Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences

ISBN 13:
9780131877061
ISBN 10:
0131877062
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/13/2006
Publisher: Pearson

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

This text is designed for a two-semester introductory course in statistics for students majoring in engineering or any of the physical sciences. Inevitably, once these students graduate and are employed, they will be involved in the collection and analysis of data and will be required to think critically about the results. Consequently, they need to acquire knowledge of the basic concepts of data description and statistical inference and familiarity with statistical methods they are required to use on the job.

Preface

Introduction

(11)

Statistics: The Science of Data

(1)

Fundamental Elements of Statistics

(3)

Types of Data

(2)

The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking

(2)

A Guide to Statistical Methods Presented in This Text

(3)

Statistics In Action Contamination of Fish in the Tennessee River: Collecting the Data

(2)

Descriptive Statistics

(47)

Graphical and Numerical Methods for Describing Qualitative Data

(6)

Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

(8)

Numerical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

(1)

Measures of Central Tendency

(4)

Measures of Variation

(6)

Measures of Relative Standing

(3)

Methods for Detecting Outliers

(4)

Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics

(14)

Statistics in Action Characteristics of Contaminated Fish in the Tennessee River, Alabama

(3)

Probability

(58)

The Role of Probability in Statistics

(1)

Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability

(10)

Compound Events

(2)

Complementary Events

(4)

Conditional Probability

(4)

Probability Rules for Unions and Intersections

(10)

Bayes' Rule (Optional)

(3)

Some Counting Rules

(10)

Probability and Statistics: An Example

103

(2)

Random Sampling

105

(12)

Statistics in Action Assessing Predictors of Software Defects in NASA Spacecraft instrument Code

114

(3)

Discrete Random Variables

117

(51)

Discrete Random Variables

118

(1)

The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable

118

(5)

Expected Values for Random Variables

123

(4)

Some Useful Expectation Theorems

127

(2)

Bernoulli Trials

129

(1)

The Binomial Probability Distribution

130

(7)

The Multinomial Probability Distribution

137

(5)

The Negative Binomial and the Geometric Probability Distributions

142

(4)

The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution

146

(5)

The Poisson Probability Distribution

151

(6)

Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional)

157

(11)

Statistics in Action The Reliability of a ``One-Shot'' Device

165

(3)

Continuous Random Variables

168

(43)

Continuous Random Variables

169

(1)

The Density Function for a Continuous Random Variable

170

(2)

Expected Values for Continuous Random Variables

172

(5)

The Uniform Probability Distribution

177

(3)

The Normal Probability Distribution

180

(4)

Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality

184

(6)

Gamma-Type Probability Distributions

190

(4)

The Weibull Probability Distribution

194

(3)

Beta-Type Probability Distributions

197

(3)

Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional)

200

(11)

Statistics in Action Super Weapons Development---Optimizing the Hit Ratio

206

(5)

Bivariate Probability Distributions and Sampling Distributions

211

(51)

Bivariate Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables

212

(5)

Bivariate Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables

217

(4)

The Expected Value of Functions of Two Random Variables

221

(2)

Independence

223

(2)

The Covariance and Correlation of Two Random Variables

225

(3)

Probability Distributions and Expected Values of Functions of Random Variables (Optional)

228

(8)

Sampling Distributions

236

(1)

Approximating a Sampling Distribution by Monte Carlo Simulation

237

(3)

The Sampling Distributions of Means and Sums

240

(5)

Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

245

(3)

Sampling Distributions Related to the Normal Distribution

248

(14)

Statistics in Action Availability of an Up/Down Maintained System

259

(3)

Estimation Using Confidence Intervals

262

(73)

Point Estimators and their Properties

263

(4)

Finding Point Estimators: Classical Methods of Estimation

267

(7)

Finding Interval Estimators: The Pivotal Method

274

(7)

Estimation of a Population Mean

281

(6)

Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

287

(7)

Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs

294

(5)

Estimation of a Population Proportion

299

(3)

Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions

302

(3)

Estimation of a Population Variance

305

(4)

Estimation of the Ratio of Two Population Variances

309

(6)

Choosing the Sample Size

315

(3)

Alternative Interval Estimation Methods: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional)

318

(17)

Statistics in Action Bursting Strength of PET Beverage Bottles

332

(3)

