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Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

by: Berg, Bruce L.

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

by: Berg, Bruce L.

ISBN 13:
9780205482634
ISBN 10:
0205482635
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2009
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

This text uses hands-on activities and real-life examples to provide the most comprehensive and straightforward coverage of doing qualitative research on the market. The author's central purpose is to show inexperienced researchers how to design, collect, and analyze data and then present their results to the scientific community, while stressing the importance of ethics in research and taking the time to properly design and think through any research endeavor.

Preface

xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction

(18)

Quantitative Versus Qualitative Schools of Thought

(3)

Use of Triangulation in Research Methodology

(3)

Qualitative Strategies: Defining an Orientation

(1)

From a Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

(4)

Why Use Qualitative Methods?

(2)

A Plan of Presentation

(1)

References

(3)

Chapter 2 Designing Qualitative Research

(34)

Theory and Concepts

(2)

Ideas and Theory

(4)

Reviewing the Literature

(8)

Evaluating Web Sites

(3)

The Two-Card Method

(3)

Theory, Reality, and the Social World

(1)

Framing Research Problems

(1)

Operationalization and Conceptualization

(3)

Designing Projects

(7)

Setting and Population Appropriateness

(2)

Sampling Strategies

(4)

Data Collection and Organization

(1)

Data Storage, Retrieval, and Analysis

(2)

Dissemination

(1)

Trying It Out

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 3 Ethical Issues

(36)

Research Ethics in Historical Perspective

(6)

From Guidelines to Law: Regulations on the Research Process

(1)

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

(10)

IRBs and Their Duties

(3)

Clarifying the Role of IRBs

(2)

Active Versus Passive Consent

(2)

Active Versus Passive Consent in Internet Research

(1)

Membership Criteria for IRBs

(1)

Ethical Codes

(1)

Some Common Ethical Concerns in Behavioral Research

(2)

New Areas for Ethical Concern: Cyberspace

(2)

Protection for Children

(1)

Debriefing the Subjects

(1)

Physical and Ethical Dangers in Covert Research

(3)

Informed Consent and Implied Consent

(1)

Confidentiality and Anonymity

(2)

Keeping Identifying Records

(1)

Strategies for Safeguarding Confidentiality

(1)

Securing the Data

(1)

Objectivity and Careful Research Design

(1)

Trying It Out

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 4 A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing

(55)

Dramaturgy and Interviewing

(2)

Types of Interviews

(5)

The Standardized Interview

(2)

The Unstandardized Interview

(1)

The Semistandardized Interview

(2)

The Interview Schedule

(2)

Schedule Development

(3)

Question Order, Content, and Style

(3)

Communicating Effectively

102

(1)

A Few Common Problems in Question Formulation

103

(2)

Affectively Worded Questions

104

(1)

The Double-Barreled Question

104

(1)

Complex Questions

105

(1)

Question Sequencing

105

(1)

Pretesting the Schedule

105

(1)

Long Versus Short Interviews

106

(2)

Telephone Interviews

108

(2)

Advantages of the Telephone Interview

109

(1)

Disadvantages of the Telephone Interview

110

(1)

Computer-Assisted Interviewing

110

(4)

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)

110

(1)

Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

111

(1)

Web-Based In-Depth Interviews

112

(2)

Conducting an Interview: A Natural or an Unnatural Communication?

114

(1)

The Dramaturgical Interview

115

(8)

Interviewer Roles and Rapport

116

(2)

The Role of the Interviewee

118

(1)

The Interviewer as a Self-Conscious Performer

119

(1)

Social Interpretations and the Interviewer

120

(3)

The Interviewer's Repertoire

123

(8)

Interviewers' Attitudes and Persuading a Subject

125

(2)

Developing an Interviewer Repertoire

127

(1)

Techniques to Get New Researchers Started

127

(2)

Taking the Show on the Road

129

(1)

The Ten Commandments of Interviewing

129

(2)

Know Your Audience

131

(2)

Curtain Calls

132

(1)

Analyzing Data Obtained from the Dramaturgical Interview

133

(4)

Beginning an Analysis

134

(1)

Systematic Filing Systems

134

(2)

Short Answer Sheets

136

(1)

Analysis Procedures: A Concluding Remark

136

(1)

Trying It Out

137

(1)

Notes

138

(1)

References

139

(5)

Chapter 5 Focus Group Interviewing

144

(27)

What Are Focus Group Interviews?

