Principles of Public International Law

ISBN 13:
9780199260713
ISBN 10:
0199260710
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 11/20/2003
Publisher: Oxford University Press
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Summary

The sixth edition of Ian Brownlie's comprehensive and authoritative textbook has been thoroughly revised and updated to take into account all changes in the field of public international law since 1998. A new chapter on the Use of Force has been added and further discussion of the Environment.Its clarity, excellent structure, detailed referencing and depth and maturity of analysis make it the ideal text for students, scholars and practitioners.

Table of cases

xxv

Abbreviations

xxxix

Glossary

xli

PART I PRELIMINARY TOPICS

1 SOURCES OF THE LAW

(28)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. The Statute of the International Court of Justice

(2)

3. International Custom

(6)

4. 'Law-Making' Treaties and Other Material Sources

(3)

5. General Principles of Law

(3)

6. General Principles of International Law

(1)

7. Judicial Decisions

(4)

8. The Writings of Publicists

(2)

9. Equity in Judgments and Advisory Opinions of the International Court

(1)

10. Considerations of Humanity

(1)

11. Legitimate Interests

(1)

Note on Comity

(1)

Note on Codification

(3)

2 THE RELATION OF MUNICIPAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

(26)

1. Theoretical Problems

(2)

2. Theories of Co-ordination

(1)

3. The Relation between Obligations of States and Municipal Law

(1)

4. The Position of the Individual

(1)

5. Issues of Municipal Law before International Tribunals

(2)

6. Municipal Laws as 'Facts' before International Tribunals

(2)

7. Issues of International Law before Municipal Courts

(1)

8. The Doctrine of Incorporation in British and Commonwealth Courts

(4)

9. Treaties and the Interpretation of Statutes in the United Kingdom

(2)

10. Treaties and the Determination of Common Law

(1)

11. The Reception of International Law in Other States

(2)

12. Relation of Executive and Judiciary and Issues of Non-Justiciability

(1)

13. Res Judicata and the Two Systems

(2)

14. Relation to the Sources of International Law

(1)

15. Conclusion

(4)

PART II PERSONALITY AND RECOGNITION

3 SUBJECTS OF THE LAW

(12)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. Established Legal Persons

(3)

3. Special Types of Personality

(4)

4. Controversial Candidatures

(2)

5. Some Consequences

(2)

4 INCIDENCE AND CONTINUITY OF STATEHOOD

(16)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. Legal Criteria of Statehood

(7)

3. States in Statu Nascendi

(1)

4. Illegal Occupation and the Influence of Jus Coggins

(1)

5. Necessary Legal Constructions

(1)

6. Membership of lnternational Organizations and Agencies

(1)

7. Identity and Continuity of States

(2)

8. Micro-States

(3)

5 RECOGNITION OF STATES AND GOVERNMENTS

(20)

1. Recognition as a General Category

(1)

2. States and Governments in Relation to Recognition

(2)

3. The Varied Legal Consequences of Acts of Recognition and Policies of Non-Recognition

(1)

4. Is there a Duty of Recognition?

(1)

5. Recognition of Governments

(1)

6. De Jure and De Facto Recognition

(1)

7. Retroactivity

(1)

8. Implied Recognition

(1)

9. Collective Recognition: Membership of Organizations

(2)

10. Non-recognition and Sanctions

(1)

11. Issues of Recognition before National Courts

(5)

12. British Policy on Recognition of Governments

100

(5)

PART III TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY

6 TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY

105

(18)

1. The Concept of Territory

105

(1)

2. Sovereignty and Jurisdiction

105

(1)

3. Sovereignty and Ownership

106

(1)

4. Administration and Sovereignty

106

(1)

5. Sovereignty and Responsibility. The Ownership of Rights

107

(1)

6. Administration Divorced from State Sovereignty

107

(1)

7. Territory the Sovereignty of which is Indeterminate

108

(1)

8. Terminable and Reversionary Rights

109

(1)

9. Residual Sovereignty

109

(1)

10. International Leases

110

(1)

11. Use and Possession Granted in Perpetuity

111

(1)

12. Demilitarized and Neutralized Territory

112

(1)

13. The Concept of Territory: the Principle of Effective Control Applied by National Courts

112

(1)

14. Condominia

113

(1)

15. Vassalage, Suzerainty, and Protection

114

(1)

16. Parts of State Territory

115

(2)

17. Restrictions on Disposition of Territory

117

(1)

18. Capacity to Transfer or Acquire Territory

118

(1)

19. The Concept of Title

119

(1)