Tests of Hypotheses

335

(65)

The Relationship Between Statistical Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals

336

(1)

Elements and Properties of a Statistical Test

336

(6)

Finding Statistical Tests: Classical Methods

342

(4)

Choosing the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

346

(2)

Testing a Population Mean

348

(6)

The Observed Significance Level for a Test

354

(3)

Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

357

(7)

Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs

364

(5)

Testing a Population Proportion

369

(3)

Testing the Difference Between Two Population Proportions

372

(4)

Testing a Population Variance

376

(3)

Testing the Ratio of Two Population Variances

379

(4)

Alternative Testing Procedures: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional)

383

(17)

Statistics in Action Comparing Methods for Dissolving Drug Tablets---Dissolution Method Equivalence Testing

395

(5)

Categorical Data Analysis

400

(39)

Categorical Data and Multinomial Probabilities

401

(1)

Estimating Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table

401

(4)

Testing Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table

405

(4)

Inferences About Category Probabilities in a Two-Way (Contingency) Table

409

(8)

Contingency Tables with Fixed Marginal Totals

417

(5)

Exact Tests for Independence in a Contingency Table Analysis (Optional)

422

(17)

Statistics in Action The Public's Perception of Engineers and Engineering

432

(7)

Simple Linear Regression

439

(56)

Regression Models

440

(1)

Model Assumptions

441

(2)

Estimating β0 and β1: The Method of Least Squares

443

(11)

Properties of the Least Squares Estimators

454

(2)

An Estimator of σ2

456

(4)

Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences About the Slope β1

460

(5)

The Coefficient of Correlation

465

(4)

The Coefficient of Determination

469

(4)

Using the Model for Estimation and Prediction

473

(7)

A Complete Example

480

(3)

A Summary of the Steps to Follow in Simple Linear Regression

483

(12)

Statistics in Action Can Dowsers Really Detect Water?

491

(4)

Multiple Regression Analysis

495

(88)

General Form of a Multiple Regression Model

496

(1)

Model Assumptions

497

(1)

Fitting the Model: The Method of Least Squares

498

(1)

Computations Using Matrix Algebra: Estimating and Making Inferences About the Individual β Parameters

499

(7)

Assessing Overall Model Adequacy

506

(4)

A Confidence Interval for E(y) and a Prediction Interval for a Future Value of y

510

(9)

A First-Order Model with Quantitative Predictors

519

(9)

An Interaction Model with Quantitative Predictors

528

(5)

A Quadratic (Second-Order) Model with a Quantitative Predictor

533

(7)

Checking Assumptions: Residual Analysis

540

(19)

Some Pitfalls: Estimability, Multicollinearity, and Extrapolation

559

(9)

A Summary of the Steps to Follow in a Multiple Regression Analysis

568

(15)

Statistics in Action Bid-Rigging in the Highway Construction Industry

575

(8)

Model Building

583

(65)

Introduction: Why Model Building Is Important

584

(1)

The Two Types of Independent Variables: Quantitative and Qualitative

585

(1)

Models with a Single Quantitative Independent Variable

586

(7)

Models with Two Quantitative Independent Variables

593

(7)

Coding Quantitative Independent Variables (Optional)

600

(5)

Models with One Qualitative Independent Variable

605

(6)

Models with Both Quantitative and Qualitative Independent Variables

611

(10)

Tests for Comparing Nested Models

621

(7)

External Model Validation (Optional)

628

(2)

Stepwise Regression

630

(18)

Statistics in Action Deregulation of the Intrastate Trucking Industry

640

(8)

Principles of Experimental Design

648

(23)

Introduction

649

(1)

Experimental Design Terminology

649

(2)

Controlling the Information in an Experiment

651

(1)

Noise-Reducing Designs

652

(6)

Volume-Increasing Designs

658

(5)

Selecting the Sample Size

663

(2)

The Importance of Randomization

665

(6)

Statistics in Action Anticorrosive Behavior of Epoxy Coatings Augmented with Zinc

668

(3)

The Analysis of Variance for Designed Experiments

671

(84)

Introduction

672

(1)

The Logic Behind an Analysis of Variance

672

(2)

One-Factor Completely Randomized Designs

674

(11)

Randomized Block Designs

685

(13)

Two-Factor Factorial Experiments

698

(16)

