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Textbook of Medical Physiology

by: Guyton, Arthur C.

Textbook of Medical Physiology

by: Guyton, Arthur C.

ISBN 13:
9780721659442
ISBN 10:
0721659446
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 08/01/1995
Publisher: SAUNDERS W B CO
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Summary

University of Mississippi, Jackson. Ninth edition. Previous edition 1991. Major textbook for medical students. Color highlighting and halftone illustrations. DNLM: Physiology.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

(40)

Chapter 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the "Internal Environment"

(8)

CELLS AS THE LIVING UNITS OF THE BODY

(1)

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID--THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

(1)

"HOMEOSTATIC" MECHANISMS OF THE MAJOR FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS

(2)

Homeostasis

(1)

Extracellular Fluid Transport System--The Circulatory System

(1)

Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid

(1)

Removal of Metabolic End Products

(1)

Regulation of Body Functions

(1)

Reproduction

(1)

CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

(3)

Examples of Control Mechanisms

(1)

Characteristics of Control Systems

(2)

SUMMARY--AUTOMATICITY OF THE BODY

(2)

Chapter 2 The Cell and Its Function

(16)

ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL

(1)

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CELL

(6)

Membranous Structures of the Cell

(2)

Cytoplasm and Its Organelles

(3)

Nucleus

(1)

COMPARISON OF THE ANIMAL CELL WITH PRECELLULAR FORMS OF LIFE

(1)

FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELL

(8)

Ingestion by the Cell--Endocytosis

(1)

Digestion of Pinocytic and Phagocytic Foreign Substances in the Cell--Function of the Lysosomes

(1)

Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures by the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus

(2)

Extraction of Energy from Nutrients--Function of the Mitochondria

(1)

Ameboid Locomotion of Cells

(1)

Cilia and Ciliary Movements

(3)

Chapter 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction

(16)

The Genes

(1)

Genetic Code

(1)

THE DNA CODE IS TRANSFERRED TO AN RNA CODE -- THE PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION

(5)

Messenger RNA--The Codons

(1)

Transfer RNA--The Anticodons

(1)

Ribosomal RNA

(1)

Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes--The Process of Translation

(1)

SYNTHESIS OF OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE CELL

(1)

CONTROL OF GENETIC FUNCTION AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN CELLS

(2)

Genetic Regulation

(1)

Control of Intracellular Function by Enzyme Regulation

(1)

THE DNA-GENETIC SYSTEM ALSO CONTROLS CELL REPRODUCTION

(2)

Cell Reproduction Begins with Replication of the DNA

(1)

Chromosomes and Their Replication

(1)

Mitosis

(1)

Control of Cell Growth and Reproduction

(1)

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

(1)

CANCER

(5)

UNIT II MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY, NERVE, AND MUSCLE

(64)

Chapter 4 Transport of Ions and Molecules Through the Cell Membrane

(14)

DIFFUSION

(7)

Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane

(4)

Factors That Affect Net Rate of Diffusion

(1)

Osmosis Across Selectively Permeable Membranes--Net Diffusion of Water

(2)

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

(6)

Primary Active Transport

(2)

Secondary Active Transport -- Co-Transport and Counter-Transport

(1)

Active Transport Through Cellular Sheets

(3)

Chapter 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

(16)

BASIC PHYSICS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS

(2)

Membrane Potentials Caused by Diffusion

(1)

Measuring the Membrane Potential

(1)

The Cell Membrane as an Electrical Capacitor

(1)

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF NERVES

(2)

Origin of the Normal Resting Membrane Potential

(1)

NERVE ACTION POTENTIAL

(4)

Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Channels

(2)

Summary of the Events That Cause the Action Potential

(1)

Roles of Other lons During the Action Potential

(1)

Initiation of the Action Potential

(1)

PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL

(1)

RE-ESTABLISHING SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONIC GRADIENTS AFTER ACTION POTENTIALS--IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY METABOLISM

(1)

PLATEAU IN SOME ACTION POTENTIALS

(1)

RHYTHMICITY OF CERTAIN EXCITABLE TISSUES--REPETITIVE DISCHARGE

(1)

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN NERVE TRUNKS

(1)

Velocity of Conduction in Nerve Fibers

(1)

EXCITATION--THE PROCESS OF ELICITING THE ACTION POTENTIAL

(3)

Inhibition of Excitability--"Stabilizers" and Local Anesthetics

(1)

RECORDING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION POTENTIALS

(2)

Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

(14)

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

(1)

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

(1)

GENERAL MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

(2)

MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

(4)

Molecular Characteristics of the Contractile Filaments

(3)

Degree of Actin and Myosin Filament Overlap--Effect on Tension Developed by the Contracting Muscle

(1)

Relation of Velocity of Contraction to Load

(1)

ENERGETICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

(1)

CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION

(6)

Mechanics of Skeletal Muscle Contraction

(2)

Remodeling of Muscle to Match Function

(1)

Rigor Mortis

(3)

Chapter 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: A. Neuromuscular Transmission and B. Excitation-Contraction Coupling

(8)

TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSES FROM NERVES TO SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS: NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

(4)

MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL

(1)

EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING

(4)

Release of Calcium Ions by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

(3)

Chapter 8 Contraction and Excitation of Smooth Muscle

(12)

CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

(4)

Types of Smooth Muscle

(1)

Contractile Process in Smooth Muscle

(2)

Regulation of Contraction by Calcium lons

(1)

NEURAL AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION

(8)

Neuromuscular Junctions of Smooth Muscle

(1)

Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials in Smooth Muscle

(2)

Smooth Muscle Contraction Without Action Potentials--Effect of Local Tissue Factors and Hormones

101

(1)

Source of Calcium Ions that Cause Contraction: (1) Through the Cell Membrane and (2) From the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

102

(5)

UNIT III THE HEART

107

(54)

Chapter 9 Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump

107

(14)

PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

107

(3)

Physiologic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

107

(1)

Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle

108

(2)

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

110

(5)

Systole and Diastole

110

(1)

Relationship of the Electrocardiogram to the Cardiac Cycle

110

(1)

Function of the Atria as Primer Pumps

111

(1)

Function of the Ventricles as Pumps

111

(1)

Function of the Valves

112

(1)

The Aortic Pressure Curve

113

(1)

Relationship of the Heart Sounds to Heart Pumping

113

(1)

Work Output of the Heart

113

(2)

Chemical Energy for Cardiac Contraction: Oxygen Utilization by the Heart

115

(1)

REGULATION OF HEART PUMPING

115

(6)

Intrinsic Regulation of Heart Pumping--The Frank-Starling Mechanism

115

(1)

Control of the Heart by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves

116

(1)

Effect of Heart Rate on Function of the Heart as a Pump

117

(1)

Assessment of Cardiac Contractility

118

(1)

Effect of Potassium and Calcium lons on Heart Function

118

(1)

Effect of Temperature on the Heart

119

(2)

Chapter 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart

121

(8)

SPECIALIZED EXCITATORY AND CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE HEART

121

(4)

Sinus Node

121

(2)

Internodal Pathways and Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse Through the Atria

123

(1)

A-V Node, and Delay in Impulse Conduction from the Atria to the Ventricles

123

(1)

Transmission in the Purkinje System

124

(1)

Transmission of the Cardiac Impulse in the Ventricular Muscle

124

(1)

Summary of the Spread of the Cardiac Impulse Through the Heart

124

(1)

CONTROL OF EXCITATION AND CONDUCTION IN THE HEART

125

(4)

The Sinus Node as the Pacemaker of the Heart

125

(1)

Role of the Purkinje System in Causing Synchronous Contraction of the Ventricular Muscle

126

(1)

Control of Heart Rhythmicity and Conduction by the Cardiac Nerves: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves

126

(3)

Chapter 11 The Normal Electrocardiogram

129

(6)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

129

(2)

Depolarization Waves Versus Repolarization Waves

129

(1)

Relationship of Atrial and Ventricular Contraction to the Waves of the Electrocardiogram

130

(1)

Voltage and Time Calibration of the Electrocardiogram

130

(1)

METHODS FOR RECORDING ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS

131

(1)

Pen Recorder

131

(1)

FLOW OF CURRENT AROUND THE HEART DURING THE CARDIAC CYCLE

131

(1)

Recording Electrical Potentials from a Partially Depolarized Mass of Syncytial Cardiac Muscle

131

(1)

Flow of Electrical Currents in the Chest Around the Heart

132

(1)

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEADS

132

(3)

Three Bipolar Limb Leads

132

(1)

Chest Leads (Precordial Leads)

133

(1)

Augmented Unipolar Limb Leads

134

(1)

Chapter 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis

135

(14)

PRINCIPLES OF VECTORIAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS

135

(2)

Use of Vectors to Represent Electrical Potentials

135

(1)

Denoting the Direction of a Vector in Terms of Degrees

135

(1)

Axis of Each of the Standard Bipolar Leads and the Unipolar Limb Leads

135

(1)

Vectorial Analysis of Potentials Recorded in Different Leads

136

(1)

VECTORIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

137

(3)

Vectors That Occur During Depolarization of the Ventricles--The QRS Complex

137

(1)

The Electrocardiogram During Repolarization--The T Wave

138

(1)

Depolarization of the Atria--The P Wave

139

(1)

The Vectorcardiogram

139

(1)

THE MEAN ELECTRICAL AXIS OF THE VENTRICULAR QRS

140

(2)

Determining the Electrical Axis from Standard Lead Electrocardiograms

140

(1)

Abnormal Ventricular Conditions That Cause Axis Deviation

141

(1)

CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE ABNORMAL VOLTAGES OF THE QRS COMPLEX

142

(1)

Increased Voltage in the Standard Bipolar Limb Leads

142

(1)

Decreased Voltage of the Electrocardiogram

143

(1)

PROLONGED AND BIZARRE PATTERNS OF THE QRS COMPLEX

143

(1)

Prolonged QRS Complex as a Result of Cardiac Hypertrophy or Dilatation

143

(1)

Prolonged QRS Complex Resulting from Purkinje System Blocks

143

(1)

Conditions That Cause Bizarre QRS Complexes

143

(1)

CURRENT OF INJURY

144

(3)

Effect of Current of Injury on the QRS Complex

144

(1)

The J Point -- The Zero Reference Potential for Analyzing Current of Injury

144

(1)

Coronary Ischemia as a Cause of Current of Injury

145

(2)

ABNORMALITIES IN THE T WAVE

147

(2)

Effect of Slow Conduction of the Depolarization Wave on the T Wave

147

(1)

Prolonged Depolarization in Portions of the Ventricular Muscle as a Cause of Abnormalites in the Wave

147

(2)

Chapter 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation

149

(12)

ABNORMAL SINUS RHYTHMS

149

(1)

Tachycardia

149

(1)

Bradycardia

149

(1)

Sinus Arrhythmia

150

(1)

ABNORMAL RHYTHMS THAT RESULT FROM IMPULSE CONDUCTION BLOCK

150

(2)

Sinoatrial Block

150

(1)

