

Critiquing ``Let a Thousand Licensed Poppies Bloom''

355

(2)

Part Four The Researched Argument

357

(69)

Finding and Evaluating Sources

359

(28)

Formulating a Research Question

360

(2)

Understanding Differences in the Kinds of Sources

362

(5)

Books versus Periodicals versus Web Sites

362

(1)

Scholarly Books versus Trade Books

362

(4)

Scholarly Journals versus Magazines

366

(1)

Print Sources versus Cyberspace Sources

367

(1)

Finding Books: Searching Your Library's Online Catalog

367

(1)

Finding Print Articles: Searching a Licensed Database

368

(2)

What Is a Licensed Database?

368

(1)

Keyword Searching

369

(1)

Illustration of a Database Search

369

(1)

Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web

370

(5)

The Logic of the Internet

371

(2)

Using Web Search Engines

373

(1)

Determining Where You Are on the Web

373

(2)

Reading Your Sources Rhetorically

375

(2)

Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind

375

(1)

Reading with Rhetorical Awareness

376

(1)

Taking Effective Notes

377

(1)

Evaluating Sources

378

(3)

Angle of Vision

378

(1)

Degree of Advocacy

379

(2)

Reliability

381

(1)

Credibility

381

(1)

Understanding the Rhetoric of Web Sites

381

(4)

The Web as a Unique Rhetorical Environment

381

(1)

Analyzing the Purpose of a Site and Your Own Research Purpose

381

(1)

Sorting Sites by Domain Type

382

(1)

Evaluating a Web Site

383

(2)

National Resources Defense Council, ``Spread of Active Sonar Threatens Whales'' (Web page)

385

(1)

Conclusion

386

(1)

Using, Citing, and Documenting Sources

387

(39)

Using Sources for Your Own Purposes

387

(3)

Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags

390

(1)

Using Attributive Tags to Separate Your Ideas from Your Source's

390

(1)

Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response

390

(1)

Working Sources into Your Own Prose

391

(4)

Summarizing

391

(1)

Paraphrasing

392

(1)

Quoting

392

(3)

Avoiding Plagiarism

395

(1)

Understanding Parenthetical Citation Systems with Bibliographies

396

(1)

Understanding MLA Style

397

(12)

The MLA Method of In-Text Citation

397

(1)

MLA Format for the ``Works Cited'' List

398

(1)

MLA Citations

399

(9)

Formatting an Academic Paper in MLA Style

408

(1)

Student Example of an MLA-Style Research Paper

409

(1)

Understanding APA Style

409

(8)

APA Method of In-Text Citation

410

(1)

APA Format for the ``References'' List

411

(1)

APA Citations

411

(6)

Conclusion

417

(1)

Student Example of an APA-Style Research Paper

417

(1)

Megan Matthews (student), ``Sounding the Alarm: Navy Sonar and the Survival of Whales''

418

(8)

Appendixes

426

(25)

One Informal Fallacies

426

(9)

The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument

426

(1)

An Overview of Informal Fallacies

427

(1)

Fallacies of Pathos

428

(1)

Fallacies of Ethos

429

(1)

Fallacies of Logos

430

(5)

Two The Writing Community: Working in Groups

435

(16)

From Conflict to Consensus: How to Get the Most Out of the Writing Community

435

(1)

Avoiding Bad Habits of Group Behavior

436

(1)

The Value of Group Work for Writers

436

(1)

Forming Writing Communities: Skills and Roles

437

(1)

Working in Groups of Five to Seven People

437

(2)

Working in Pairs

439

(2)

Group Project: Holding a ``Norming Session'' to Define ``Good Argumentative Writing''

441

(2)

``Bloody Ice''

443

(1)

``RSS Should Not Provide Dorm Room Carpets''

444

(2)

``Sterling Hall Dorm Food''

446

(1)

``ROTC Courses Should Not Get College Credit''

446

(2)

``Legalization of Prostitution''

448

(1)

A Classroom Debate

449

(2)

Credits

451

(2)

Index

453

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Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

9780321412904

0321412907

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: KBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition

9780321412904

0321412907

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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