The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking

ISBN 13:
9780312404581
ISBN 10:
0312404581
Edition: CD
Format: Package
Copyright: 07/30/2002
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

No book helps students make the transition from principles to practice like The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking does. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the elements of effective speech making, Tuman and Fraleigh take things further and introduce three innovative tools--Guides to Speaking, Speech Grids, and a fully integrated CD-ROM--that actually show students how to use the book's unique fail-proof method confidently to create successful speeches.

Brief Contents

Preface

vii

CD-ROM Video Resources

xxx

PART ONE The Process of Public Speaking

(40)

Introducing Public Speaking

(30)

The Benefits of a Public Speaking Class

(3)

How Public Speaking Benefits You as a Student

(1)

How Public Speaking Benefits You in Your Career

(2)

How Public Speaking Benefits You in Your Community

(1)

Public Speaking Is a Great Tradition

(3)

Public Speaking Is a Dynamic Discipline

(9)

The Transaction between Speaker and Audience

(4)

The Significance of Culture

(3)

The Emphasis on Critical Thinking

(1)

The Importance of Ethics

(1)

Overcoming Speech Anxiety

(13)

The Nature of Speech Anxiety

(2)

Reducing the Effects of Speech Anxiety

(5)

The Audience and the Apprehensive Speaker

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

(5)

The Process of Developing a Speech

(9)

The Importance of Speech Preparation

(2)

Common Speech Preparation Problems

(1)

Careful Preparation Leads to Effective Speeches

(1)

Speech Preparation: A Five-Step Process

(4)

In Theory 2.1 Ethos, Logos, and Pathos---Important Concepts in Speech Preparation

(1)

Ethos: The Credibility of the Speaker

(1)

Logos: Proving Claims to the Audience

(1)

Pathos: Disposing the Audience to Feel Emotion

(2)

Preparing Your First Speech: A Basic Speech Guide

(328)

Inventing Your Speech

(5)

Analyze Your Audience

(1)

Select and Refine Your Topic

(1)

Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic

(1)

Choose the Best Ideas to Develop Your Topic

(2)

Organizing and Outlining Your Speech

(4)

Introduction to Organization

(1)

Outline the Body of Your Speech

(2)

Outline the Introduction and Conclusion

(2)

Incorporate Transitions

(1)

Using Effective Style

(1)

Refining and Practicing Your Speech

(1)

Review Your Outline from a Critical Perspective

(1)

Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery

(1)

Delivering Your Speech

(4)

Mitigate Communication Apprehension

(1)

Deliver Your Speech Well

(1)

Learn from Your First Speech

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

(3)

Speech Ethics

(14)

Ethical Behavior in Public Speaking

(1)

Practicing Truthful Communication

(2)

In Theory 3.1 The Truth Bias

(1)

Crediting the Work of Others

(3)

Quoting from a Source

(1)

Paraphrasing the Work of Others

(1)

Using Sound Reasoning and Evidence

(2)

Example Reasoning

(1)

Post Hoc (After the Fact) Fallacy

(1)

In Theory 3.2 Personal Attacks and Hate Speech

(1)

Personal Attacks

(1)

The Ethical Audience

(4)

Be Courteous

(1)

Be Open-Minded

(1)

Listen and Think Critically

(1)

Hold the Speaker Accountable

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

(2)

Listening Skills and Public Speaking

(18)

How Listening Impacts the Public Speaking Process

(2)

Processing the Message

(1)

Retaining What You Have Heard

(1)

Causes of Ineffective Listening

(3)

Ineffective Listening during Interviews

(2)

Ineffective Listening during Audience Interactions

(1)

Ineffective Listening within the Audience

(1)

Becoming a More Effective Listener

(4)

Interactive Listening

(2)

Maximizing Audience Listening

(1)

In Theory 4.1 How Audience Differences Can Affect Listening

(1)

Effective Listening and Critiquing As an Audience Member

(7)

Be an Interactive Listener

(3)

Use Your Listening Skills to Offer Constructive Criticism

(1)

Take Notes on the Message and Delivery

(1)

Note Specific Examples to Support Feedback

(1)

Be an Ethical Audience Member

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

(3)

Audience Analysis

(28)

Audience-Centered Messages

(2)

Determining Situational Characteristics

(5)

Size of the Audience

(1)

Time

(1)

In Theory 5.1 Assessing the Audience by Thinking about Time

(1)

Location

(1)

Mobility of the Audience

(1)

Incorporating Demographics

(5)

Age

(1)

Gender

(1)

Race and Ethnicity

(1)

Religious Orientation

(2)

Educational Background

101

(1)

Political Affiliation

101

(1)

Using Demographics Wisely

102

(1)

Establishing Common Ground

102

(2)

Identifying Prior Exposure

104

(1)

Has My Audience Been Exposed to This Message Before?