Atrioventricular Block

150

(1)

Incomplete Intraventricular Block -- Electrical Alternans

151

(1)

PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS

152

(1)

Premature Atrial Contractions

152

(1)

A-V Nodal or A-V Bundle Premature Contractions

152

(1)

Premature Ventricular Contractions

152

(1)

PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA

153

(1)

Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia

153

(1)

Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia

153

(1)

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

154

(2)

Phenomenon of Re-entry--Circus Movements as the Basis for Ventricular Fibrillation

154

(2)

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

156

(1)

Atrial Flutter

157

(1)

CARDIAC ARREST

157

(4)

UNIT IV THE CIRCULATION

161

(136)

Chapter 14 Overview of the Circulation; Medical Physics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance

161

(10)

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULATION

161

(1)

BASIC THEORY OF CIRCULATORY FUNCTION

162

(1)

INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG PRESSURE, FLOW, AND RESISTANCE

163

(8)

Blood Flow

164

(1)

Blood Pressure

165

(1)

Resistance to Blood Flow

166

(3)

Effects of Pressure on Vascular Resistance and Tissue Blood Flow

169

(2)

Chapter 15 Vascular Distensibility, and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems

171

(12)

VASCULAR DISTENSIBILITY

171

(2)

Vascular Compliance (or Capacitance)

171

(1)

Volume-Pressure Curves of the Arterial and Venous Circulations

172

(1)

Delayed Compliance (Stress-Relaxation) of Vessels

172

(1)

ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSATIONS

173

(3)

Transmission of Pressure Pulses to the Peripheral Arteries

173

(1)

Clinical Methods for Measuring Systolic and Diastolic Pressures

174

(2)

VEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

176

(7)

Venous Pressures--Right Atrial Pressure (Central Venous Pressure) and Peripheral Venous Pressures

176

(3)

Blood Reservoir Function of the Veins

179

(4)

Chapter 16 The Microcirculation and the Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow

183

(16)

Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System

183

(1)

FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE CAPILLARIES--VASOMOTION

184

(1)

Average Function of the Capillary System

185

(1)

EXCHANGE OF NUTRIENTS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID

185

(1)

Diffusion Through the Capillary Membrane

185

(1)

THE INTERSTITIUM AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID

186

(1)

THE PROTEINS IN THE PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID MAINLY DETERMINE THE PLASMA AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID VOLUMES

187

(6)

Capillary Pressure

187

(1)

Interstitial Fluid Pressure

188

(2)

Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure

190

(1)

Interstitial Fluid Colloid Osmotic Pressure

191

(1)

Exchange of Fluid Volume Through the Capillary Membrane

191

(1)

Starling Equilibrium for Capillary Exchange

192

(1)

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

193

(6)

Lymph Channels of the Body

193

(1)

Formation of Lymph

193

(1)

Rate of Lymph Flow

194

(2)

Role of the Lymphatic System in Controlling Interstitial Fluid Protein Concentration, Interstitial Fluid Volume, and Interstitial Fluid Pressure

196

(3)

Chapter 17 Local Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues, and Humoral Regulation

199

(10)

LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW IN RESPONSE TO TISSUE NEED

199

(1)

MECHANISMS OF BLOOD FLOW CONTROL

200

(5)

Acute Control of Local Blood Flow

200

(4)

Long-Term Blood Flow Regulation

204

(1)

Development of Collateral Circulation -- A Phenomenon of Long-Term Local Blood Flow Regulation

205

(1)

HUMORAL REGULATION OF THE CIRCULATION

205

(4)

Chapter 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation, and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure

209

(12)

NERVOUS REGULATION OF THE CIRCULATION

209

(3)

Autonomic Nervous System

209

(3)

ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FOR RAPID CONTROL OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE

212

(5)

Increase in Arterial Pressure During Muscle Exercise and Other Types of Stress

213

(1)

Reflex Mechanisms for Maintaining Normal Arterial Pressure

213

(4)

Central Nervous System Ischemic Response -- Control of Arterial Pressure by the Brain's Vasomotor Center in Response to Diminished Brain Blood Flow

217

(1)

SPECIAL FEATURES OF NERVOUS CONTROL OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE

217

(4)

Role of the Skeletal Nerves and Skeletal Muscles in Increasing Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure

217

(1)

Respiratory Waves in the Arterial Pressure

218

(1)

Arterial Pressure "Vasomotor" Waves -- Oscillation of the Pressure Reflex Control Systems

218

(3)

Chapter 19 Dominant Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Pressure Control

221

(18)

RENAL-BODY FLUID SYSTEM FOR ARTERIAL PRESSURE CONTROL

221

(6)

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): This Is Often Caused by Excessive Extracellular Fluid Volume

225

(2)

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: ITS ROLE IN PRESSURE CONTROL AND HYPERTENSION

227

(7)

Types of Hypertension in Which Angiotensin Is Involved: Hypertension Caused by a Renin-Secreting Tumor or by Infusion of Angiotensin II

231

(1)

Other Types of Hypertension Caused by Combinations of Volume-Loading and Vasoconstriction

232

(1)

Essential Hypertension

233

(1)

SUMMARY OF THE INTERGRATED, MULTIFACETED SYSTEM FOR ARTERIAL PRESSURE REGULATION

234

(5)

Chapter 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation

239

(14)

Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity

239

(1)

CONTROL OF CARDIAC OUTPUT BY VENOUS RETURN--ROLE OF THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM OF THE HEART

239

(3)

The Heart Has Limits for the Cardiac Output That It Can Achieve--This Causes a Plateau Level in the Cardiac Output Curve

241

(1)

What Is the Role of the Nervous System in Controlling Cardiac Output?

242

(1)

PATHOLOGICALLY HIGH AND PATHOLOGICALLY LOW CARDIAC OUTPUTS

242

(2)

A MORE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT REGULATION

244

(6)

Cardiac Output Curves Used in the Quantitative Analysis

244

(1)

Venous Return Curves

245

(3)

Analysis of Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure, Using Simultaneous Cardiac Output and Venous Return Curves

248

(2)

METHODS FOR MEASURING CARDIAC OUTPUT

250

(3)

Indicator Dilution Method

251

(2)

Chapter 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease

253

(12)

BLOOD FLOW IN SKELETAL MUSCLES AND ITS REGULATION DURING EXERCISE

253

(3)

Rate of Blood Flow Through the Muscles

253

(1)

Control of Blood Flow Through the Skeletal Muscles

253

(1)

Circulatory Readjustments During Exercise

254

(2)

CORONARY CIRCULATION

256

(1)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply

256

(1)

NORMAL CORONARY BLOOD FLOW

257

(8)

Control of Coronary Blood Flow

258

(1)

Special Features of Cardiac Muscle Metabolism

259

(1)

Ischemic Heart Disease

259

(1)

Causes of Death After Acute Coronary Occlusion

260

(1)

Stages of Recovery from Acute Myocardial Infarction

261

(1)

Function of the Heart After Recovery from Myocardial Infarction

262

(1)

Pain in Coronary Disease

262

(1)

Surgical Treatment of Coronary Disease

263

(2)

Chapter 22 Cardiac Failure

265

(10)

DYNAMICS OF THE CIRCULATION IN CARDIAC FAILURE

265

(3)

Acute Effects of Moderate Cardiac Failure

265

(1)

Chronic Stage of Failure--Fluid Retention Helps to Compensate Cardiac Output

266

(1)

Summary of the Changes that Occur after Acute Cardiac Failure--"Compensated Heart Failure"

267

(1)

Dynamics of Severe Cardiac Failure--Decompensated Heart Failure

267

(1)

UNILATERAL LEFT HEART FAILURE

268

(1)

"HIGH-OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE" -- THIS CAN OCCUR EVEN IN A NORMAL HEART THAT IS OVERLOADED

268

(1)

LOW-OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE--CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

269

(1)

EDEMA IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC FAILURE

269

(2)

CARDIAC RESERVE

271

(1)

APPENDIX

271

(4)

Quantitative Graphical Method for Analysis of Cardiac Failure

271

(4)

Chapter 23 Heart Sounds; Dynamics of Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects

275

(10)

HEART SOUNDS

275

(3)

Normal Heart Sounds

275

(1)

Areas for Auscultation of Normal Heart Sounds

276

(1)

Valvular Lesions

277

(1)

Heart Murmurs Caused by Valvular Lesions

277

(1)

ABNORMAL CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS IN VALVULAR HEART DISEASE

278

(2)

Dynamics of the Circulation in Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation

278

(1)

Dynamics of Mitral Stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation

279

(1)

Circulatory Dynamics During Exercise in Patients with Valvular Lesions

279

(1)

ABNORMAL CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS IN CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

280

(2)

USE OF EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION DURING CARDIAC SURGERY

282

(1)

HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART IN VALVULAR AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

282

(3)

Chapter 24 Circulatory Shock and Physiology of Its Treatment

285

(12)

PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF SHOCK

285

(1)

SHOCK CAUSED BY HYPOVOLEMIA--HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

286

(5)

Relationship of Bleeding Volume to Cardiac Output and Arterial Pressure

286

(1)

Nonprogressive and Progressive Hemorrhagic Shock

287

(3)

Irreversible Shock

290

(1)

Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Plasma Loss

290

(1)

Hypovolemic Shock Caused by Trauma

290

(1)

NEUROGENIC SHOCK--INCREASED VASCULAR CAPACITY

291

(1)

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

291

(1)

SEPTIC SHOCK

291

(1)

STILL OTHER EFFECTS OF SHOCK ON THE BODY

292

(1)

PHYSIOLOGY OF TREATMENT IN SHOCK

292

(1)

Replacement Therapy

292

(1)

Treatment of Shock with Sympathomimetic Drugs--Sometimes Useful, Sometimes Not

293

(1)

Other Therapy

293

(1)

CIRCULATORY ARREST

293

(4)

UNIT V THE KIDNEYS AND BODY FLUIDS

297

(128)

Chapter 25 The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Interstitial Fluid and Edema

297

(18)

FLUID: INTAKE AND OUTPUT MUST BE BALANCED DURING STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS

297

(1)

Daily Intake of Water

297

(1)

Daily Loss of Body Water

297

(1)

BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

298

(1)

INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

299

(1)

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

299

(1)

BLOOD VOLUME

299

(1)

CONSTITUENTS OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS

299

(1)

Ionic Compositions of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Are Similar

299

(1)

Important Constituents of the Intracellular Fluid

300

(1)

MEASUREMENT OF FLUID VOLUMES IN THE DIFFERENT BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; THE INDICATOR-DILUTION PRINCIPLE

300

(2)

Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments

301

(1)

REGULATION OF FLUID EXCHANGE AND OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

302

(1)

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OSMOSIS AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE

302

(2)

OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIUM IS MAINTAINED BETWEEN INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS

304

(1)

VOLUMES AND OSMOLALITIES OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUID IN ABNORMAL STATES

305

(3)

Calculation of Water Deficit in Dehydration

305

(1)

