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Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

by: Hagan, Frank E.

Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

by: Hagan, Frank E.

ISBN 13:
9780205447398
ISBN 10:
0205447392
Edition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2006
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

Classic in its field, this best-selling text teaches general research methods using standard and contemporary examples of both qualitative and quantitative research in criminal justice and criminology. The author uses criminological and criminal justice studies to illustrate research methods, so readers can become familiar with examples of research in the field as well as learn fundamental research skills.

Preface

xix

Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method

(32)

Scientific Research in Criminal Justice

(1)

Common Sense and Nonsense

(2)

Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice?

(1)

The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice

(2)

The Probabilistic Nature of Science

(1)

Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry

(1)

Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice

(1)

Pure Versus Applied Research

(6)

Exhibit 1.1: The Paradigm Shift in Policing

(2)

Exhibit 1.2: The Project on Human Development

(2)

Exhibit 1.3: Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research

(1)

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

(1)

Researchese: The Language of Research

(3)

Concepts

(1)

Operationalization

(1)

Variables

(1)

Dependent and Independent Variables

(1)

Theories/Hypotheses

(1)

Examples of the Research Process

(2)

Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders

(1)

General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice

(1)

Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem

(3)

Exhibit 1.4: Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods

(1)

Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem

(1)

Summary

(7)

Exhibit 1.5: The World Wide Web (WWW)

(5)

Key Concepts

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Useful Web Sites

(1)

Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

(43)

Ethical Horror Stories

(8)

Biomedical Examples

(2)

Social Science Examples

(1)

Exhibit 2.1: AIDS Research in Africa and Asia: Is It Ethical?

(4)

Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism

(1)

Exhibit 2.2: Legendary Research Scams

(1)

The Researcher's Role

(2)

Research Targets in Criminal Justice

(1)

Ethics and Professionalism

(1)

Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

(9)

History of Federal Regulation of Research

(3)

The Belmont Report

(1)

Institutional Review Boards

(1)

Research Activities Exempt from HHS Review

(5)

National Institute of Justice's Human Subject Protection Requirements

(1)

Confidentiality of Criminal Justice Research

(5)

Exhibit 2.3: Codes of Research Ethics of the ACJS and the ASC

(3)

Ethical Issues in Criminology / Criminal Justice Research

(4)

Avoid Research That May Harm Respondents

(1)

Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity

(1)

Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research

(1)

Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents

(1)

Ethical Problems

(8)

The Brajuha Case (Weinstein Decision)

(1)

The Ofshe Case

(1)

The Hutchinson Case

(3)

Additional Ethical Concerns

(1)

Avoiding Ethical Problems

(1)

Summary

(2)

Key Concepts

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Useful Web Sites

(2)

Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations

(39)

The Experimental Model

(1)

Research Design in a Nutshell

(1)

Causality

(2)

Resolution of the Causality Problem

(2)

Rival Causal Factors

(1)

Validity

(1)

Internal Factors: Variables Related to Internal Validity

(4)

History

(1)

Maturation

(1)

Testing

(1)

Instrumentation

(1)

Statistical Regression

(1)

Selection Bias

(1)

Experimental Mortality

(1)

Selection--Maturation Interaction

(1)

External Factors: Variables Related to External Validity

(2)

Testing Effects

(1)

Selection Bias

(1)

Reactivity or Awareness of Being Studied

(1)

Multiple-Treatment Interference

(1)

Related Rival Causal Factors

(2)

Hawthorne Effect

(1)

Halo Effect

(1)

Post Hoc Error

(1)

Placebo Effect

(1)

Experimental Designs

(1)

The Classic Experimental Design

(2)

Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design

(5)

Candid Camera

(1)

Scared Straight

(1)

Community Policing

(2)

Exhibit 3.1: The Kansas City Gun Experiment

(2)

Other Experimental Designs

(1)

Posttest-Only Control Group Design

(1)

Solomon Four-Group Design

(1)

Preexperimental Designs

(2)

One-Group Ex Post Facto Design

(1)

One-Group Before-After Design

(1)

Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design

(1)

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs

(1)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

100

(5)

Exhibit 3.2: The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse

101

(1)

Time-Series Designs

101

(3)

Multiple Interrupted Time-Series Designs

104

(1)

Counterbalanced Designs

104

(1)

Some Other Criminal Justice Examples of Variations of the Experimental Model

105

(5)

The Provo and Silverlake Experiments

105

(1)

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

106

(1)

Exhibit 3.3: Evaluations of Shock Incarceration

107

(1)

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

108

(2)

The Experiment as a Data-Gathering Strategy

110

(2)

Advantages of Experiments

110

(1)

Disadvantages of Experiments

111

(1)

Summary

112

(1)

Key Concepts

113

(1)

Review Questions

113

(1)

Useful Web Sites

114

(1)