104

(1)

What Was the Result of the Audience's Prior Exposure?

104

(1)

If the Message Failed Before, Why Was It Unsuccessful?

104

(1)

Identifying Audience Disposition

105

(2)

Techniques for Conducting Audience Analysis

107

(9)

Surveying Your Audience

107

(2)

Interviewing Your Audience

109

(1)

Observing Your Audience

110

(2)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

112

(2)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

114

(2)

Topic Selection

116

(24)

Developing a Set of Potential Topics

118

(4)

Brainstorm Topics

118

(1)

Use Word Association

119

(1)

Use Mind Mapping

120

(1)

Research for Topics

121

(1)

Selecting the Best Topic

122

(3)

Consider Audience Members' Knowledge and Interests

122

(1)

Consider Your Own Knowledge and Interests

123

(1)

Consider the Context of Your Speech

124

(1)

Be Timely in Selecting Your Topic

124

(1)

In Theory 6.1 Staying with Your Topic Choice

125

(1)

Refining Your Topic

125

(15)

Decide on the Rhetorical Purpose of Your Speech

126

(2)

Narrow Your Topic

128

(4)

Draft Your Specific Purpose and Thesis or Topic Statement

132

(3)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

135

(2)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

137

(3)

Research and Evidence

140

(38)

The Importance of Research and Evidence

142

(1)

Types of Evidence

143

(3)

Examples

144

(2)

Narratives

145

(1)

Facts

145

(1)

Statistics

145

(1)

The Credibility of Research Sources

146

(2)

Expertise

146

(1)

Objectivity

146

(1)

Recency

147

(1)

What Makes a Good Researcher?

148

(2)

Inventory Your Research Needs

148

(1)

Discover Sources of Information on Your Topic

148

(1)

Prioritize Your Sources

149

(1)

Research Your Sources Systematically

149

(1)

Identify Gaps in Your Research and Find the Needed Information

150

(1)

Major Information Resources for Researching Your Speech

150

(20)

Library Research

150

(6)

Internet Research

156

(8)

In Theory 7.1 The Importance of Credible Internet Sources

164

(3)

Interview Research

167

(3)

The Format for Presenting Evidence in Speeches

170

(8)

Present Evidence in Claim-Source-Support Order

171

(1)

Document Internet Sources

172

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

172

(3)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

175

(3)

Organizing and Outlining

178

(46)

The Importance of Good Organization

180

(1)

Outlining Your Speech: Linear Organization

181

(23)

Outlining the Body of Your Speech

182

(11)

Outlining Your Introduction

193

(8)

Outlining Your Conclusion

201

(3)

A Sample Linear Speech Outline

204

(4)

Alternatives to Linear Organization

208

(6)

Deferred-Thesis Pattern

208

(2)

Web Pattern

210

(1)

Narrative

211

(1)

In Theory 8.1 When the Audience Prefers a Nonlinear Format

212

(2)

Preparing an Extemporaneous Outline

214

(10)

The Form of an Extemporaneous Outline

214

(1)

The Content of an Extemporaneous Outline

214

(1)

A Sample Extemporaneous Outline

215

(2)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

217

(3)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

220

(4)

Developing an Effective Message

224

(38)

The Importance of an Effectively Developed Message

226

(1)

Increasing Audience Understanding

227

(5)

Definition

228

(1)

Illustration with Examples

229

(1)

Explanation

230

(1)

Description

230

(1)

Illustration by Analogy

231

(1)

Proving Facts to Your Audience

232

(11)

Use of Evidence

232

(1)

Principles of Evidence Use: An Application

233

(2)

Use of Reasoning

235

(8)

In Theory 9.1 Ethical Persuasion and the Universal Audience

243

(1)

Developing Subpoints to Motivate Your Audience

243

(5)

Emotional Appeals

244

(1)

Appeals to Fear

245

(1)

Cost-Benefit Arguments

246

(1)

Foot-in-the-Door and Door-in-the-Face Strategies

247

(1)

Organizing Main Points and Subpoints to Persuade Your Audience

248

(4)