Effect of Adding Saline Solution to the Extracellular Fluid

306

(2)

GLUCOSE AND OTHER SOLUTIONS ADMINISTERED FOR NUTRITIVE PURPOSES

308

(1)

CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES OF FLUID VOLUME REGULATION: HYPONATREMIA AND HYPERNATREMIA

308

(1)

Causes of Hyponatremia: Excess Water or Loss of Sodium

308

(1)

Causes of Hypernatremia: Water Loss or Excess Sodium

308

(1)

EDEMA: EXCESS FLUID IN THE TISSUES

308

(1)

INTRACELLULAR EDEMA

308

(1)

EXTRACELLULAR EDEMA

309

(1)

Factors That Can Increase Capillary Filtration

309

(1)

Lymphatic Blockage Causes Edema

309

(1)

Summary of Causes of Extracellular Edema

309

(1)

SAFETY FACTORS THAT NORMALLY PREVENT EDEMA

310

(2)

Safety Factors Caused by Low Compliance of the Interstitium in the Negative Pressure Range

310

(2)

Increased Lymph Flow as a Safety Factor Against Edema

312

(1)

"Washdown" of the Interstitial Fluid Protein as a Safety Factor Against Edema

312

(1)

Summary of Safety Factors That Prevent Edema

312

(1)

FLUIDS IN THE POTENTIAL SPACES OF THE BODY

312

(3)

Chapter 26 Urine Formation by the Kidneys: I. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control

315

(16)

MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS IN HOMEOSTASIS

315

(1)

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS

316

(3)

General Organization of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract

316

(1)

Renal Blood Supply

317

(1)

The Nephron is the Functional Unit of the Kidney

317

(2)

URINE FORMATION RESULTS FROM GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, TUBULAR REABSORPTION, AND TUBULAR SECRETION

319

(1)

Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion of Different Substances

319

(1)

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION--THE FIRST STEP IN URINE FORMATION

320

(2)

Composition of the Glomerular Filtrate

320

(1)

GFR Is About 20 Per Cent of the Renal Plasma Flow

321

(1)

Glomerular Capillary Membrane

321

(1)

DETERMINANTS OF THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

322

(3)

Increased Glomerular Capillary Filtration Coefficient (K(F)) Increases GFR

323

(1)

Increased Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure Decreases GFR

323

(1)

Increased Glomerular Capillary Colloid Osmotic Pressure Decreases GFR

323

(1)

Increased Glomerular Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure Increases GFR

324

(1)

RENAL BLOOD FLOW

325

(1)

Determinants of Renal Blood Flow

325

(1)

Blood Flow in the Vasa Recta of the Renal Medulla Is Very Low Compared with Flow in the Renal Cortex

325

(1)

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW

326

(1)

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Decreases GFR

326

(1)

Hormonal and Autacoid Control of Renal Circulation

326

(1)

AUTOREGULATION OF GFR AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW

327

(4)

Importance of GFR Autoregulation in Preventing Extreme Changes in Renal Excretion

327

(1)

Role of Tubuloglomerular Feedback in Autoregulation of GFR

328

(1)

Myogenic Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and GFR

329

(1)

Other Factors That Increase Renal Blood Flow and GFR: High Protein Intake and Increased Blood Glucose

329

(2)

Chapter 27 Urine Formation by the Kidneys: II. Tubular Processing of the Glomerular Filtrate

331

(18)

REABSORPTION AND SECRETION BY THE RENAL TUBULES

331

(1)

Tubular Reabsorption Is Selective and Quantitatively Large

331

(1)

TUBULAR REABSORPTION INCLUDES PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MECHANISMS

332

(5)

Active Transport

332

(4)

Passive Water Reabsorption by Osmosis Is Coupled Mainly to Sodium Reabsorption

336

(1)

Reabsorption of Chloride, Urea, and Other Solutes by Passive Diffusion

336

(1)

REABSORPTION AND SECRETION ALONG DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NEPHRON

337

(4)

Proximal Tubular Reabsorption

337

(1)

Solute and Water Transport in the Loop of Henle

338

(1)

Distal Tubule

339

(1)

Late Distal Tubule and Cortical Collecting Tubule

339

(1)

Medullary Collecting Duct

340

(1)

Summary of Concentrations of Different Solutes in the Different Tubular Segments

341

(1)

REGULATION OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION

341

(4)

Glomerulotubular Balance--The Ability of the Tubules to Increase Reabsorption Rate in Response to Increased Tubular Load

341

(1)

Peritubular Capillary and Renal Interstitial Fluid Physical Forces

342

(2)

Effect of Arterial Pressure on Urine Output--The Pressure-Natriuresis and Pressure-Diuresis Mechanisms

344

(1)

Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption

344

(1)

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation Increases Sodium Reabsorption

345

(1)

USE OF CLEARANCE METHODS TO QUANTIFY KIDNEY FUNCTION

345

(4)

Insulin Clearance Can Be Used to Estimate GFR

346

(1)

PAH Clearance Can Be Used to Estimate Renal Plasma Flow

346

(1)

Filtration Fraction Is Calculated from GFR Divided by Renal Plasma Flow

347

(1)

Calculation of Tubular Reabsorption or Secretion from Renal Clearances

347

(2)

Chapter 28 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration

349

(18)

THE KIDNEY EXCRETES EXCESS WATER BY FORMING A DILUTE URINE

349

(1)

Antidiuretic Hormone Controls Urine Concentration

349

(1)

Renal Mechanisms for Excreting a Dilute Urine

350

(8)

THE KIDNEY CONSERVES WATER BY EXCRETING A CONCENTRATED URINE

350

(1)

Obligatory Urine Volume

351

(1)

Requirements for Excreting a Concentrated Urine--High ADH Levels and Hyperosmotic Renal Medulla

351

(1)

The Countercurrent Mechanism Produces a Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium

352

(1)

Role of the Distal Tubule and Collecting Ducts in Excreting a Concentrated Urine

353

(1)

Urea Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium and to a Concentrated Urine

354

(1)

Countercurrent Exchange in the Vasa Recta Preserves Hyperosmolarity of the Renal Medulla

355

(1)

Summary of Urine Concentrating Mechanism and Changes in Osmolarity in Different Segments of the Tubules

356

(2)

QUANTIFYING RENAL URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION: "FREE WATER" AND OSMOLAR CLEARANCES

358

(1)

DISORDERS OF URINARY CONCENTRATING ABILITY

358

(1)

CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY AND SODIUM CONCENTRATION

359

(2)

Estimating Plasma Osmolarity from Plasma Sodium Concentration

359

(1)

Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System

359

(1)

ADH Synthesis in Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus and ADH Release from the Posterior Pituitary

360

(1)

Cardiovascular Reflex Stimulation of ADH Release by Decreased Arterial Pressure and/or Decreased Blood Volume

361

(1)

Quantitative Importance of Cardiovascular Reflexes and Osmolarity in Stimulating ADH Secretion

361

(1)

Other Stimuli for ADH Secretion

361

(1)

ROLE OF THIRST IN CONTROLLING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY AND SODIUM CONCENTRATION

361

(3)

Central Nervous System Centers for Thirst

362

(1)

Stimuli for Thirst

362

(1)

Threshold for Osmolar Stimulus of Drinking

363

(1)

Integrated Responses of Osmoreceptor-ADH and Thirst Mechanisms in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration

363

(1)

Role of Angiotensin II and Aldosterone in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration

363

(1)

SALT-APPETITE MECHANISM FOR CONTROLLING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID SODIUM CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME

364

(3)

Chapter 29 Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume; and Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium

367

(18)

CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR REGULATING SODIUM AND WATER EXCRETION

367

(1)

Sodium Excretion Is Controlled by Altering Glomerular Filtration or Tubular Sodium Reabsorption Rates

367

(1)

IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURE NATRIURESIS AND PRESSURE DIURESIS IN MAINTAINING BODY SODIUM AND FLUID BALANCE

368

(2)

Pressure Natriuresis and Diuresis Are Key Components of a Renal-Body Fluid Feedback for Regulating Body Fluid Volumes and Arterial Pressure

368

(2)

Precision of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation

370

(1)

DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID BETWEEN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES AND VASCULAR SYSTEM

370

(1)

NERVOUS AND HORMONAL FACTORS INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RENAL-BODY FLUID FEEDBACK CONTROL

370

(3)

Sympathetic Nervous System Control of Renal Excretion: The Arterial Baroreceptor and Low-Pressure Stretch Receptor Reflexes

371

(1)

Role of Angiotensin II in Controlling Renal Excretion

371

(1)

Role of Aldosterone in Controlling Renal Excretion

372

(1)

Role of ADH in Controlling Renal Excretion

372

(1)

Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Controlling Renal Excretion

373

(1)

INTEGRATED RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN SODIUM INTAKE

373

(1)

CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE LARGE INCREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME

374

(1)

Increased Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume Caused by Heart Diseases

374

(1)

Increased Blood Volume Caused by Increased Capacity of the Circulation

374

(1)

CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE LARGE INCREASES IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME BUT WITH NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME

374

(1)

Nephrotic Syndrome--Loss of Plasma Proteins in the Urine and Sodium Retention by the Kidneys

374

(1)

Liver Cirrhosis--Decreased Synthesis of Plasma Proteins by the Liver and Sodium Retention by the Kidneys

375

(1)

REGULATION OF POTASSIUM EXCRETION AND POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

375

(5)

Overview of Renal Potassium Excretion

375

(1)

Potassium Secretion in the Late Distal Tubules and Cortical Collecting Tubules

376

(1)

Summary of Factors That Regulate Potassium Secretion: Plasma Potassium Concentration, Aldosterone, Tubular Flow Rate, and Hydrogen Ion

377

(3)

CONTROL OF RENAL CALCIUM EXCRETION AND EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION

380

(1)

Control of Calcium Excretion by the Kidneys

381

(1)

REGULATION OF RENAL PHOSPHATE EXCRETION

381

(1)

CONTROL OF RENAL MAGNESIUM EXCRETION AND EXTRACELLULAR MAGNESIUM ION CONCENTRATION

382

(3)

Chapter 30 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

385

(20)

Hydrogen Ion Concentration Is Precisely Regulated

385

(1)

Acids and Bases--Their Definitions and Meanings

385

(1)

DEFENSES AGAINST CHANGES IN HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION: BUFFERS, LUNGS, AND KIDNEYS

386

(1)

BUFFERING OF HYDROGEN IONS IN THE BODY FLUIDS

387

(1)

THE BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

387

(3)

Quantitative Dynamics of the Bicarbonate Buffer System

388

(1)

The Phosphate Buffer System and Its Importance as an Intracellular and Renal Tubular Fluid Buffer

389

(1)

Proteins Are Important Intracellular Buffers

390

(1)

Isohydric Principle: All Buffers in a Common Solution Are in Equilibrium with the Same Hydrogen Ion Concentration

390

(1)

RESPIRATORY REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

390

(2)

Pulmonary Expiration of CO(2) Balances Metabolic Formation of CO(2)