20. The Determination of Frontiers

120

(1)

21. Nemo dot quod non habet

120

(3)

7 THE CREATION AND TRANSFER OF TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY

123

(40)

1. Introduction

123

(1)

2. Historical Changes in Concepts of Law

124

(1)

3. The Doctrine of Inter-temporal Law

124

(1)

4. Critical Dates

125

(1)

5. The Modes of Acquisition

126

(1)

6. Original and Derivative Title

127

(1)

7. Roots of Title

128

(5)

8. Effective Occupation

133

(5)

9. Abandonment or Derelictio

138

(1)

10. Discovery

139

(1)

11. Symbolic Annexation

140

(1)

12. Original or Historic Title

141

(1)

13. Extent of Sovereignty: Geographical Doctrines

142

(1)

14. Arctic and Antarctic Sectors

143

(1)

15. Accretion, Erosion, and Avulsion

144

(1)

16. Acquisitive Prescription

145

(6)

17. Acquiescence and Recognition

151

(1)

18. Estoppel

152

(1)

19. Novation

153

(1)

20. Doctrine of Reversion

153

(1)

21. Relative Title

154

(1)

22. Historical Consolidation of Title

155

(2)

23. Acquisition of Maritime Territory and Other Topics

157

(3)

24. Problems of Alienability

160

(3)

8 STATUS OF TERRITORY: FURTHER PROBLEMS

163

(10)

1. International Procedures Relating to Territorial Dispositions

163

(4)

2. Capacity of the United Nations to Administer Territory

167

(1)

3. Legal Regimes apart from State Sovereignty

167

(6)

PART IV LAW OF THE SEA

9 TERRITORIAL SEA, CONTIGUOUS ZONES, AND EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES

173

(32)

A. Territorial Sea

173

(18)

1. Introduction

173

(3)

2. Raseline for Measurement of the Territorial Sea

176

(3)

3. Straight Baselines: Recent Developments

179

(1)

4. Breadth of the Territorial Sea

180

(1)

5. Baselines: Further Problems

181

(5)

6. Legal Regime of the Territorial Sea

186

(5)

B. Specialized Rights

191

(14)

1. Introduction

191

(1)

2. The Concept of the Contiguous Zone

192

(1)

3. Permissible Types of Zone

193

(2)

4. Delimitation of the Contiguous Zone

195

(1)

5. Problems of Enforcement

195

(2)

6. Other Zones for Special Purposes

197

(8)

10 THE CONTINENTAL SHELF: DELIMITATION OF SHELF AREAS AND EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES

205

(18)

1. Introduction

205

(1)

2. Continental Shelf: Background

205

(2)

3. Sources of the Law

207

(1)

4. Rights of the Coastal State in the Shelf

208

(1)

5. Natural Resources of the Shelf

209

(1)

6. Artificial Islands and Installations on the Shelf

210

(1)

7. Regime of the Subsoil

211

(1)

8. Outer Limit of the Shelf

211

(2)

9. The Continental Shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone Compared

213

(1)

10. Shelf Delimitation between Opposite or Adjacent States

214

(5)

11. Exclusive Economic Zone Delimitation between Opposite or Adjacent States

219

(1)

12. The Regime of Islands

220

(3)

11 THE REGIME OF THE HIGH SEAS

223

(26)

1. Introduction

223

(1)

2. The Freedom of the High Seas

224

(3)

3. The Maintenance of Order on the High Seas

227

(1)

4. Exceptions to the Principle of the Freedom of the High Seas

228

(10)

5. Jurisdiction over Ships on the High Seas

238

(1)

6. Oil Pollution Casualties, 'Pirate' Radio and Terrorism

239

(2)

7. The Seabed and Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction

241

(8)

PART V COMMON AMENITIES AND CO-OPERATION IN THE USE OF RESOURCES

12 COMMON AMENITIES AND CO-OPERATION IN THE USE OF RESOURCES

249

(24)

1. Introduction

249

(1)

2. Economic Aid

250

(1)

3. Access to Resources: The Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy

251

(1)

4. Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas

252

(2)

5. Antarctica

254

(1)

6. Outer Space

255

(4)

7. International Rivers

259

(5)

8. Canals

264

(3)

9. Straits

267

(4)

10. Land-locked States and Enclaves

271

(2)

13 LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

273

(14)

1. Introduction: the Relevant Legal Categories

273

(1)

2. The Relevance of Existing Principles of General International Law

274

(1)

3. Deficiencies in the Use of the Adversarial System of State Responsibility

274

(1)