Two-Sided Arguments

248

(1)

Motivated-Sequence Format

249

(2)

Comparative-Advantage Format

251

(1)

Pulling It All Together: Aiding Understanding, Proving Facts, and Motivating Your Audience

252

(10)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

253

(3)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

256

(6)

Language and Speech

262

(22)

The Significance of Language and Word Choice

264

(3)

Denotative Meaning

265

(1)

Connotative Meaning

266

(1)

Spoken Language and the Audience

266

(1)

Presenting Your Message Clearly

267

(5)

Use Understandable Language

267

(3)

Use Concrete Words

270

(1)

Use Words Properly

270

(1)

Use Concise Language

271

(1)

Expressing Your Ideas Creatively

272

(4)

Use Repetition

272

(1)

Use Hypothetical Examples

273

(1)

Use Personal Examples

273

(1)

Use Vivid Language to Convey Imagery

274

(1)

Use Similes and Metaphors

275

(1)

Choosing Appropriate Language

276

(8)

Avoid Negative Stereotypes

276

(1)

In Theory 10.1 Labels, Stereotypes, and Identity

277

(1)

Use Gender-Neutral References

278

(1)

Use Appropriate References to Ethnic Groups

279

(1)

Avoid Unnecessary References to Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality, or Religion

279

(1)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

280

(2)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

282

(2)

Delivery Skills

284

(28)

The Importance of Good Delivery

286

(1)

Modes of Delivery

286

(4)

Reading from a Script

287

(1)

Memorization from a Script

288

(1)

Speaking from an Outline

289

(1)

Nonverbal Communication and Delivery Skills

290

(14)

How You Speak

290

(7)

How You Communicate with Your Body

297

(6)

In Theory 11.1 Space and Public Speaking

303

(1)

Delivery Skills and Audience Analysis

304

(2)

Polished Delivery and Truthfulness: Ethical Implications

306

(6)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

307

(2)

Speech Grid Application: The Evolution of a Speech Grid

309

(3)

Audiovisual Aids

312

(26)

Seeing (and Hearing) Is Believing

314

(1)

Types of Audiovisual Aids

314

(9)

The Speaker as Audiovisual Aid

314

(1)

Physical Objects as Visual Aids

315

(1)

Assistants as Audiovisual Aids

316

(1)

Maps, Charts, Graphs, Drawings, and Photographs as Visual Aids

317

(3)

Computer Technology and Visual Aids

320

(1)

In Theory 12.1 Using Microsoft PowerPoint for Your Audiovisual Aids

321

(2)

Technology and Audio Aids

323

(1)

Audience Analysis and the Selection of Audiovisual Aids

323

(2)

Forum

323

(1)

Demographics

324

(1)

Prior Exposure

324

(1)

Advantages Offered by Audiovisual Aids

325

(1)

Audiovisual Aids Can Make a Dull or Boring Presentation More Interesting

325

(1)

Audiovisual Aids Can Simplify a Complex Speech Message

326

(1)

Audiovisual Aids Build Audience Retention of the Speech Message

326

(1)

Rules for Preparing Audiovisual Aids

326

(2)

Be Sure That the Audivisual Aid Supports Your Point

326

(1)

Consider Your Audience Analysis When Deciding What Audivisual Aids You Will Use

326

(1)

Make Sure Your Audio Aid Is Loud and Clear

326

(1)

Make Sure Your Visual Aid Is Large Enough to Be Seen

327

(1)

Make Sure Your Visual Aid Is Legible and Easily Understood

327

(1)

Follow the Rules of Contrast

327

(1)

Keep the Message of the Audiovisual Aid Simple

328

(1)

Do Not Create the Audiovisual Aid While You Speak

328

(1)

Rules for Delivering Audiovisual Aids

328

(3)

Make Sure Your Audiovisual Aid Is Accessible to Everyone in Your Audience

328

(1)

Control Audience Interaction with Your Audiovisual Aid

328

(2)

Do Not Use the Visual Aid as an Excuse to Avoid Looking at Your Audience

330

(1)

Remember the Role That the Audiovisual Aid Plays in Your Speech

330

(1)

The Power of Audiovisual Aids: Ethical Implications

331

(7)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

333

(3)

Speech Grid Application: the Evolution of a Speech Grid

336

(2)

Speaking beyond the Speech Classroom

338

(31)

Communicating in Small Groups

340

(8)

Types of Leaders

341

(2)

Roles within a Small Group

343

(3)