An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports

115

(24)

Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies

116

(1)

Social Surveys

117

(1)

Participant Observation

118

(1)

Life History and Case Studies

119

(1)

Unobtrusive Measures

119

(2)

Exhibit 4.1: Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

120

(1)

The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports

121

(1)

The Crime Index

122

(1)

Crime Rate

123

(1)

Cautions in the Use of UCR Data

124

(4)

Factors Affecting the UCR

124

(4)

Related UCR Issues

128

(2)

Exhibit 4.2: The Crime Dip

129

(1)

UCR Redesign

130

(6)

National Incident-Based Reporting System

130

(1)

Nibrs versus UCR

131

(1)

Exhibit 4.3: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (Nibrs)

132

(4)

Summary

136

(1)

Key Concepts

137

(1)

Review Questions

137

(1)

Useful Web Sites

138

(1)

Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires

139

(43)

Types of Sampling

140

(11)

Probability Samples

140

(6)

Nonprobability Samples

146

(4)

Exhibit 5.1: Crime Profiling

150

(1)

Sample Size

151

(1)

Survey Research

152

(2)

Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction

154

(6)

Questionnaire Wording

155

(4)

Pretest

159

(1)

Organization of the Questionnaire

160

(1)

Mail Surveys

160

(1)

Advantages of Mail Surveys

161

(1)

Disadvantages of Mail Surveys

162

(1)

Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys

163

(5)

Follow-up

163

(1)

Offering Remuneration

164

(1)

Attractive Format

165

(1)

Sponsorship and Endorsements

165

(1)

Personalization

166

(1)

Shortened Format

166

(1)

Good Timing

166

(2)

Self-Reported Measures of Crime

168

(1)

Some Problems with Self-Report Surveys

169

(2)

Strengths of Self-Report Surveys

171

(4)

Reliability

171

(1)

Validity

172

(1)

Use of Other Data

172

(1)

Use of Other Observers

173

(1)

Use of Polygraph

173

(1)

Known-Group Validation

173

(1)

Use of Lie Scales

173

(1)

Measures of Internal Consistency

174

(1)

Use of Interviews

174

(1)

Internet Surveys

175

(4)

Advantages of Internet Surveys

175

(1)

Disadvantages of Internet Surveys

175

(1)

Procedures in Internet Surveys

176

(3)

Summary

179

(1)

Key Concepts

180

(1)

Review Questions

181

(1)

Useful Web Sites

181

(1)

Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys

182

(37)

Types of Interviews

183

(2)

Advantages of Interviews

185

(1)

Disadvantages of Interviews

186

(1)

Interviewing Aids and Variations

186

(3)

Exhibit 6.1: Public Opinion Polls

187

(2)

General Procedures in Interviews

189

(1)

Training and Orientation Session

189

(1)

Arranging the Interview

189

(1)

Demeanor of Interviewer

190

(1)

Administration of the Structured Interview

190

(1)

Probing

191

(1)

The Exit

192

(1)

Recording the Interview

192

(1)

Telephone Surveys

193

(1)

Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys

194

(1)

Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys

194

(1)

Computers in Survey Research

195

(1)

Random Digit Dialing

196

(2)

Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys

198

(1)

Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice

199

(1)

National Crime Victimization Survey

200

(1)

Sampling

200

(1)

Panel Design

201

(1)

A Comparison of UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data

201

(3)

Some Problems in Victim Surveys

204

(3)

Cost of Large Samples

204

(1)

False Reports

204

(1)

Mistaken Reporting

205

(1)

Poor Memory

205

(1)

Telescoping

205

(1)

Sampling Bias

206

(1)

Overreporting and Underreporting

206

(1)

Interviewer Effects

206

(1)

Coding Unreliability and Mechanical Error

207

(1)

Problems Measuring Certain Crimes

207

(1)

Benefits of Victim Surveys

207

(1)

A Defense of Victim Surveys

208

(1)

Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys

208

(1)

Bounding

209

(1)

Reverse Record Checks

209

(1)

Victim Surveys: A Balanced View

209

(1)

Community Crime Victimization Survey Software

210

(1)

Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey

210

(5)

Exhibit 6.2: The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey

211

(4)

Summary

215

(2)

Key Concepts

217

(1)

Review Questions

217

(1)

Useful Web Sites

218

(1)

Participant Observation and Case Studies

219

(28)

A Critique of Experiments and Surveys

220

(1)

Verbal Reports versus Behavior

220

(1)

A Defense of Quantitative Research

221

(1)

Participant Observation

222

(1)

Types of Participant Observation

223

(2)

Characteristics of Participant Observation

225

(3)

Objectivity in Research

225

(1)

``Going Native''

226

(2)

General Procedures in Participant Observation

228

(1)

Field Notes

228

(1)