390

(1)

Increasing Alveolar Ventilation Decreases Extracellular Fluid Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Raises pH

391

(1)

Increased Hydrogen Ion Concentration Stimulates Alveolar Ventilation

391

(1)

RENAL CONTROL OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

392

(1)

SECRETION OF HYDROGEN IONS AND REABSORPTION OF BICARBONATE IONS BY THE RENAL TUBULE

393

(2)

Hydrogen Ions Are Secreted by Secondary Active Transport in the Early Tubular Segments

393

(1)

Filtered Bicarbonate Ions are Reabsorbed by Interaction with Hydrogen Ions in the Tubules

394

(1)

Primary Active Secretion of Hydrogen Ions in the Intercalated Cells of Late Distal Tubules and Collecting Ducts

394

(1)

COMBINATION OF EXCESS HYDROGEN ION WITH PHOSPHATE AND AMMONIA BUFFERS IN THE TUBULE--A MECHANISM FOR GENERATING NEW BICARBONATE IONS

395

(2)

The Phosphate Buffer System Carries Excess Hydrogen Ions into the Urine and Generates New Bicarbonate

395

(1)

Excretion of Excess Hydrogen Ions and Generation of New Bicarbonate by the Ammonia Buffer System

396

(1)

QUANTIFYING RENAL ACID-BASE EXCRETION

397

(1)

Regulation of Renal Tubular Hydrogen Ion Secretion

397

(1)

RENAL CORRECTION OF ACIDOSIS--INCREASED EXCRETION OF HYDROGEN IONS AND ADDITION OF BICARBONATE IONS TO THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

398

(1)

RENAL CORRECTION OF ALKALOSIS--DECREASED TUBULAR SECRETION OF HYDROGEN IONS AND INCREASED EXCRETION OF BICARBONATE IONS

399

(1)

CLINICAL CAUSES OF ACID-BASE DISORDERS

399

(1)

Respiratory Acidosis Is Caused by Decreased Ventilation and Increased PCO(2)

399

(1)

Respiratory Alkalosis Results from Increased Ventilation and Decreased PCO(2)

399

(1)

Metabolic Acidosis Results from Decreased Extracellular Fluid Bicarbonate Concentration

400

(1)

Metabolic Alkalosis Is Caused by Increased Extracellular Fluid Bicarbonate Concentration

400

(1)

TREATMENT OF ACIDOSIS OR ALKALOSIS

400

(1)

CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF ACID-BASE DISORDERS

401

(4)

Complex Acid-Base Disorders and the Use of the Acid-Base Nomogram for Diagnosis

402

(3)

Chapter 31 Micturition, Diuretics, and Kidney Diseases

405

(20)

MICTURITION

405

(1)

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY AND NERVOUS CONNECTIONS OF THE BLADDER

405

(1)

Innervation of the Bladder

406

(1)

TRANSPORT OF URINE FROM THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE URETERS AND INTO THE BLADDER

406

(1)

FILLING OF THE BLADDER AND BLADDER WALL TONE: THE CYSTOMETROGRAM

407

(1)

MICTURITION REFLEX

407

(1)

Facilitation or Inhibition of Micturition by the Brain

407

(1)

ABNORMALITIES OF MICTURITION

408

(1)

DIURETICS AND THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTION

408

(2)

Osmotic Diuretics Decrease Water Reabsorption by Increasing Osmotic Pressure of the Tubular Fluid

408

(1)

"Loop" Diuretics Decrease Active Sodium-Chloride-Potassium Reabsorption in the Thick Ascending Loop of Henle

409

(1)

Thiazide Diuretics Inhibit Sodium-Chloride Reabsorption in the Early Distal Tubule

410

(1)

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Block Sodium-Bicarbonate Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubules

410

(1)

Competitive Inhibitors of Aldosterone Decrease Sodium Reabsorption from and Potassium Secretion into the Cortical Collecting Tubule

410

(1)

Diuretics That Block Sodium Channels in the Collecting Tubules Decrease Sodium Reabsorption

410

(1)

KIDNEY DISEASES

410

(1)

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

410

(2)

Prerenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Decreased Blood Flow to the Kidney

411

(1)

Intrarenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities Within the Kidney

411

(1)

Postrenal Acute Renal Failure Caused by Abnormalities of the Lower Urinary Tract

412

(1)

Physiological Effects of Acute Renal Failure

412

(1)

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE: AN IRREVERSIBLE DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF FUNCTIONAL NEPHRONS

412

(7)

Vicious Cycle of Chronic Renal Failure Leading to End-Stage Renal Failure

413

(1)

Injury of the Renal Vasculature as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure

414

(1)

Injury to the Glomeruli as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure--Glomerulonephritis

414

(1)

Injury of the Renal Interstitium as a Cause of Chronic Renal Failure--Pyelonephritis

415

(1)

Nephrotic Syndrome--Excretion of Protein in the Urine Because of Increased Glomerular Permeability

415

(1)

Abnormal Nephron Function in Chronic Renal Failure

415

(2)

Effects of Renal Failure on the Body Fluids--Uremia

417

(1)

Hypertension and Kidney Disease

418

(1)

SPECIFIC TUBULAR DISORDERS

419

(1)

TREATMENT OF RENAL FAILURE BY DIALYSIS WITH AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY

420

(5)

UNIT VI BLOOD CELLS, IMMUNITY, AND BLOOD CLOTTING

425

(52)

Chapter 32 Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia

425

(10)

RED BLOOD CELLS

425

(6)

Production of Red Blood Cells

426

(3)

Formation of Hemoglobin

429

(1)

Iron Metabolism

430

(1)

DESTRUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS

431

(1)

THE ANEMIAS

431

(1)

EFFECTS OF ANEMIA ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

432

(1)

POLYCYTHEMIA

432

(3)

Effect of Polycythemia on the Circulatory System

433

(2)

Chapter 33 Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation

435

(10)

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

435

(2)

General Characteristics of Leukocytes

435

(1)

Genesis of the Leukocytes

436

(1)

Life Span of the White Blood Cells

436

(1)

DEFENSIVE PROPERTIES OF (1) NEUTROPHILS AND (2) MACROPHAGES

436

(1)

Phagocytosis

437

(1)

MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE SYSTEM (RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM)

438

(1)

INFLAMMATION AND FUNCTION OF NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES

439

(1)

Inflammation

439

(1)

Macrophage and Neutrophil Response During Inflammation

439

(1)

EOSINOPHILS

440

(1)

BASOPHILS

441

(1)

LEUKOPENIA

441

(1)

THE LEUKEMIAS

442

(3)

Chapter 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy

445

(12)

INNATE IMMUNITY

445

(1)

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

445

(8)

Basic Types of Acquired Immunity

445

(1)

Both Types of Acquired Immunity are Initiated by Antigens

446

(1)

Lymphocytes are the Basis of Acquired Immunity

446

(1)

Preprocessing of the T and B Lymphocytes

446

(1)

T Lymphocytes and B Lymphocyte Antibodies React Highly Specifically Against Specific Antigens--Role of Lymphocyte Clones

447

(1)

Origin of Many Clones of Lymphocytes

447

(1)

Specific Attributes of the B-Lymphocyte System--Humoral Immunity and the Antibodies

448

(3)

Special Attributes of the T-Lymphocyte System--Activated T Cells and "Cell-Mediated Immunity"

451

(1)

Several Types of T Cells and Their Different Functions

451

(1)

Tolerance of the Acquired Immunity System to One's Own Tissues--Role of Preprocessing in the Thymus and Bone Marrow

452

(1)

Vaccination

453

(1)

Passive Immunity

453

(1)

ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY

453

(4)

Allergy Caused by Activated T Cells: Delayed-Reaction Allergy

453

(1)

Allergies in the So-Called Allergic Person with Excess IGE Antibodies

454

(3)

Chapter 35 Blood Groups; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation

457

(6)

ANTIGENICITY CAUSES IMMUNE REACTIONS OF BLOOD

457

(1)

O-A-B BLOOD GROUPS

457

(2)

A and B Antigens--Agglutinogens

457

(1)

Agglutinins

458

(1)

Agglutination Process in Transfusion Reactions

458

(1)

Blood Typing

458

(1)

RH BLOOD TYPES

459

(1)

Rh Immune Response

459

(1)

Transfusion Reactions Resulting from Mismatched Blood Types

460

(1)

TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS

460

(3)

Attempts to Overcome the Immune Reaction to Transplanted Tissue

460

(3)

Chapter 36 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

463

(14)

EVENTS IN HOMEOSTASIS

463

(1)

Vascular Constriction

463

(1)

Formation of the Platelet Plug

463

(1)

Blood Coagulation in the Ruptured Vessel

464

(1)

Fibrous Organization or Dissolution of the Blood Clot

464

(1)

MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION

464

(5)

Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin

465

(1)

Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin--Formation of the Clot

465

(1)

Vicious Circle of Clot Formation

466

(1)

Initiation of Coagulation: Formation of Prothrombin Activator

466

(2)

Prevention of Blood Clotting in the Normal Vascular System--The Intravascular Anticoagulants

468

(1)

Lysis of Blood Clots--Plasmin

469

(1)

CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE EXCESSIVE BLEEDING IN HUMAN BEINGS

469

(1)

Decreased Prothrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, and Factor X Caused by Vitamin K Deficiency

469

(1)

Hemophilia

470

(1)

Thrombocytopenia

470

(1)

THROMBOEMBOLIC CONDITIONS IN THE HUMAN BEING

470

(1)

Femoral Thrombosis and Massive Pulmonary Embolism

471

(1)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

471

(1)

ANTICOAGULANTS FOR CLINICAL USE

471

(1)

Heparin as an Intravenous Anticoagulant

471

(1)

Coumarins as Anticoagulants

471

(1)

Prevention of Blood Coagulation Outside the Body

471

(1)

BLOOD COAGULATION TESTS

472

(5)

Bleeding Time

472

(1)

Clotting Time

472

(1)

Prothrombin Time

472

(5)

UNIT VII RESPIRATION

477

(72)

Chapter 37 Pulmonary Ventilation

477

(14)

MECHANICS OF PULMONARY VENTILATION

477

(5)

Muscles That Cause Lung Expansion and Contraction

477

(1)

Movement of Air In and Out of the Lungs--and the Pressures That Cause It

478

(3)

Effect of the Thoracic Cage on Lung Expansibility

481

(1)

"Work" of Breathing

481

(1)

PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

482

(2)

Recording Changes in Pulmonary Volume--Spirometry

482

(1)

Pulmonary "Volumes"

482

(1)

Pulmonary "Capacities"

482

(1)

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Pulmonary Function Studies

483

(1)

Determination of Functional Residual Capacity, Residual Volume, and Total Lung Capacity--Helium Dilution Method

484

(1)

MINUTE RESPIRATORY VOLUME EQUALS RESPIRATORY RATE TIMES TIDAL VOLUME

484

(1)

ALVEOLAR VENTILATION

484

(2)