144

(2)

The Evolution of Focus Group Interviews

146

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Group Interviewing

148

(7)

Focus Group Interviewing and Face-to-Face Interviewing

149

(2)

Focus Group Interviewing and Participant Observation

151

(1)

Focus Group Interviewing and Unobtrusive Measures

152

(3)

Facilitating Focus Group Dynamics: How Focus Groups Work

155

(1)

The Moderator's Guide

155

(3)

Introduction and Introductory Activities

156

(1)

Statement of the Basic Rules or Guidelines for the Interview

156

(1)

Short Question-and-Answer Discussions

157

(1)

Special Activities or Exercises

157

(1)

Guidance for Dealing with Sensitive Issues

157

(1)

Basic Ingredients in Focus Groups

158

(4)

Analyzing Focus Group Data

162

(1)

Confidentiality and Focus Group Interviews

163

(2)

Recent Trends in Focus Groups: Online Focus Groups

165

(1)

Conclusion

166

(1)

Trying It Out

167

(1)

Notes

167

(1)

References

168

(3)

Chapter 6 Ethnographic Field Strategies

171

(51)

Accessing a Field Setting: Getting in

175

(3)

Reflectivity and Ethnography

178

(8)

The Attitude of the Ethnographer

179

(1)

The Researcher's Voice

179

(5)

Gaining Entry

184

(2)

Becoming Invisible

186

(4)

Dangers of Invisibility

188

(2)

Other Dangers During Ethnographic Research

190

(2)

Watching, Listening, and Learning

192

(12)

How to Learn: What to Watch and Listen For

194

(3)

Field Notes

197

(7)

Computers and Ethnography

204

(1)

Analyzing Ethnographic Data

205

(2)

Other Analysis Strategies: Typologies, Sociograms, and Metaphors

207

(6)

Typologies

207

(1)

Sociograms

208

(5)

Metaphors

213

(1)

Disengaging: Getting Out

213

(2)

Trying It Out

215

(1)

References

215

(7)

Chapter 7 Action Research

222

(17)

The Basics of Action Research

224

(2)

Identifying the Research Question(s)

226

(1)

Gathering the Information to Answer the Question(s)

227

(1)

Analyzing and Interpreting the Information

227

(2)

Procedures for Using Interview and Ethnographic Data

227

(1)

Guiding Questions of Analysis: Why, What, How, Who, Where, When?

228

(1)

Descriptive Accounts and Reports

228

(1)

Sharing the Results with the Participants

229

(1)

The Action Researcher's Role

230

(1)

Types of Action Research

230

(3)

Technical/Scientific/Collaborative Mode

231

(1)

A Practical/Mutual Collaborative/Deliberate Mode

231

(1)

Emancipating/Enhancing/Critical Science Mode

232

(1)

Photovoice and Action Research

233

(2)

The Goal in Photovoice

234

(1)

Action Research: A Reiteration

235

(1)

Trying It Out

236

(1)

References

237

(2)

Chapter 8 Unobtrusive Measures in Research

239

(25)

Archival Strategies

241

(15)

Public Archives

242

(10)

Private Archives: Solicited and Unsolicited Documents

252

(4)

A Last Remark about Archival Records

256

(1)

Physical Erosion and Accretion: Human Traces as Data Sources

256

(3)

Erosion Measures

256

(1)

Accretion Measures

257

(1)

Some Final Remarks about Physical Traces

258

(1)

Trying It Out

259

(1)

References

260

(4)

Chapter 9 Historiography and Oral Traditions

264

(19)

What is Historical Research?