Mnemonics

228

(1)

Caution in Use of Other Recording Methods

229

(1)

Tips on Participant Observation

229

(6)

Gaining Access

230

(2)

Gatekeepers

232

(1)

Announcement of Intentions

232

(1)

Sampling

232

(1)

Exhibit 7.1: American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime

233

(1)

Reciprocity and Protection of Identity

234

(1)

Concern for Accuracy

235

(1)

Examples of Participant Observation

235

(3)

Exhibit 7.2: Islands in the Streets

237

(1)

Exhibit 7.3: This Thing of Darkness: A Participant Observation Study of Idaho Christian Patriots

238

(1)

Advantages of Participant Observation

238

(1)

Disadvantages of Participant Observation

239

(1)

Case Studies

240

(1)

Life History / Oral History

241

(1)

Some Examples of Case Studies

241

(1)

Journalistic Field Studies

242

(1)

Single-Subject Designs

242

(2)

Summary

244

(1)

Key Concepts

245

(1)

Review Questions

245

(1)

Useful Web Sites

246

(1)

Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics

247

(41)

Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods

248

(1)

Physical Trace Analysis

249

(1)

Use of Available Data and Archives

250

(17)

Secondary Analysis

251

(1)

Personal Documents and Biographies

251

(3)

Examples of Secondary Analysis

254

(2)

Exhibit 8.1: Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis

256

(2)

Exhibit 8.2: Street Gang Crime in Chicago

258

(2)

Limitations of Official Data

260

(1)

Measuring Hidden Populations

261

(1)

Historical and Archival Data

262

(1)

Content Analysis

262

(3)

Content Analysis by Computer

265

(1)

Meta-Analysis

265

(2)

Sources of Existing Data

267

(5)

Exhibit 8.3: Applied Criminal Justice Research: Hotspot Analysis

268

(3)

Exhibit 8.4: X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation

271

(1)

Observation

272

(6)

Exhibit 8.5: National Archive of Criminal Justice Data

273

(5)

Disguised Observation

278

(3)

Simulations

281

(2)

Advantages of Unobtrusive Measures

283

(1)

Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Measures

284

(1)

Summary

285

(1)

Key Concepts

286

(1)

Review Questions

286

(1)

Useful Web Sites

286

(2)

Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies

288

(18)

Error in Research

288

(2)

Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice

290

(2)

Ways of Determining Validity

292

(6)

Face Validity

292

(1)

Content Validity

293

(1)

Construct Validity

293

(1)

Pragmatic Validity

294

(1)

Convergent-Discriminant Validation / Triangulation

295

(3)

Reliability

298

(2)

Test-Retest

298

(1)

Multiple Forms

299

(1)

Split-Half Technique

299

(1)

Adam (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program)

300

(1)

Other Examples of Research Validation

300

(3)

Exhibit 9.1: ADAM

301

(2)

Summary

303

(1)

Key Concepts

304

(1)

Review Questions

304

(1)

Useful Web Sites

304

(2)

Scaling and Index Construction

306

(29)

Levels of Measurement

306

(3)

Scaling Procedures

309

(1)

Arbitrary Scales

310

(1)

The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale

311

(1)

Attitude Scales

312

(9)

Thurstone Scales

312

(2)

Likert Scales

314

(3)

Guttman Scales

317

(4)

Other Scaling Procedures

321

(4)

Q Sort

321

(1)

Semantic Differential

321

(1)

Other Variations

322

(3)

Crime Seriousness Scales

325

(2)

Sellin-Wolfgang Index

325

(1)

Types of Crime Seriousness Scales

326

(1)

Prediction Scales

327

(4)

The Salient Factor Score

328

(1)

Greenwood's ``Rand Seven-Factor Index''

329

(1)

Career Criminal Programs

330

(1)

Advantages of Scales

331

(1)

Disadvantages of Scales

331

(1)

Summary

332

(1)

Key Concepts

333

(1)

Review Questions

334

(1)

Useful Web Sites

334

(1)

Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research

335

(26)

Policy Analysis

336

(1)

Evaluation Research

337

(2)

Policy Experiments

338

(1)

Policy Analysis: The Case of the National Institute of Justice Research Program

339

(2)

NIJ Mission Statement

339

(1)

NIJ Research Priorities

340

(1)

A Systems Model of Evaluation Research

341

(2)

Types of Evaluation Research

343

(3)

Will the Findings Be Used?

344

(1)

Is the Project Evaluable?

344

(2)

Who Can Do This Work?

346

(1)

Steps in Evaluation Research

346

(5)

Problem Formulation

347

(1)

Design of Instruments

347

(1)

Research Design

348

(1)

Data Collection

349

(1)

Data Analysis

350

(1)

Utilization

350

(1)

What Works in Criminal Justice?