Rate of Alveolar Ventilation

485

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS

486

(5)

Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles

486

(1)

Respiratory Functions of the Nose

487

(1)

Vocalization

488

(3)

Chapter 38 Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Edema; Pleural Fluid

491

(10)

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

491

(1)

PRESSURES IN THE PULMONARY SYSTEM

491

(1)

BLOOD VOLUME OF THE LUNGS

492

(1)

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LUNGS AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

493

(1)

EFFECT OF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE GRADIENTS IN THE LUNGS ON REGIONAL PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW

493

(2)

Effect of Increased Cardiac Output on the Pulmonary Circulation During Heavy Exercise

494

(1)

Function of the Pulmonary Circulation When the Left Atrial Pressure Rises as a Result of Left-Sided Heart Failure

495

(1)

PULMONARY CAPILLARY DYNAMICS

495

(2)

Capillary Exchange of Fluid in the Lungs, and Pulmonary Interstitial Fluid Dynamics

495

(1)

Pulmonary Edema

496

(1)

FLUIDS IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY

497

(4)

Chapter 39 Physical Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane

501

(12)

PHYSICS OF GAS DIFFUSION AND GAS PARTIAL PRESSURES

501

(2)

Molecular Basis of Gas Diffusion

501

(1)

Gas Pressures in a Mixture of Gases--Partial Pressures of Individual Gases

501

(1)

Pressures of Gases Dissolved in Water and Tissues

502

(1)

Vapor Pressure of Water

502

(1)

Diffusion of Gases Through Fluids--Pressure Difference Causes Net Diffusion

502

(1)

Diffusion of Gases Through Tissues

503

(1)

COMPOSITION OF ALVEOLAR AIR--ITS RELATION TO ATMOSPHERIC AIR

503

(2)

Rate at Which Alveolar Air Is Renewed by Atmospheric Air

504

(1)

Oxygen Concentration and Partial Pressure in the Alveoli

504

(1)

CO(2) Concentration and Partial Pressure in the Alveoli

505

(1)

Expired Air

505

(1)

DIFFUSION OF GASES THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

505

(4)

Factors That Affect the Rate of Gas Diffusion Through the Respiratory Membrane

506

(2)

Diffusing Capacity of the Respiratory Membrane

508

(1)

EFFECT OF THE VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO ON ALVEOLAR GAS CONCENTRATION

509

(4)

Chapter 40 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood and Body Fluids

513

(12)

PRESSURES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE LUNGS, BLOOD, AND TISSUES

513

(3)

Uptake of Oxygen by the Pulmonary Blood

513

(1)

Transport of Oxygen in the Arterial Blood

514

(1)

Diffusion of Oxygen from the Peripheral Capillaries into the Tissue Fluid

514

(1)

Diffusion of Oxygen from the Capillaries to the Cells

515

(1)

Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide from the Tissue Cells into the Tissue Capillaries and from the Pulmonary Capillaries into the Alveoli

515

(1)

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD

516

(4)

Reversible Combination of Oxygen with Hemoglobin

516

(1)

Effect of Hemoglobin to "Buffer" the Tissue Oxygen PO(2)

517

(1)

Factors That Shift the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve--Their Importance for Oxygen Transport

518

(1)

Metabolic Use of Oxygen by the Cells

519

(1)

Transport of Oxygen in the Dissolved State

519

(1)

Combination of Hemoglobin With Carbon Monoxide--Displacement of Oxygen

520

(1)

TRANSPORT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD

520

(2)

Chemical Forms in Which Carbon Dioxide is Transported

520

(1)

Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve

521

(1)

When Oxygen Binds With Hemoglobin, Carbon Dioxide is Released--The Haldane Effect to Increase CO(2) Transport

522

(1)

Change in Blood Acidity During Carbon Dioxide Transport

522

(1)

RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO

522

(3)

Chapter 41 Regulation of Respiration

525

(12)

RESPIRATORY CENTER

525

(2)

Control of Overall Respiratory Center Activity

527

(1)

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF RESPIRATION

527

(2)

Direct Chemical Control of Respiratory Center Activity by Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions

527

(2)

PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTOR SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY--ROLE OF OXYGEN IN RESPIRATORY CONTROL

529

(3)

Quantitative Effect of Low Arterial PO(2) on Alveolar Ventilation

530

(1)

Composite Effects of PCO(2), pH, and PO(2) on Alveolar Ventilation

531

(1)

REGULATION OF RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE

532

(1)

OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT RESPIRATION

533

(4)

Periodic Breathing

534

(3)

Chapter 42 Respiratory Insufficiency--Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy

537

(12)

Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities

537

(1)

Study of Blood Gases and pH

537

(1)

Measurement of Maximum Expiratory Flow

538

(1)

Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity and Forced Expiratory Volume

539

(1)

PHYSIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF SPECIFIC PULMONARY ABNORMALITIES

539

(3)

Chronic Pulmonary Emphysema

539

(1)

Pneumonia

540

(1)

Atelectasis

541

(1)

Asthma

541

(1)

Tuberculosis

542

(1)

HYPOXIA AND OXYGEN THERAPY

542

(1)

Oxygen Therapy in the Different Types of Hypoxia

542

(1)

HYPERCAPNIA

543

(1)

Cyanosis

543

(1)

Dyspnea

544

(1)

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

544

(5)

UNIT VIII AVIATION, SPACE, AND DEEP SEA DIVING PHYSIOLOGY

549

(16)

Chapter 43 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology

549

(8)

EFFECTS OF LOW OXYGEN PRESSURE ON THE BODY

549

(3)

Alveolar PO(2) at Different Elevations

549

(1)

Effect of Breathing Pure Oxygen on Alveolar PO(2) at Different Altitudes

550

(1)

Acute Effects of Hypoxia

550

(1)

Acclimatization to Low PO(2)

550

(1)

Natural Acclimatization of Natives Living at High Altitudes

551

(1)

Work Capacity at High Altitudes: The Effect of Acclimatization

551

(1)

Chronic Mountain Sickness

552

(1)

Acute Mountain Sickness and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema

552

(1)

EFFECTS OF ACCELERATORY FORCES ON THE BODY IN AVIATION AND SPACE PHYSIOLOGY

552

(2)

Centrifugal Acceleratory Forces

552

(1)

Effects of Linear Acceleratory Forces on the Body

553

(1)

"ARTIFICIAL CLIMATE" IN THE SEALED SPACECRAFT

554

(1)

WEIGHTLESSNESS IN SPACE

554

(3)

Chapter 44 Physiology of Deep Sea Diving and other Hyperbaric Conditions

557

(8)

EFFECT OF HIGH PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GASES ON THE BODY

557

(4)

Oxygen Toxicity at High Pressures

558

(1)

Decompression of the Diver After Exposure to High Pressures

559

(2)

SCUBA DIVING (SELF-CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS)

561

(1)

SPECIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN SUBMARINES

561

(1)

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY

561

(4)

UNIT IX THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY

565

(58)

Chapter 45 Organization of the Nervous System; Basic Functions of Synapses and Transmitter Substances

565

(18)

GENERAL DESIGN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

565

(2)

Central Nervous System Neuron--The Basic Functional Unit

565

(1)

Sensory Division of the Nervous System--Sensory Receptors

565

(1)

Motor Division--The Effectors

566

(1)

Processing of Information--"Integrative" Function of the Nervous System

566

(1)

Storage of Information--Memory

567

(1)

MAJOR LEVELS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION

567

(1)

COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTER

568

(1)

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNAPSES

569

(12)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Synapse

569

(3)

Chemical Substances That Function as Synaptic Transmitters

572

(2)

Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation

574

(3)

Electrical Events in Neuronal Inhibition

577

(2)

Special Functions of Dendrites in Exciting Neurons

579

(1)

Relation of State of Excitation of the Neuron to the Rate of Firing

580

(1)

SOME SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

581

(2)

Chapter 46 Sensory Receptors; Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

583

(12)

TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS AND THE SENSORY STIMULI THEY DETECT

583

(1)

Differential Sensitivity of Receptors

583

(1)

TRANSDUCTION OF SENSORY STIMULI INTO NERVE IMPULSES

584

(3)

Local Currents at Nerve Endings--Receptor Potentials

584

(2)

Adaptation of Receptors

586

(1)

NERVE FIBERS THAT TRANSMIT DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIGNALS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

587

(1)

TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS OF DIFFERENT INTENSITY IN NERVE TRACTS--SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION

588

(1)

TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF SIGNALS IN NEURONAL POOLS

589

(4)

Relaying of Signals Through Neuronal Pools

589

(2)

Prolongation of a Signal by a Neuronal Pool--"Afterdischarge"

591

(2)

Rhythmical Signal Output

593

(1)

INSTABILITY AND STABILITY OF NEURONAL CIRCUITS

593

(2)

Chapter 47 Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization; the Tactile and Position Senses

595

(14)

Classification of Somatic Senses

595

(1)

DETECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF TACTILE SENSATIONS

595

(2)

Detection of Vibration

597

(1)

Tickling and Itch

597

(1)

SENSORY PATHWAYS FOR TRANSMISSION OF SOMATIC SIGNALS INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

597

(1)

TRANSMISSION IN THE DORSAL COLUMN--MEDICAL LEMNISCAL SYSTEM

598

(7)

Anatomy of the Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System

598

(1)

Somatic Sensory Cortex

599

(2)

Somatic Sensory Association Areas

601

(1)

Overall Characteristics of Signal Transmission and Analysis in the Dorsal Column--Medial Lemniscal System

602

(1)

Psychic Interpretation of Sensory Stimulus Intensity

603

(1)

Judgment of Stimulus Intensity

604

(1)

Position Senses

604

(1)

TRANSMISSION OF CRUDE TACTILE SENSORY SIGNALS IN THE ANTEROLATERAL PATHWAY

605

(1)

Anatomy of the Anterolateral Pathway

605

(1)

SOME SPECIAL ASPECTS OF SOMATIC SENSORY FUNCTION

606

(3)

Chapter 48 Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

609

(14)

TYPES OF PAIN AND THEIR QUALITIES--FAST PAIN AND SLOW PAIN

609

(1)

PAIN RECEPTORS AND THEIR STIMULATION

609

(1)

Rate of Tissue Damage as a Cause of Pain

610

(1)

DUAL TRANSMISSION OF PAIN SIGNALS INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

610

(3)

PAIN SUPPRESSION ("ANALGESIA") SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

613

(1)

REFERRED PAIN

614

(1)

VISCERAL PAIN

615

(1)

Causes of True Visceral Pain

615

(1)

Parietal Pain Caused by Visceral Damage

615

(1)

Localization of Visceral Pain--The "Visceral" and the "Parietal" Transmission Pathways

615

(1)

SOME CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES OF PAIN AND OTHER SOMATIC SENSATIONS

616

(1)

Hyperalgesia

616

(1)

Thalamic Syndrome

616

(1)

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

617

(1)

Tic Douloureux

617

(1)

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

617

(1)

HEADACHE

617

(2)