More Complex Factorial Designs (Optional)

714

(7)

Nested Sampling Designs (Optional)

721

(11)

Multiple Comparisons of Treatment Means

732

(7)

Checking ANOVA Assumptions

739

(16)

Statistics in Action On the Trail of the Cockroach

751

(4)

Nonparametric Statistics

755

(45)

Introduction: Distribution-Free Tests

756

(1)

Testing for Location of a Single Population

757

(5)

Comparing Two Populations: Independent Random Samples

762

(7)

Comparing Two Populations: Matched-Pairs Design

769

(6)

Comparing Three or More Populations: Completely Randomized Design

775

(5)

Comparing Three or More Populations: Randomized Block Design

780

(4)

Nonparametric Regression

784

(16)

Statistics in Action Deadly Exposure: Agent Orange and Vietnam Vets

796

(4)

Statistical Process and Quality Control

800

(57)

Total Quality Management

801

(1)

Variable Control Charts

801

(5)

Control Chart for Means: x-Chart

806

(8)

Control Chart for Process Variation: R-Chart

814

(5)

Detecting Trends in a Control Chart: Runs Analysis

819

(2)

Control Chart for Percent Defectives: p-Chart

821

(4)

Control Chart for the Number of Defectives per Item: c-Chart

825

(4)

Tolerance Limits

829

(3)

Capability Analysis (Optional)

832

(7)

Acceptance Sampling for Defectives

839

(5)

Other Sampling Plans (Optional)

844

(1)

Evolutionary Operations (Optional)

845

(12)

Statistics in Action Testing Jet Fuel Additive for Safety

851

(6)

Product and System Reliability

857

(25)

Introduction

858

(1)

Failure Time Distributions

858

(1)

Hazard Rates

859

(4)

Life Testing: Censored Sampling

863

(1)

Estimating the Parameters of an Exponential Failure Time Distribution

864

(3)

Estimating the Parameters of a Weibull Failure Time Distribution

867

(5)

System Reliability

872

(10)

Statistics in Action Modeling the Hazard Rate of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration

879

(3)

Appendix A Matrix Algebra

882

(14)

Matrices and Matrix Multiplication

882

(4)

Identity Matrices and Matrix Inversion

886

(3)

Solving Systems of Simultaneous Linear Equations

889

(2)

A Procedure for Inverting a Matrix

891

(5)

Appendix B Useful Statistical Tables

896

(40)

Table 1 Random Numbers

897

(4)

Table 2 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities

901

(4)

Table 3 Exponentials

905

(1)

Table 4 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities

906

(2)

Table 5 Normal Curve Areas

908

(1)

Table 6 Gamma Function

909

(1)

Table 7 Critical Values for Student's T

910

(1)

Table 8 Critical Values of X2

911

(2)

Table 9 Percentage Points of the F Distribution, α = .10

913

(2)

Table 10 Percentage Points of the F Distribution, α = .05

915

(2)

Table 11 Percentage Points of the F Distribution, α = .025

917

(2)

Table 12 Percentage Points of the F Distribution, α = .01

919

(2)

Table 13 Percentage Points of the Studentized Range q (p, v), α = .05

921

(2)

Table 14 Percentage Points of the Studentized Range q (p, v), α = .01

923

(2)

Table 15 Critical Values of TL and TU for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Samples

925

(1)

Table 16 Critical Values of T0 for the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test

926

(1)

Table 17 Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

927

(1)

Table 18 Critical Values of C for the Theil Zero-Slope Test

928

(4)

Table 19 Factors Used When Constructing Control Charts

932

(1)

Table 20 Values of K for Tolerance Limits for Normal Distributions

933

(1)

Table 21 Sample Size n for Nonparametric Tolerance Limits

934

(1)

Table 22 Sample Size Code Letters: MIL-STD-105D

934

(1)

Table 23 A Portion of the Master Table for Normal Inspection (Single Sampling): MIL-STD-105D

935

(1)

Appendix C SAS for Windows Tutorial

936

(29)

Appendix D MINITAB for Windows Tutorial

965

(33)

Appendix E SPSS for Windows Tutorial

998

(30)

References

1028

(8)

Selected Short Answers

1036

(13)

Credits

1049

(5)

Index

1054

Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences

9780131877061

0131877062

Summary

Table of Contents

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