Working in a Small Group

346

(2)

Public Speaking in and to Small Groups

348

(6)

Speaking to a Group as a Nonmember

348

(1)

Speaking to a Group as a Member

349

(2)

Making a Group Presentation

351

(3)

Examples of Public Speaking beyond the Speech Classroom

354

(15)

Other Speech Contexts

354

(3)

Examples of Speeches with Specific Rhetorical Purposes

357

(1)

In Theory 13.1 Videoconferencing and Presentations

357

(7)

Summary • Checklist • Key Terms and Concepts

364

(5)

PART TWO Guides to Public Speaking

369

(19)

Guide to Informative Speaking

370

(18)

Speeches

371

(13)

Translocation and Animal Instincts

371

(3)

Chad Meyer

Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches

374

(1)

Planning Your Informative Speech

375

(1)

Gender-Based Responses in Sports Chatrooms

376

(3)

Amanda J. List

Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches

379

(1)

Planning Your Informative Speech

379

(1)

Lessons for the Disabled---Adapting to Change While Holding on to Values

380

(3)

Sue Suter

Analyzing the Characteristics of Informative Speeches

383

(1)

Planning Your Informative Speech

384

(1)

Summary: Key Features of Informative Speeches

384

(4)

Informative Speeches Need Well-Conceived Organization

385

(1)

Informative Speeches Should Clarify and Simplify Messages for an Audience

385

(1)

Informative Speeches Should Use Techniques That Increase Audience Retention of the Message

386

(1)

Informative Speeches Should Always Be Audience Centered

387

(1)

Preparing Your Informative Speech: A Five-Step Process

388

(39)

The Speech Assignment

388

(1)

Inventing Your Speech

388

(7)

Analyze Your Audience

388

(1)

Select and Refine Your Topic

389

(2)

Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic Statement

391

(2)

Select the Best Ideas to Support Your Topic Statement

393

(2)

Organizing Your Speech

395

(3)

Outline the Body of Your Informative Speech

395

(1)

Outline the Introduction and Conclusion

396

(1)

Incorporate Transitions and Signposts

397

(1)

Using Effective Style

398

(1)

Refining and Practicing Your Informative Speech

399

(2)

Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective

399

(1)

Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery

400

(1)

Delivering Your Speech

401

(5)

Minimize Speech Anxiety

401

(1)

Deliver Your Informative Speech

402

(1)

Learn from Your Informative Speech

403

(1)

Summary • Checklist

403

(3)

Guide to Persuasive Speaking

406

(21)

Speeches

407

(17)

``Extra Credit'' You Can Live Without

408

(4)

Anna Martinez

Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches

412

(1)

Planning Your Persuasive Speech

413

(1)

Without Liberty and Justice for All

414

(4)

Enrique Morales

Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches

418

(1)

Planning Your Persuasive Speech

419

(1)

The Rise in Hate Crime: Anti-Immigration Policy

420

(3)

Deval Patrick

Analyzing the Characteristics of Persuasive Speeches

423

(1)

Planning Your Persuasive Speech

424

(1)

Summary: Key Features of Persuasive Speeches

424

(3)

Persuasive Speeches Advocate That the Audience Adopt a Specific Point of View or Take a Specific Action

424

(1)

Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence the Audience through Evidence, Reasoning, and Persuasive Language

425

(1)

Persuasive Speeches Can Be Developed through Different Combinations of Main Points

425

(1)

Persuasive Speeches Should Be Developed with the Audience in Mind

425

(2)

Preparing Your Persuasive Speech: A Five-Step Process

427

(33)

The Speech Assignment

427

(1)

Inventing Your Speech

427

(7)

Analyze Your Audience

427

(1)

Select and Refine Your Topic

428

(1)

Generate Ideas to Support Your Thesis

429

(3)

Select the Best Ideas to Support Your Thesis

432

(2)

Organizing Your Speech

434

(4)

Outline the Body of Your Persuasive Speech

434

(2)

Outline the Introduction and Conclusion

436

(1)

Incorporate Transitions and Signposts

437

(1)

Using Effective Style

438

(1)

Refining and Practicing Your Persuasive Speech

439

(3)

Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective

439

(2)

Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery

441

(1)

Delivering Your Speech

442

(4)

Minimize Speech Anxiety

442

(1)

Deliver Your Persuasive Speech

443

(1)

Learn from Your Persuasive Speech

443

(1)

Summary • Checklist

444

(2)

Guide to Special Occasion Speaking

446

(14)