Headache of Intracranial Origin

617

(1)

Extracranial Types of Headache

618

(1)

THERMAL SENSATIONS

619

(4)

Thermal Receptors and Their Excitation

619

(1)

Transmission of Thermal Signals in the Nervous System

620

(3)

UNIT X THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: B. THE SPECIAL SENSES

623

(62)

Chapter 49 The Eye: I. Optics of Vision

623

(14)

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS

623

(3)

Refraction of Light

623

(1)

Application of Refractive Principles to Lenses

623

(2)

Focal Length of a Lens

625

(1)

Formation of an Image by a Convex Lens

625

(1)

Measurement of the Refractive Power of a Lens--The Diopter

626

(1)

OPTICS OF THE EYE

626

(6)

The Eye as a Camera

626

(1)

Mechanism of Accommodation

627

(1)

Pupillary Diameter

628

(1)

Errors of Refraction

628

(3)

Visual Acuity

631

(1)

Determination of Distance of an Object from the Eye--Depth Perception

631

(1)

OPHTHALMOSCOPE

632

(1)

FLUID SYSTEM OF THE EYE--INTRAOCULAR FLUID

632

(5)

Formation of Aqueous Humor by the Ciliary Body

633

(1)

Outflow of Aqueous Humor from the Eye

633

(1)

Intraocular Pressure

634

(3)

Chapter 50 The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina

637

(14)

ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE RETINA

637

(1)

PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION

637

(6)

Rhodopsin-Retinal Visual Cycle, and Excitation of the Rods

640

(2)

Automatic Regulation of Retinal Sensitivity--Light and Dark Adaptation

642

(1)

COLOR VISION

643

(2)

Tricolor Mechanism of Color Detection

643

(1)

Color Blindness

644

(1)

NEURAL FUNCTION OF THE RETINA

645

(6)

Neural Circuitry of the Retina

645

(3)

Ganglion Cells

648

(1)

Excitation of the Ganglion Cells

648

(3)

Chapter 51 The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision

651

(12)

Visual Pathways

651

(1)

ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE VISUAL CORTEX

652

(2)

NEURONAL PATTERNS OF STIMULATION DURING ANALYSIS OF THE VISUAL IMAGE

654

(1)

FIELDS OF VISION: PERIMETRY

655

(1)

EYE MOVEMENTS AND THEIR CONTROL

656

(3)

Fixation Movements of the Eyes

656

(3)

Fusion of the Visual Images from the Two Eyes

659

(1)

AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF ACCOMMODATION AND PUPILLARY APERTURE

659

(4)

Control of Accommodation (Focusing the Eyes)

660

(1)

Control of Pupillary Diameter

660

(3)

Chapter 52 The Sense of Hearing

663

(12)

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE AND THE OSSICULAR SYSTEM

663

(1)

Conduction of Sound from the Tympanic Membrane to the Cochlea

663

(1)

Transmission of Sound Through Bone

664

(1)

THE COCHLEA

664

(5)

Functional Anatomy of the Cochlea

664

(2)

Transmission of Sound Waves in the Cochlea--The "Traveling Wave"

666

(1)

Function of the Organ of Corti

667

(1)

Determination of Sound Frequency--The "Place" Principle

668

(1)

Determination of Loudness

668

(1)

CENTRAL AUDITORY MECHANISMS

669

(3)

Auditory Pathway

669

(1)

Function of the Cerebral Cortex in Hearing

670

(1)

Determination of the Direction from Which Sound Emanates

671

(1)

Centrifugal Signals from the Central Nervous System to Lower Auditory Centers

672

(1)

HEARING ABNORMALITIES

672

(3)

Types of Deafness

672

(3)

Chapter 53 The Chemical Senses--Taste and Smell

675

(10)

SENSE OF TASTE

675

(3)

Primary Sensations of Taste

675

(1)

Taste Bud and Its Function

676

(1)

Transmission of Taste Signals into the Central Nervous System

677

(1)

Taste Preference and Control of the Diet

678

(1)

SENSE OF SMELL

678

(7)

Olfactory Membrane

678

(1)

Stimulation of the Olfactory Cells

679

(1)

Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous System

680

(5)

UNIT XI THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: C. MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

685

(108)

Chapter 54 Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; The Cord Reflexes

685

(14)

Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions

686

(1)

MUSCLE SENSORY RECEPTORS--MUSCLE SPINDLES AND GOLGI TENDON ORGANS AND THEIR ROLES IN MUSCLE CONTROL

687

(5)

Receptor Function of the Muscle Spindle

687

(2)

Muscle Stretch Reflex

689

(1)

Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity

690

(1)

Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex

690

(1)

Golgi Tendon Reflex

691

(1)

Function of the Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs in Conjunction with Motor Control from Higher Levels of the Brain

692

(1)

FLEXOR REFLEX AND THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES

692

(1)

CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX

693

(1)

RECIPROCAL INHIBITION AND RECIPROCAL INNERVATION

693

(1)

REFLEXES OF POSTURE AND LOCOMOTION

694

(1)

Postural and Locomotive Reflexes of the Cord

694

(1)

SCRATCH REFLEX

695

(1)

SPINAL CORD REFLEXES THAT CAUSE MUSCLE SPASM

695

(1)

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES IN THE SPINAL CORD

696

(1)

SPINAL CORD TRANSECTION AND SPINAL SHOCK

696

(3)

Chapter 55 Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

699

(16)

THE MOTOR CORTEX AND CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

699

(6)

Some Specialized Areas of Motor Control Found in the Human Motor Cortex

700

(1)

Transmission of Signals from the Motor Cortex to the Muscles

701

(1)

Incoming Fiber Pathways to the Motor Cortex

702

(1)

The Red Nucleus Serves as an Alternate Pathway for Transmitting Cortical Signals to the Spinal Cord

702

(1)

"Extrapyramidal" System

703

(1)

Excitation of the Spinal Cord by the Primary Motor Cortex and the Red Nucleus

703

(2)

ROLE OF THE BRAIN STEM IN CONTROLLING MOTOR FUNCTION

705

(2)

Support of the Body Against Gravity--Roles of the Reticular and Vestibular Nuclei

706

(1)

VESTIBULAR SENSATIONS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM

707

(5)

Vestibular Apparatus

707

(2)

Function of the Utricle and Saccule in the Maintenance of Static Equilibrium

709

(1)

Detection of Head Rotation by the Semicircular Ducts

709

(1)

Vestibular Postural Reflexes

710

(1)

Vestibular Mechanism for Stabilizing the Eyes

711

(1)

Other Factors Concerned with Equilibrium

711

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC BRAIN STEM NUCLEI IN CONTROLLING SUBCONSCIOUS, STEREOTYPED MOVEMENTS

712

(3)

Chapter 56 The Cerebellum, the Basal Ganglia, and Overall Motor Control

715

(18)

THE CEREBELLUM AND ITS MOTOR FUNCTIONS

715

(10)

Anatomical Functional Areas of the Cerebellum

716

(2)

Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum

718

(3)

Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control

721

(3)

Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum

724

(1)

THE BASAL GANGLIA--THEIR MOTOR FUNCTIONS

725

(4)

Functions of Specific Neurotransmitters in the Basal Ganglial System

728

(1)

Clinical Syndromes Resulting from Damage to the Basal Ganglia

728

(1)

INTEGRATION OF ALL PARTS OF THE TOTAL MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM

729

(4)

What Drives Us to Action?

730

(3)

Chapter 57 The Cerebral Cortex; Intellectual Functions of the Brain; and Learning and Memory

733

(16)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex

733

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS

734

(5)

Association Areas

735

(2)

Interpretative Function of the Posterior Superior Temporal Lobe--"Wernicke's Area" (A General Interpretative Area)

737

(1)

Functions of the Parieto-occipitotemporal Cortex in the Nondominant Hemisphere

738

(1)

Higher Intellectual Functions of the Prefrontal Association Area

738

(1)

FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN IN COMMUNICATION--LANGUAGE INPUT AND LANGUAGE OUTPUT

739

(2)

FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM AND ANTERIOR COMMISSURE TO TRANSFER THOUGHTS, MEMORIES, TRAINING, AND OTHER INFORMATION BETWEEN THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

741

(1)

THOUGHTS, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND MEMORY

742

(7)

Memory--Roles of Synaptic Facilitation and Synaptic Inhibition

742

(1)

Short-Term Memory

743

(1)

Intermediate Long-Term Memory

743

(1)

Long-Term Memory

744

(1)

Consolidation of Memory

745

(4)

Chapter 58 Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain--The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

749

(12)

ACTIVATING-DRIVING SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN

749

(3)

Control of Cerebral Activity by Continuous Excitatory Signals from the Brain Stem

749

(2)

Neurohormonal Control of Brain Activity

751

(1)

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

752

(1)

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM: THE KEY POSITION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

752

(1)

THE HYPOTHALAMUS, A MAJOR CONTROL HEADQUARTER FOR THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

753

(4)

Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of the Hypothalamus

754

(1)

Behavioral Functions of the Hypothalamus and Associated Limbic Structures

755

(1)

"Reward" and "Punishment" Function of the Limbic System

756

(1)

Importance of Reward and Punishment in Behavior

757

(1)

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF OTHER PARTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

757

(4)

Functions of the Hippocampus

757

(1)

Functions of the Amygdala

758

(1)

Function of the Limbic Cortex

759

(2)

Chapter 59 States of Brain Activity--Sleep; Brain Waves; Epilepsy; Psychoses

761

(8)

SLEEP

761

(2)

Slow-Wave Sleep

761

(1)

REM Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep, Desynchronized Sleep)

761

(1)

Basic Theories of Sleep

762

(1)

Physiological Effects of Sleep

763

(1)

BRAIN WAVES

763

(2)

Origin in the Brain of the Brain Waves

764

(1)

Effect of Varying Degrees of Cerebral Activity on the Basic Frequency of the EEG

765

(1)

EEG Changes in the Different Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep

765

(1)

EPILEPSY

765

(2)

Grand Mal Epilepsy

765

(1)

Petit Mal Epilepsy

766

(1)

Focal Epilepsy

766

(1)

PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOR AND DEMENTIA--ROLES OF SPECIFIC NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS

767

(2)

Chapter 60 The Autonomic Nervous System; The Adrenal Medulla

769

(14)

GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

769

(2)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System

769

(2)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

771

(1)

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC FUNCTION

771

(7)

Cholinergic and Adrenergic Fibers--Secretion of Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine

771

(1)

Receptors on the Effector Organs

772

(2)

Excitatory and Inhibitory Actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation

774

(1)

Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation on Specific Organs

774

(2)

Function of the Adrenal Medullae

776

(1)

Relation of Stimulus Rate to Degree of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effect

776

(1)

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic "Tone"

777

(1)

Denervation Supersensitivity of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Organs After Denervation

777

(1)

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES

778

(1)

STIMULATION OF DISCRETE ORGANS IN SOME INSTANCES AND MASS STIMULATION IN OTHER INSTANCES BY THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS

778

(2)

"Alarm" or "Stress" Response of the Sympathetic Nervous System

779

(1)

Medullary, Pontine, and Mesencephalic Control of the Autonomic Nervous System

779

(1)

PHARMACOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

780

(3)

Drugs That Act on Adrenergic Effector Organs--The Sympathomimetic Drugs

780

(1)

Drugs That Act on Cholinergic Effector Organs

780

(1)

Drugs That Stimulate or Block Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

780

(3)

Chapter 61 Cerebral Blood Flow, the Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism

783

(10)

CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW

783

(2)

Normal Rate of Cerebral Blood Flow

783

(1)

Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

783

(2)

Cerebral Microcirculation

785

(1)

A Cerebral "Stroke" Occurs When Cerebral Blood Vessels Are Blocked

785

(1)

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SYSTEM

785

(4)

Cushioning Function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

786

(1)

Formation, Flow, and Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid

786

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure

787

(1)

Obstruction to the Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Causes Hydrocephalus

788

(1)

Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood-Brain Barriers

788

(1)

Brain Edema

788

(1)

BRAIN METABOLISM

789

(4)

UNIT XII GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

793

(62)

Chapter 62 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function--Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation

793

(10)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY

793

(2)

Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Wall

793

(2)

NEURAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION

795

(3)

Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility

798

(1)

FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF MOVEMENTS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

798

(1)

GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW

799

(4)

Chapter 63 Transport and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract

803

(12)

INGESTION OF FOOD

803

(3)

Mastication (Chewing)

803

(1)

Swallowing (Deglutition)

804

(2)

MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH

806

(2)

Storage Function of the Stomach

806

(1)

Mixing and Propulsion of Food in the Stomach--The Basic Electrical Rhythm of the Stomach

806

(1)

Emptying of the Stomach

807

(1)

Regulation of Stomach Emptying

807

(1)

MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

808

(2)

Mixing Contractions (Segmentation Contractions)

808

(1)

Propulsive Movements

809

(1)

Function of the Ileocecal Valve

810

(2)

MOVEMENTS OF THE COLON

810

(2)

Defecation

811

(1)

OTHER AUTONOMIC REFLEXES THAT AFFECT BOWEL ACTIVITY

812

(3)

Chapter 64 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract

815

(18)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ALIMENTARY TRACT SECRETION

815

(2)

Anatomical Types of Glands

815

(1)

Basic Mechanisms of Stimulation of the Alimentary Tract Glands

815

(1)

Basic Mechanism of Secretion by Glandular Cells

816

(1)

Lubricating and Protective Properties of Mucus and Its Importance in the Gastrointestinal Tract

817

(1)

SECRETION OF SALIVA

817

(2)

ESOPHAGEAL SECRETION

819

(1)

GASTRIC SECRETION

819

(5)

Characteristics of the Gastric Secretions

819

(2)

Regulation of Gastric Secretion by Nervous and Hormonal Mechanisms

821

(2)

Chemical Composition of Gastrin and Other Gastrointestinal Hormones

823

(1)

PANCREATIC SECRETION

824

(3)

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

825

(2)

SECRETION OF BILE BY THE LIVER; FUNCTIONS OF THE BILIARY TREE

827

(3)

Bile Salts and their Function

829

(1)

Secretion of Cholesterol; Gallstone Formation

829

(1)

SECRETIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

830

(1)

Secretion of the Intestinal Digestive Juices by the Crypts of Lieberkuhn

830

(1)

Regulation of Small Intestinal Secretion

831

(1)

SECRETIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

831

(2)

Chapter 65 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract

833

(12)

DIGESTION OF THE VARIOUS FOODS

833

(4)

Digestion of Carbohydrates

834

(1)

Digestion of Proteins

834

(1)

Digestion of Fats

835

(2)

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION

837

(2)

Anatomical Basis of Absorption

837

(1)

Basic Mechanisms of Absorption

838

(1)

ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

839

(4)

Absorption of Water

839

(1)

Absorption of Ions

839

(2)

Absorption of Nutrients

841

(2)

ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE: FORMATION OF THE FECES

843

(2)

Chapter 66 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders

845

(10)

DISORDERS OF SWALLOWING AND OF THE ESOPHAGUS

845

(1)

DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH

845

(2)

Peptic Ulcer

846

(1)

DISORDERS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

847

(1)

DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

848

(1)

Constipation

848

(1)

Diarrhea

848

(1)

Paralysis of Defecation in Spinal Cord Injuries

849

(1)

GENERAL DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

849

(6)

Vomiting

849

(1)

Nausea

850

(1)

Gastrointestinal Obstruction

850

(1)

Gases in the Gastrointestinal Tract; "Flatus"

851

(4)

UNIT XIII METABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION

855

(70)

Chapter 67 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate

855

(10)

Release of Energy from Foods and the Concept of "Free Energy"

855

(1)

Role of Adenosine Triphosphate in Metabolism

855

(1)

CENTRAL ROLE OF GLUCOSE IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

856

(1)

TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

857

(1)

Phosphorylation of Glucose

857

(1)

STORAGE OF GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLE

857

(1)

Glycogenesis

857

(1)

Removal of Stored Glycogen--Glycogenolysis

857

(1)

RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM THE GLUCOSE MOLECULE BY THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY

858

(4)

Glycolysis; The Formation of Pyruvic Acid

858

(1)

Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Acetylcoenzyme A

859

(1)

Citric Acid Cycle

859

(1)

Formation of Large Quantities of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen (The Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation)

860

(1)

Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose

861

(1)

Control of Energy Release from Stored Glycogen When the Body Needs the Energy: Effect of ATP and ADP Concentrations in the Cell to Control the Rate of Glycolysis

861

(1)

Anaerobic Release of Energy--"Anaerobic Glycolysis"

862

(1)

RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE BY THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

862

(1)

Glucose Conversion to Glycogen or Fat

863

(1)

FORMATION OF CARBOHYDRATES FROM PROTEINS AND FATS--"GLUCONEOGENESIS"

863

(1)

BLOOD GLUCOSE

863

(2)

Chapter 68 Lipid Metabolism

865

(12)

TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS IN THE BODY FLUIDS

865

(2)

Transport of Fatty Acids in the Blood in Combination with Albumin--"Free Fatty Acid"

866

(1)

Lipoproteins--Their Special Function in Transporting Cholesterol and Phospholipids

866

(1)

FAT DEPOSITS

867

(1)

Adipose Tissue

867

(1)

Liver Lipids

867

(1)

USE OF TRIGLYCERIDES FOR ENERGY: FORMATION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

867

(3)

Formation of Acetoacetic Acid in the Liver and Its Transport in the Blood

868

(1)

Synthesis of Triglycerides from Carbohydrates

869

(1)

Synthesis of Triglycerides from Proteins

870

(1)

REGULATION OF ENERGY RELEASE FROM TRIGLYCERIDES

870

(1)

Obesity

871

(1)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL

871

(2)

Phospholipids

871

(1)

Cholesterol

872

(1)

Cellular Structural Functions of Phospholipids and Cholesterol--Especially for Membranes

873

(1)

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

873

(4)

Chapter 69 Protein Metabolism

877

(6)

BASIC PROPERTIES

877

(1)

Amino Acids

877

(1)

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF AMINO ACIDS

878

(1)

Blood Amino Acids

878

(1)

Storage of Amino Acids as Proteins in the Cells

879

(1)

FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS

879

(2)

Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

880

(1)

Use of Proteins for Energy

880

(1)

Obligatory Degradation of Proteins

881

(1)

HORMONAL REGULATION OF PROTEIN METABOLISM

881

(2)

Chapter 70 The Liver as an Organ

883

(6)

Physiologic Anatomy of the Liver

883

(1)

FUNCTION OF THE HEPATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM

883

(2)

METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER

885

(1)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

885

(1)

Fat Metabolism

885

(1)

Protein Metabolism

885

(1)

Miscellaneous Metabolic Functions of the Liver

886

(1)

EXCRETION OF BILIRUBIN IN THE BILE--USE OF THIS AS A CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

886

(3)

Chapter 71 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals

889

(14)

DIETARY BALANCES

889

(2)

Energy Available in Foods

889

(2)

REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE

891

(2)

Neural Centers for Regulation of Food Intake

891

(1)

Factors That Regulate Quantity of Food Intake

892

(1)

OBESITY

893

(1)

Treatment of Obesity

894

(1)

INANITION

894

(1)

STARVATION

894

(1)

VITAMINS

895

(4)

Vitamin A

895

(1)

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

895

(1)

Niacin

896

(1)

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

896

(1)

Vitamin B(12)

897

(1)

Folic Acid (Pteroylglutamic Acid)

897

(1)

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B(6))

897

(1)

Pantothenic Acid

898

(1)

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

898

(1)

Vitamin D

898

(1)

Vitamin E

898

(1)

Vitamin K

899

(1)

MINERAL METABOLISM

899

(4)

Chapter 72 Energetics and Metabolic Rate

903

(8)

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE FUNCTIONS AS AN "ENERGY CURRENCY" IN METABOLISM

903

(2)

Phosphocreatine as an Accessory Storage Depot for Energy and for Buffering the Concentration of ATP

904

(1)

Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy

904

(1)

Summary of Energy Utilization by the Cells

905

(1)

CONTROL OF ENERGY RELEASE IN THE CELL

905

(1)

METABOLIC RATE

906

(5)

Measurement of the Whole-Body Metabolic Rate

907

(1)

Factors That Affect the Metabolic Rate

907

(2)

Basal Metabolic Rate

909

(2)

Chapter 73 Body Temperature, Temperature Regulation, and Fever

911

(14)

Normal Body Temperatures

911

(1)

BODY TEMPERATURE IS CONTROLLED BY BALANCING HEAT PRODUCTION AGAINST HEAT LOSS

911

(5)

Heat Production

911

(1)

Heat Loss

912

(4)

REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE--ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

916

(4)

Neuronal Effector Mechanisms That Decrease or Increase Body Temperature

917

(1)

Concept of a "Set-Point" for Temperature Control

918

(1)

Behavioral Control of Body Temperature

919

(1)

Local Skin Temperature Reflexes

919

(1)

ABNORMALITIES OF BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

920

(5)

Fever

920

(2)

Exposure of the Body to Extreme Cold

922

(3)

UNIT XIV ENDOCRINOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION

925

(134)

Chapter 74 Introduction to Endocrinology

925

(8)

Nature of a Hormone

925

(1)

Overview of the Important Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

926

(1)

Chemistry of the Hormones

927

(1)

Storage and Secretion of Hormones

927

(1)

Hormone Receptors and Their Activation

928

(1)

MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL ACTION

928

(2)

Second Messenger Mechanisms for Mediating Intracellular Hormone Functions

929

(1)

Hormones that Act Mainly on the Genetic Machinery of the Cell

930

(1)

MEASUREMENT OF HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BLOOD

930

(3)

Chapter 75 The Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus

933

(12)

THE PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS RELATION TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS

933

(1)