4. Emergent Legal Principles: the Precautionary Principle

275

(1)

5. Emergent Legal Principles: the Concept of Sustainable Development

276

(1)

6. Emergent Legal Principles: the Polluter-pays Principle

277

(1)

7. Risk Management: the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities

278

(3)

8. The Importance and Role of Multilateral Standard-Setting Conventions

281

(1)

9. Evaluation

282

(5)

PART VI STATE JURISDICTION

14 SOVEREIGNTY AND EQUALITY OF STATES

287

(10)

1. General

287

(1)

2. Sovereignty and the Application of Rules

288

(1)

3. Sovereignty and Competence

289

(1)

4. Membership of Organizations

289

(1)

5. The Reserved Domain of Domestic Jurisdiction

290

(2)

6. Article 2, Paragraph 7, of the United Nations Charter

292

(2)

7. International Tribunals and the Plea of Domestic Jurisdiction

294

(3)

15 JURISDICTIONAL COMPETENCE

297

(22)

1. General

297

(1)

2. Civil jurisdiction

298

(1)

3. Criminal Jurisdiction

299

(6)

4. The Relations of the Separate Principles

305

(1)

5. Extra-territorial Enforcement Measures

306

(2)

6. A General View of the Law

308

(4)

7. Cognate Questions, Including Extradition

312

(3)

8. Special Cases of Concurrent Jurisdiction

315

(4)

16 PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF FOREIGN STATES

319

(22)

1. Introduction

319

(1)

2. The Distinction between Non-justiciability and Immunity as a Jurisdictional Bar

320

(2)

3. The Rationale of Jurisdictional Immunity

322

(1)

4. State Immunity: Controversy over its Extent

323

(2)

5. The Current Legal Position

325

(3)

6. The Modalities of Restrictive Immunity

328

(4)

7. The European Convention on State Immunity

332

(1)

8. The United Kingdom State Immunity Act

333

(2)

9. Waiver of Immunity

335

(1)

10. Political Subdivisions and State Agencies

336

(2)

11. Attachment and Seizure in Execution

338

(1)

12. Treaty Provisions

339

(1)

13. Specialized Privileges and Immunities

340

(1)

17 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS

341

(18)

1. Diplomatic Relations: Introduction

341

(1)

2. General Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations

342

(2)

3. Staff, Premises, and Facilities of Missions

344

(3)

4. Inviolability of Missions

347

(2)

5. Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents

349

(1)

6. Personal Immunities from Local Jurisdiction

350

(2)

7. Immunity from Jurisdiction for Official Acts (Ratione Materiae)

352

(1)

8. Immunities from Application of Certain Local Laws

353

(1)

9. Some other Aspects of Immunity

353

(2)

10. Consular Relations

355

(2)

11. Special Missions

357

(1)

12. The Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons

358

(1)

18 RESERVATIONS FROM TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY

359

(14)

1. Territorial Privileges by Concession

359

(10)

2. Other Restrictions on Territorial Supremacy

369

(1)

3. External Imposition of Governmental Functions without the Consent of the Sovereign

369

(4)

PART VII RULES OF ATTRIBUTION (APART FROM TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND STATE JURISDICTION)

19 THE RELATIONS OF NATIONALITY

373

(34)

1. The Doctrine of the Freedom of States in Matters of Nationality

373

(2)

2. Opinions of Governments on the Issue of Autonomy

375

(2)

3. The Convention Concerning Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws

377

(1)

4. Nationality Rules Commonly Adopted by States

378

(5)

5. Legal Status of the 'General Principles'

383

(2)

6. The Logical Application of Rules of International Law

385

(2)

7. State Responsibility and the Doctrine of the Genuine Link

387

(2)

8. Natioanlity of Claims

389

(2)

9. Diplomatic Protection

391

(1)

10. Nationality by Estoppel

392

(2)

11. Compulsory Change of Nationality

394

(1)

12. The Functional Approach to Nationality

395

(1)

13. The Principle of Effective Link and the Judgment in the Nottebohm Case

396

(11)

20 SOME RULES OF ATTRIBUTION: CORPORATIONS AND SPECIFIC ASSETS

407

(12)

1. General Aspects

407

(1)

2. Corporations

407

(3)

3. Ships

410

(3)

4. Aircraft

413

(1)

5. Space Objects

414

(1)

6. Property in General

414

(1)

7. Assets of International Organizations

415

(4)

PART VIII THE LAW OF RESPONSIBILITY

21 THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES

419

(38)

1. The Relations of the Subject

419

(1)