351

(4)

The Campbell Collaboration (C2)

352

(1)

Exhibit 11.1: Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising

353

(2)

Obstacles to Evaluation Research

355

(3)

Researchers and Host Agencies

358

(1)

Summary

359

(1)

Key Concepts

359

(1)

Review Questions

360

(1)

Useful Web Sites

360

(1)

Data Management: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation

361

(37)

Variables List

362

(1)

Computers

363

(1)

Data Management

364

(6)

Editing

364

(1)

Coding

365

(3)

Coder Monitoring

368

(1)

Keyboard Entry

369

(1)

Data Verification

370

(1)

Simple Data Presentation

370

(4)

Rates

372

(1)

Proportions

372

(1)

Percentages

373

(1)

Ratios

373

(1)

The Frequency Distribution

374

(1)

Graphic Presentations

375

(7)

Pie Charts

376

(1)

Bar Graphs

376

(1)

Frequency Polygons (Line Charts)

377

(2)

Using SPSS for Graphs

379

(1)

Crime Clocks

379

(3)

Table Reading

382

(1)

Why Bother with Tables?

383

(1)

What to Look for in a Table

383

(1)

Steps in Reading a Table

383

(4)

Summary of Table 12.3

386

(1)

How to Construct Tables

387

(1)

Presentation of Complex Data

387

(2)

General Rules for Percentaging a Table

389

(3)

Improper Percentaging

391

(1)

Elaboration

392

(2)

Lying with Statistics

394

(1)

Summary

395

(1)

Key Concepts

396

(1)

Review Questions

397

(1)

Useful Web Sites

397

(1)

Data Analysis: A User's Guide to Statistics

398

(44)

Why Study Statistics?

399

(1)

Using Spss for Statistics

400

(1)

Types of Statistics

401

(1)

Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution

401

(3)

Mode

401

(1)

Median

402

(1)

Mean

402

(2)

Measures of Dispersion

404

(5)

Range

404

(2)

Standard Deviation (σ)

406

(3)

Standard Deviation Units (Z Scores)

409

(2)

Chi-Square (X2)

411

(3)

Calculation of Chi-Square

412

(1)

Cautions

413

(1)

Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association

414

(1)

Phi Coefficient (Φ) and Phi-Square (Φ2)

414

(1)

Contingency Coefficient (C)

415

(1)

Cramer's V

415

(1)

Nature and Types of Statistics

415

(3)

Nonparametric Statistics

415

(1)

Null Hypothesis

416

(1)

Tests of Significance

417

(1)

The t Test (Difference of Means Test)

418

(2)

Types of t Tests

418

(2)

Anova (Analysis of Variance)

420

(3)

Calculation of Anova

421

(2)

Other Measures of Relationship

423

(1)

The Concept of Relationship

423

(1)

Correlation Coefficient (Pearson's r)

424

(3)

Interpretation of Pearson's r

424

(1)

Calculation of Pearson's r

425

(1)

Statistical Significance of Pearson's r

426

(1)

Regression

427

(1)

Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship

428

(5)

Spearman's Rho (rs)

428

(2)

Interpretation of Rho

430

(1)

Gamma

430

(3)

Multivariate Analysis

433

(2)

Partial Correlation

433

(1)

Multiple Correlation and Regression

434

(1)

Statistical Software

435

(1)

Caveat Emptor

436

(1)

The Ecological Fallacy

437

(1)

Summary

438

(2)

Key Concepts

440

(1)

Review Questions

440

(1)

Useful Web Sites

440

(2)

APPENDIX A How to Write the Research Report

442

(5)

APPENDIX B Table of Random Numbers

447

(2)

APPENDIX C Statistics: An Addendum to Chapter 13

449

(8)

Measures of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

449

(3)

Standard Deviations for Grouped Data

452

(2)

Raw Score Approach

452

(1)

Deviation Score Approach

453

(1)

Calculation of Anova

454

(1)

Regression Calculations

455

(1)

A Test of Significance for Gamma

456

(1)

APPENDIX D Answers to Pop Quizzes in Chapter 13

457

(5)

APPENDIX E Normal Curve Areas

462

(5)

APPENDIX F Distribution of Chi-Square (X2)

467

(1)

APPENDIX G Proposal Writing and Evaluation

468

(11)

Proposal Writing

468

(6)

Funding Agencies

468

(1)

Grantsmanship

468

(1)

Basic Elements of a Proposal

469

(5)

NIJ Proposal Format and Content

474

(2)

Selection Criteria

475

(1)

Evaluation of Research Proposals

476

(3)

NIJ Evaluation of Proposals

477

(2)

References

479

(40)

Glossary

519

(6)

Name Index

525

(6)

Subject Index

531

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Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

9780205447398

0205447392

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

Research Methods In Criminal Justice And Criminology

9780205447398

0205447392

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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