264

(4)

Life Histories and Historiography

268

(1)

What are the Sources of Data of Historical Researchers?

268

(1)

Doing Historiography: Tracing Written History as Data

269

(6)

External Criticism

271

(3)

Internal Criticism

274

(1)

What are Oral Histories?

275

(4)

Trying It Out

279

(1)

References

279

(4)

Chapter 10 Case Studies

283

(20)

The Nature of Case Studies

283

(1)

Theory and Case Studies

284

(2)

The Individual Case Study

286

(5)

The Use of Interview Data

288

(1)

The Use of Personal Documents

289

(2)

Intrinsic, Instrumental, and Collective Case Studies

291

(1)

Case Study Design Types

292

(2)

Exploratory Case Studies

292

(1)

Explanatory Case Studies

292

(1)

Descriptive Case Studies

293

(1)

The Scientific Benefit of Case Studies

294

(2)

Objectivity and the Case Method

294

(1)

Generalizability

295

(1)

Case Studies of Organizations

296

(1)

Case Studies of Communities

297

(3)

Data Collection for Community Case Studies

298

(1)

Community Groups and Interests

298

(2)

Trying It Out

300

(1)

References

300

(3)

Chapter 11 An Introduction to Content Analysis

303

(37)

What is Content Analysis

303

(1)

Analysis of Qualitative Data

304

(2)

Interpretative Approaches

304

(1)

Social Anthropological Approaches

305

(1)

Collaborative Social Research Approaches

305

(1)

Content Analysis as a Technique

306

(1)

Content Analysis: Quantitative or Qualitative?

307

(2)

Manifest versus Latent Content Analysis

308

(1)

Blending Manifest and Latent Content Analysis Strategies

309

(1)

Communication Components

309

(1)

What to Count: Levels and Units of Analysis

310

(1)

Category Development: Building Grounded Theory

310

(7)

What to Count

312

(1)

Combinations of Elements

313

(1)

Units and Categories

314

(2)

Classes and Categories

316

(1)

Open Coding

317

(3)

Coding Frames

320

(5)

A Few More Words on Analytic Induction

322

(1)

Interrogative Hypothesis Testing

323

(2)

Stages in the Content Analysis Process

325

(2)

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Content Analysis Process

327

(2)

Computers and Qualitative Analysis

329

(5)

Word Processors

331

(1)

Text Retrievers

331

(1)

Textbase Managers

331

(1)

Code-and-Retrieve Programs

331

(1)

Code-Based Theory Builders

332

(1)

Conceptual Network Builders

332

(2)

Qualitative Research at the Speed of Light

334

(1)

Trying It Out

335

(1)

References

336

(4)

Chapter 12 Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup

340

(27)

Plagiarism: What It Is, Why It's Bad, and How to Avoid It

341

(3)

Why Plagiarism Occurs

341

(1)

How to Avoid Plagiarism

342

(2)

Identifying the Purpose of the Writing: Arranging the Noodles

344

(1)

Delineating a Supportive Structure: Visual Signals for the Reader

345

(12)

The Title

347

(1)

The Abstract

348

(1)

The Introduction

349

(1)

Literature Review

350

(1)

Methodology

351

(2)

Findings or Results

353

(1)

Discussion/Conclusion

354

(1)

References, Notes, and Appendices

354

(3)

Presenting Research Material

357

(4)

Disseminating the Research: Professional Meetings and Publications

357

(4)

A Word About the Content of Papers and Articles

361

(1)

Write It, Rewrite It, Then Write It Again!

361

(2)

A Final Note

363

(1)

Notes

364

(1)

References

364

(3)

Index

367

Rent More, Save More! Use code: KBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

9780205482634

0205482635

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Rent More, Save More! Use code: KBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences

9780205482634

0205482635

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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