CELL TYPES IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

933

(2)

CONTROL OF PITUITARY SECRETION BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS

935

(1)

Hypothalamic-Hypophysial Portal System

935

(1)

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE

936

(6)

Effect of Growth Hormone to Cause Growth

936

(1)

Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone

936

(2)

Stimulation of Cartilage and Bone Growth

938

(1)

Growth Hormone Exerts Much of Its Effects Through Intermediate Substances called "Somatomedins," Also Called "Insulin-Like Growth Factors"

938

(1)

Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion

939

(1)

Abnormalities of Growth Hormone Secretion

940

(2)

THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS RELATION TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS

942

(3)

Chemical Nature of ADH and Oxytocin

942

(1)

Physiological Functions of ADH

943

(1)

Oxytocic Hormone

944

(1)

Chapter 76 The Thyroid Metabolic Hormones

945

(12)

FORMATION AND SECRETION OF THE THYROID HORMONES

945

(3)

Iodine Requirements for Formation of Thyroxine

945

(1)

Iodine Pump (Iodide Trapping)

946

(1)

Thyroglobulin and Chemistry of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Formation

946

(1)

Release of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine from the Thyroid Gland

947

(1)

Transport of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine to the Tissues

947

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF THE THYROID HORMONES IN THE TISSUES

948

(3)

The Thyroid Hormones Increase the Transcription of Large Numbers of Genes

948

(1)

Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Specific Bodily Mechanisms

949

(2)

REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION

951

(2)

Antithyroid Substances

952

(1)

DISEASES OF THE THYROID

953

(4)

Hyperthyroidism

953

(1)

Hypothyroidism

954

(3)

Chapter 77 The Adrenocortical Hormones

957

(14)

CHEMISTRY OF ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION

957

(2)

FUNCTIONS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOIDS--ALDOSTERONE

959

(3)

Renal and Circulatory Effects of Aldosterone

959

(1)

Effects of Aldosterone on Sweat Glands, Salivary Glands, and Intestinal Absorption

960

(1)

Cellular Mechanism of Aldosterone Action

960

(1)

Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion

961

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF THE GLUCOCORTICOIDS

962

(5)

Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate Metabolism

962

(1)

Effects of Cortisol on Protein Metabolism

962

(1)

Effects of Cortisol on Fat Metabolism

963

(1)

Function of Cortisol in Stress and Inflammation

963

(2)

Other Effects of Cortisol

965

(1)

Regulation of Cortisol Secretion--Adrenocorticotropic Hormone from the Pituitary Gland

965

(2)

ADRENAL ANDROGENS

967

(1)

ABNORMALITIES OF ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION

967

(4)

Hypoadrenalism-Addison's Disease

967

(1)

Hyperadrenalism--Cushing's Syndrome

968

(1)

Primary Aldosteronism

969

(1)

Adrenogenital Syndrome

969

(2)

Chapter 78 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus

971

(14)

INSULIN AND ITS METABOLIC EFFECTS

971

(7)

Effect of Insulin on Carbohydrate Metabolism

973

(1)

Effect of Insulin on Fat Metabolism

974

(2)

Effect of Insulin on Protein Metabolism and on Growth

976

(1)

Control of Insulin Secretion

977

(1)

Other Factors That Stimulate Insulin Secretion

977

(1)

Role of Insulin (and Other Hormones) in "Switching" Between Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

978

(1)

GLUCAGON AND ITS FUNCTIONS

978

(1)

Effects on Glucose Metabolism

978

(1)

Regulation of Glucagon Secretion

979

(1)

SOMATOSTATIN--ITS EFFECT ON INHIBITION OF GLUCAGON AND INSULIN SECRETION

979

(1)

SUMMARY OF BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION

980

(1)

DIABETES MELLITUS

980

(2)

Pathological Physiology of Diabetes Mellitus

981

(1)

Physiology of Diagnosis

981

(1)

Treatment of Diabetes

982

(1)

HYPERINSULINISM

982

(3)

Chapter 79 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth

985

(18)

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID AND PLASMA--FUNCTION OF VITAMIN D

985

(4)

Absorption and Excretion of Calcium and Phosphate

985

(1)

Vitamin D and Its Role in Calcium and Phosphate Absorption

986

(1)

Calcium in the Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

987

(1)

Inorganic Phosphate in the Extracellular Fluids

988

(1)

Non-Bone Physiological Effects of Altered Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations in the Body Fluids

988

(1)

BONE AND ITS RELATIONS TO EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATES

989

(3)

Precipitation and Absorption of Calcium and Phosphate in Bone--Equilibrium with the Extracellular Fluids

989

(1)

Exchangeable Calcium

990

(1)

Deposition and Absorption of Bone--Remodeling of Bone

990

(2)

PARATHYROID HORMONE

992

(3)

Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations in the Extracellular Fluid

992

(2)

Control of Parathyroid Secretion by the Calcium Ion Concentration

994

(1)

CALCITONIN

995

(1)

OVERALL CONTROL OF CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION

996

(1)

PHYSIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID AND BONE DISEASES

997

(1)

Hypoparathyroidism

997

(1)

Hyperparathyroidism

997

(1)

Rickets

998

(1)

Osteoporosis

998

(1)

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TEETH

998

(5)

Function of the Different Parts of the Teeth

999

(1)

Dentition

999

(1)

Mineral Exchange in Teeth

1000

(1)

Dental Abnormalities

1000

(3)

Chapter 80 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and the Pineal Gland)

1003

(14)

SPERMATOGENESIS

1003

(5)

Steps of Spermatogenesis

1003

(3)

Function of the Seminal Vesicles

1006

(1)

Function of the Prostate Gland

1006

(1)

Semen

1006

(1)

Abnormal Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility

1007

(1)

THE MALE SEXUAL ACT

1008

(1)

Neuronal Stimulus for Performance of the Male Sexual Act

1008

(1)

Stages of the Male Sexual Act

1009

(1)

TESTOSTERONE AND OTHER MALE SEX HORMONES

1009

(5)

Secretion, Metabolism, and Chemistry of the Male Sex Hormone

1009

(2)

Functions of Testosterone

1011

(1)

Basic Intracellular Mechanism of Action of Testosterone

1012

(1)

Control of Male Sexual Functions by Hormones from the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland

1013

(1)

ABNORMALITIES OF MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION

1014

(1)

The Prostate Gland and Its Abnormalities

1014

(1)

Hypogonadism in the Male

1014

(1)

Testicular Tumors and Hypergonadism in the Male

1015

(1)

THE PINEAL GLAND--ITS FUNCTION IN CONTROLLING SEASONAL FERTILITY IN SOME ANIMALS

1015

(2)

Chapter 81 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy; and the Female Hormones

1017

(16)

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS

1017

(1)

FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM

1017

(1)

THE MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

1018

(4)

Gonadotropic Hormones and Their Effects on the Ovaries

1018

(1)

Ovarian Follicle Growth--The "Follicular" Phase of the Ovarian Cycle

1019

(2)

The Corpus Luteum--the "Luteal" Phase of the Ovarian Cycle

1021

(1)

Summary

1021

(1)

FUNCTIONS OF THE OVARIAN HORMONES--ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE

1022

(4)

Chemistry of the Sex Hormones

1022

(1)

Functions of the Estrogens--Their Effects on the Primary and Secondary Female Sex Characteristics

1023

(1)

Functions of Progesterone

1024

(1)

The Monthly Endometrial Cycle and Menstruation

1025

(1)

REGULATION OF THE FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM--INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

1026

(3)

Feedback Oscillation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian System

1028

(1)

Puberty and Menarche

1028

(1)

Menopause

1029

(1)

ABNORMALITIES OF SECRETION BY THE OVARIES

1029

(1)

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

1030

(1)

FEMALE FERTILITY

1030

(3)

Chapter 82 Pregnancy and Lactation

1033

(14)

Maturation of the Ovum

1033

(1)

Transport, Fertilization, and Implantation of the Developing Ovum

1033

(1)

EARLY INTRAUTERINE NUTRITION OF THE EMBRYO

1034

(1)

FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA

1035

(2)

Developmental and Physiologic Anatomy of the Placenta

1035

(2)

HORMONAL FACTORS IN PREGNANCY

1037

(2)

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Its Effect to Cause Persistence of the Corpus Luteum and in Preventing Menstruation

1037

(1)

Secretion of Estrogens by the Placenta

1038

(1)

Secretion of Progesterone by the Placenta

1038

(1)

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

1039

(1)

Other Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy

1039

(1)

RESPONSE OF THE MOTHER'S BODY TO PREGNANCY

1039

(2)

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

1041

(1)

PARTURITION

1041

(3)

Increased Uterine Excitability Near Term

1041

(1)

Onset of Labor--A Positive Feedback Theory for Its Initiation

1042

(1)

Abdominal Muscle Contractions During Labor

1043

(1)

Mechanics of Parturition

1043

(1)

Separation and Delivery of the Placenta

1043

(1)

Labor Pains

1043

(1)

Involution of the Uterus

1043

(1)

LACTATION

1044

(3)

Development of the Breasts

1044

(1)

Initiation of Lactation--Function of Prolactin

1044

(1)

Ejection (or "Let Down") Process in Milk Secretion--Function of Oxytocin

1045

(1)

Milk Composition and the Metabolic Drain on the Mother Caused by Lactation

1045

(2)

Chapter 83 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

1047

(12)

GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS

1047

(2)

Development of the Organ Systems

1047

(2)

ADJUSTMENTS OF THE INFANT TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE

1049

(2)

Onset of Breathing

1049

(1)

Circulatory Readjustments at Birth

1050

(1)

Nutrition of the Neonate

1051

(1)

SPECIAL FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS IN THE NEONATE

1051

(4)

SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF PREMATURITY

1054

(1)

Immature Development of the Premature Infant

1054

(1)

Instability of the Control Systems in the Premature Infant

1054

(1)

Danger of Blindness Caused by Oxygen Therapy in the Premature Infant

1054

(1)

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD

1055

(4)

Behavioral Growth

1055

(4)

UNIT XV SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY

1059

(12)

Chapter 84 Sports Physiology

1059

(12)

THE MUSCLES IN EXERCISE

1060

(11)

Strength, Power, and Endurance of Muscles

1060

(1)

Muscle Metabolic Systems in Exercise

1060

(3)

Nutrients Used During Muscle Activity

1063

(1)

Effect of Athletic Training on Muscles and Muscle Performance

1064

(1)

RESPIRATION IN EXERCISE

1065

(1)

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN EXERCISE

1066

(2)

BODY HEAT IN EXERCISE

1068

(1)

BODY FLUIDS AND SALT IN EXERCISE

1068

(1)

DRUGS AND ATHLETES

1069

(1)

BODY FITNESS PROLONGS LIFE

1069

(2)

INDEX

1071

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Textbook of Medical Physiology

Textbook of Medical Physiology

9780721659442

0721659446

Summary

Table of Contents

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Textbook of Medical Physiology

Textbook of Medical Physiology

9780721659442

0721659446

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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