Speeches

448

(10)

My Hero, Marilyn Hamilton

448

(1)

Lillian Gentz

Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches

449

(1)

Planning Your Special Occasion Speech

450

(1)

A Woman's Place

451

(2)

Naomi Wolf

Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches

453

(1)

Planning Your Special Occasion Speech

454

(1)

Eulogy at the Funeral of Yitzhak Rabin

455

(1)

Noa Ben Artzi-Pelossof

Analyzing the Characteristics of Special Occasion Speeches

456

(1)

Planning Your Special Occasion Speech

457

(1)

Summary: Key Features of Special Occasion Speeches

458

(2)

The Content of a Special Occasion Speech Is Appropriate for the Occasion

458

(1)

Appeals to Pathos Are a Hallmark of Special Occasion Speeches

458

(1)

Special Occasion Speeches Place Greater Reliance on Narratives and Anecdotes as Supporting Materials, Although Evidence Remains Important

458

(1)

Special Occasion Speeches Retain Organization and Structure

459

(1)

Preparing Your Special Occasion Speech: A Five-Step Process

460

(38)

The Speech Assignment

460

(1)

Inventing Your Speech

460

(9)

Analyze Your Audience

460

(1)

Select and Refine Your Topic

460

(4)

Generate Ideas to Support Your Topic

464

(2)

Select the Best Ideas to Develop Your Topic

466

(3)

Organizing Your Speech

469

(4)

Outline the Body of Your Special Occasion Speech

469

(2)

Outline the Introduction and Conclusion

471

(1)

Incorporate Transitions and Signposts

472

(1)

Using Effective Style

473

(1)

Refining and Practicing Your Special Occasion Speech

474

(2)

Review the Outline from a Critical Perspective

474

(2)

Prepare for Extemporaneous Delivery

476

(1)

Delivering Your Speech

476

(6)

Minimize Speech Anxiety

476

(1)

Deliver Your Special Occasion Speech

477

(1)

Learn from Your Special Occasion Speech

478

(1)

Summary • Checklist

478

(4)

Guide to Impromptu Speaking

482

(16)

Speeches

483

(11)

Wait Until Your Father Gets Home!

484

(1)

Amy Kate O'Brien

Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches

485

(1)

Planning Your Impromptu Speech

486

(1)

Should Possession of Marijuana Be Decriminalized?

487

(2)

Frederick Garvin

Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches

489

(1)

Planning Your Impromptu Speech

490

(1)

Protecting Your Children on the Internet, Impromptu Answer

491

(1)

Joseph Thomas

Analyzing the Characteristics of Impromptu Speeches

492

(2)

Planning Your Impromptu Speech

494

(1)

Summary: Key Features of Impromptu Speeches

494

(4)

Impromptu Speaking Requires Audience Analysis

494

(1)

Impromptu Speaking Requires Clear Structure

495

(1)

Impromptu Speaking Requires Clear Signposting

495

(1)

Impromptu Speaking Requires That You Present a Clear Thesis or Topic Statement---One That Makes Sense at Both the Beginning and the End of the Speech

496

(1)

It Is All Right to Reword and Bridge in Impromptu Speaking

496

(1)

Effective Impromptu Speaking Makes Use of the Technique of Short Answer/Long Answer

497

(1)

Expectations for Impromptu Speaking Are Different from Those for Prepared Speaking

497

(1)

Preparing Your Impromptu Speech: A Three-Part Process

498

(8)

The Speech Assignment

498

(1)

Inventing Your Speech

498

(2)

Determine the True Meaning of the Topic or Question

498

(1)

Determine Your Position on the Topic or Question

499

(1)

Decide What Reasons and/or Examples Support Your Position

499

(1)

Determining the Content of Your Speech

500

(3)

Structuring the Message and Invention

500

(1)

Rewording or Bridging

501

(1)

Situational Audience Analysis

502

(1)

Delivering Your Speech

503

(3)

The Relationship of Structure and Retention

503

(1)

The Relationship of Structure and Speech Symmetry

503

(1)

Summary • Checklist

504

(2)

Appendix A Sample Full-Text Outlines, Key-Word Outlines, and Grids

506

(20)

Appendix B A Short Guide to MLA and APA Citation Formats

526

(11)

Index

537

The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking

9780312404581

0312404581

Summary

Table of Contents

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The St. Martin's Guide to Public Speaking

9780312404581

0312404581

Summary

Table of Contents

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