2. The Basis and Nature of State Responsibility

420

(2)

3. Boundaries of Responsibility

422

(1)

4. Objective Responsibility

423

(2)

5. Culpa

425

(1)

6. Intention and Motive

426

(1)

7. The Individuality of Issues: the Corfu Channel Case

427

(2)

8. Liability for Lawful Acts. Abuse of Rights

429

(2)

9. Responsibility for the Acts of State Organs, Officials, Revolutionaries, and Others

431

(8)

10. Agency and Joint Tortfeasors

439

(2)

11. The Types of Damage and the Forms and Functions of Reparation

441

(5)

12. Compensation, Damages (Dommages-Intérêts)

446

(1)

13. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness

447

(2)

14. The Nature of a Legal Interest: Locus Standi

449

(6)

15. Causes of Action

455

(2)

22 THE ADMISSIBILITY OF STATE CLAIMS

457

(28)

1. Introduction

457

(1)

2. Diplomatic Negotiations

458

(1)

3. Legal Disputes

458

(1)

4. Absence of a Legal Interest of the Plaintiff

459

(1)

5. Diplomatic Protection: The Nationality of Claims

459

(13)

6. Exhaustion of Local Remedies

472

(9)

7. Extinctive Prescription

481

(1)

8. Waiver of Claims

482

(1)

9. Other Grounds of Inadmissibility

483

(1)

10. Counter-Claims

483

(1)

11. Foreign Acts of State in Municipal Courts

483

(2)

23 A SYSTEM OF MULTILATERAL PUBLIC ORDER: SOME INCIDENTS OF ILLEGALITY AND THE CONCEPT OF JUS COGENS

485

(12)

1. The Varying Content of Illegality

485

(1)

2. Objective Consequences of Illegal Events

486

(1)

3. General Wrongs: Abuse of State Competence

486

(1)

4. Ex Injuria Non Oritur jus

487

(1)

5. Jus Coggins

488

(2)

6. The Obligation of Putting an End to an Illegal Situation

490

(2)

7. The Emerging System of Multilateral Public Order

492

(5)

PART IX THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS

24 INJURY TO THE PERSONS AND PROPERTY OF ALIENS ON STATE TERRITORY

497

(32)

1. State and Individual

497

(1)

2. Admission, Expulsion, and Liabilities of Aliens

498

(2)

3. General Principles

500

(1)

4. The Standard of National Treatment

501

(1)

5. The International Minimum Standard

502

(1)

6. The Two Standards in Perspective

503

(2)

7. Relevant Forms of Delictual Responsibility

505

(1)

8. Denial of Justice

506

(2)

9. Expropriation of Foreign Property

508

(1)

10. The Compensation Rule

509

(3)

11. The Principle of National Treatment

512

(1)

12. Control of Major National Resources

512

(2)

13. Expropriation Unlawful per se

514

(1)

14. The General Assembly Resolution of 1962 on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources

515

(2)

15. The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States

517

(2)

16. Conclusions on Expropriation

519

(1)

17. Legal Devices Adopted by Investors and Hosts to Foreign Capital

520

(2)

18. Breaches and Annulment of State Contracts

522

(4)

19. Stabilization Clauses

526

(3)

25 THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS: HUMAN RIGHTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION

529

(30)

1. Introduction: the Applicable Law

529

(1)

2. The Historical Perspective

530

(1)

3. Human Rights and the Charter of the United Nations

531

(2)

4. Action Authorised by the Security Council to Prevent or Ameliorate Humanitarian Crises

533

(1)

5. Standard-Setting: Multilateral Non-binding Instruments

534

(2)

6. Standard-Setting: Binding Multilateral Conventions

536

(1)

7. Customary or General International Law

537

(1)

8. The General Principles of Humanitarian Law

538

(1)

9. The Substantive Rights: The International Covenants, 1966

539

(1)

10. Third Generation Rights

540

(2)

11. Regional Machinery for the Protection of Human Rights

542

(4)

12. The Standard of Non-discrimination

546

(3)

13. Legal Concepts Relating to the Protection of Individuals by Judicial Supervision

549

(4)

14. The Principle of Self-determination

553

(2)

15. Other Organs Created to Enhance Compliance with Human Rights Standards

555

(1)

16. An Evaluation

556

(3)

26 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

559

(20)

1. Introduction

559

(1)

2. Crimes under International Law

559

(6)

3. Enforcement by National Courts

565

(1)

4. Temporal Jurisdiction

566

(1)

5. The Application of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes

567

(1)

6. Multilateral Treaty Regimes

567

(1)

7. Norms having the Character of Obligations Erga Omnes

568

(1)

8. Criminal Tribunals Established by the Security Council Acting Under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations

569

(2)

9. The International Criminal Court (ICC)

571

(2)

10. Immunity from jurisdiction

573

(2)

11. Some Reflections on the Rule of Law

575

(4)

PART X INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS

27 THE LAW OF TREATIES

579

(32)

1. Introduction

579

(2)

2. Conclusion of Treaties

581

(3)

3. Reservations

584

(3)

4. Entry into Force, Deposit, and Registration

587

(2)

5. Invalidity of Treaties

589

(2)

6. Withdrawal, Termination and Suspension of Treaties

591

(6)

7. Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension: General Rules

597

(1)

8. Application and Effects of Treaties

598

(3)

9. Amendment and Modification of Treaties

601

(1)

10. Interpretation of Treaties

602

(6)

11. Classification of Treaties

608

(1)

12. Participation in General Multilateral Treaties

609

(2)

28 OTHER TRANSACTIONS INCLUDING AGENCY AND REPRESENTATION

611

(10)

1. Informal Agreements

611

(1)

2. Gudsi-legislative Acts

611

(1)

3. Unilateral Acts

612

(3)

4. Estoppel

615

(2)

5. Agency and Representation

617

(4)

PART XI TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES

29 STATE SUCCESSION

621

(20)

1. State Succession as a Category

621

(1)

2. The Pre-emption of Problems by Treaty, Acquiesence, and Estoppel

622

(1)

3. Territorial Sovereignty and Domestic Jurisdiction

623

(4)

4. The Interaction of Rules of Law

627

(1)

5. Particular Legal Issues

627

(11)

6. Relevance of the Political Form of Territorial Change

638

(1)

7. The Disintegration of Federal States

639

(1)

8. Doctrine of Reversion

640

(1)

30 OTHER CASES OF TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES

641

(6)

1. Succession between International Organizations

641

(2)

2. Cases of Agency

643

(1)

3. Assignment

643

(4)

PART XII INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND TRIBUNALS

31 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

647

(24)

1. Introduction

647

(1)

2. Legal Personality

648

(3)

3. Performance of Acts in the Law

651

(6)

4. Interpretation of the Constituent Instrument: Inherent and Implied Powers

657

(1)

5. Relations with Member States

658

(2)

6. The Functional Concept of Membership

660

(1)

7. Relations with States not Members

660

(2)

8. Relation to Municipal Law

662

(1)

9. Law-Making by Organizations

663

(2)

10. Control of Acts of Organizations

665

(6)

32 THE JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

671

(26)

1. Peaceful Settlement in General

671

(1)

2. Arbitration

672

(1)

3. Permanent Court of Arbitration

673

(1)

4. Codes of Arbitral Procedure

673

(2)

5. Judicial Settlement

675

(2)

6. The Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice

677

(1)

7. Organization of the Court

678

(2)

8. Jurisdiction of the Court in Contentious Cases

680

(2)

9. Heads of Jurisdiction

682

(8)

10. The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court

690

(3)

11. An Evaluation of the Court

693

(4)

PART XIII THE USE OR THREAT OF FORCE BY STATES

33 THE USE OR THREAT OF FORCE BY STATES

697

(20)

1. Introduction

697

(1)

2. The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (1928)

698

(1)

3. The Legal Regime of the United Nations Charter

699

(2)

4. The Legality of Anticipatory or Pre-emptive Action by way of Self-defence and the Provisions of the Charter

701

(1)

5. The Right of Collective Self-defence (Article 51 of the Charter)

702

(1)

6. The Definition of Aggression

703

(2)

7. Regional Arrangements: Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter

705

(1)

8. The United Nations as a System of Public Order

706

(1)

9. The Emergence of Corollaries to the Legal Regime of the United Nations Charter

706

(1)

10. Sources of Controversy since 1945

707

(2)

11. The Authorisation of the Use of Force by Individual States as Delegated Enforcement Action under the Charter of the United Nations

709

(1)

12. The Use of Force to Prevent or Curtail Humanitarian Catastrophes (Humanitarian Intervention)

710

(3)

13. Forcible Measures to Occlude Sources of Terrorism

713

(1)

14. Reflections on Policy

714

(1)

15. Determinations of the Use or Threat of Force by States: the Legal Contexts

714

(3)

Index

717

Principles of Public International Law

9780199260713

0199260710

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Principles of Public International Law

9780199260713

0199260710

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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