Physics

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Why study physics?

1.2 Talking physics

1.3 The use of mathematics

1.4 Scientific notation and significant figures

1.5 Units

1.6 Dimensional analysis

1.7 Problem-solving techniques

1.8 Approximation

1.9 Graphs

PART ONE: MECHANICS

Chapter 2: Motion Along a Line

2.1 Understanding motion

2.2 Position and displacement

2.3 Velocity: rate of change of position

2.4 Acceleration: rate of change of velocity

2.5 Motion along a line with a constant acceleration

2.6 Visualizing motion along a line with a constant acceleration

2.7 Free fall

Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane

3.1 Graphical addition and subtraction of vectors

3.2 Vector addition and subtraction using components

3.3 Velocity

3.4 Acceleration

3.5 Motion in a plane with constant acceleration

3.6 Velocity is relative; reference frames

Chapter 4: Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion

4.1 Force

4.2 Inertia and equilibrium: Newton’s first law of motion

4.3 Net force, mass, and acceleration: Newton’s second law of motion

4.4 Interaction pairs: Newton’s third law of motion

4.5 Gravitational forces

4.6 Contact forces

4.7 Tension

4.8 Applying Newton’s second law

4.9 Reference frames

4.10 Apparent weight

4.11 Air resistance

4.12 Fundamental forces

Chapter 5: Circular Motion

5.1 Description of uniform circular motion

5.2 Centripetal acceleration

5.3 Banked curves

5.4 Circular orbits

5.5 Nonuniform circular motion

5.6 Angular acceleration

5.7 Artificial gravity

Chapter 6: Conservation of Energy

6.1 The law of conservation of energy

6.2 Work done by a constant force

6.3 Kinetic energy

6.4 Gravitational potential energy (1)

6.5 Gravitational potential energy (2)

6.6 Work done by variable forces: Hooke’s Law

6.7 Elastic potential energy

6.8 Power

Chapter 7: Linear Momentum

7.1 A vector conservation law

7.2 Momentum

7.3 The impulse-momentum theorem

7.4 Conservation of momentum

7.5 Center of mass

7.6 Motion of the center of mass

7.7 Collisions in one dimension

7.8 Collisions in two dimensions

Chapter 8: Torque and Angular Momentum

8.1 Rotational kinetic energy and rotational inertia

8.2 Torque

8.3 Work done by a torque

8.4 Equilibrium revisited

8.5 Equilibrium in the human body

8.6 Rotational form of Newton’s second law

8.7 The dynamics of rolling objects

8.8 Angular momentum

8.9 The vector nature of angular momentum

Chapter 9: Fluids

9.1 States of matter

9.2 Pressure

9.3 Pascal's principle

9.4 The effect of gravity on fluid pressure

9.5 Measuring pressure

9.6 Archimedes' principle

9.7 Fluid flow

9.8 Bernoulli's equation

9.9 Viscosity

9.10 Viscous drag

9.11 Surface tension

Chapter 10: Elasticity and Oscillations

10.1 Elastic deformations of solids

10.2 Hooke's law for tensile and compressive forces

10.3 Beyond Hooke's law

10.4 Shear and volume deformations

10.5 Simple harmonic motion

10.6 The period and frequency for SHM

10.7 Graphical analysis of SHM

10.8 The pendulum

10.9 Damped oscillations

10.10 Forced oscillations and resonance

Chapter 11: Waves

11.1 Waves and energy transport

11.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves

11.3 Speed of transverse waves on a string

11.4 Periodic waves

11.5 Mathematical description of a wave

11.6 Graphing waves

11.7 Principle of superposition

11.8 Reflection and refraction

11.9 Interference and diffraction

11.10 Standing waves

Chapter 12: Sound

12.1 Sound waves

12.2 The speed of sound waves

12.3 Amplitude and intensity of sound waves

12.4 Standing sound waves

12.5 The human ear

12.6 Timbre

12.7 Beats

12.8 The Doppler effect

12.9 Shock waves

12.10 Echolocation and medical imaging

PART TWO: THERMAL PHYSICS

Chapter 13: Temperature and the Ideal Gas

13.1 Temperature

13.2 Temperature scales

13.3 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

13.4 Molecular picture of a gas

13.5 Absolute temperature and the ideal gas law

13.6 Kinetic theory of the ideal gas

13.7 Temperature and reaction rates

13.8 Collisions between gas molecules

Chapter 14: Heat

14.1 Internal energy

14.2 Heat

14.3 Heat capacity and specific heat

14.4 Specific heat of ideal gases

14.5 Phase transitions

14.6 Conduction

14.7 Convection

14.8 Radiation

Chapter 15: Thermodynamics

15.1 The first law of thermodynamics

15.2 Thermodynamic processes

15.3 Thermodynamic processes for an ideal gas

15.4 Reversible and irreversible processes

15.5 Heat engines

15.6 Refrigerators and heat pumps

15.7 Reversible engines and heat pumps

15.8 Details of the Carnot cycle

15.9 Entropy

15.10 Statistical interpretation of entropy

15.11 The third law of thermodynamics

PART THREE: ELECTROMAGNETISM

Chapter 16: Electric Forces and Fields

16.1 Electric charge

16.2 Conductors and insulators

16.3 Coulomb’s law

16.4 The electric field

16.5 Motion of a point charge in a uniform electric field

16.6 Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium

16.7 Gauss's law for electric fields

Chapter 17: Electric Potential

17.1 Electric potential energy

17.2 Electric potential

17.3 The relationship between electric field and potential

17.4 Conservation of energy for moving charges

17.5 Capacitors

17.6 Dielectrics

17.7 Energy stored in a capacitor

Chapter 18: Electric Current and Circuits

18.1 Electric current

18.2 Emf and circuits

18.3 Microscopic view of current in a metal

18.4 Resistance and resistivity

18.5 Kirchoff’s rules

18.6 Series and parallel circuits

18.7 Circuit analysis using Kirchoff’s rules

18.8 Power and energy in circuits

18.9 Measuring currents and voltages

18.10 RC circuits

18.11 Electrical safety

Chapter 19: Magnetic Forces and Fields

19.1 Magnetic fields

19.2 Magnetic force on a point charge

19.3 Charged particle moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field

19.4 Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: general

19.5 A charged particle in crossed E and B fields

19.6 Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire

19.7 Torque on a current loop

19.8 Magnetic field due to an electric current

19.9 Ampère’s law

19.10 Magnetic materials

Chapter 20: Electromagnetic Induction

20.1 Motional Emf

20.2 Electric generators

20.3 Faraday's law

20.4 Lenz's law

20.5 Back Emf in a motor

20.6 Transformers

20.7 Eddy currents

20.8 Induced electric fields

20.9 Mutual and self-inductance

20.10 LR circuits

Chapter 21: Alternating Current

21.1 Sinusoidal currents and voltages; resistors in AC circuits

21.2 Electricity in the home

21.3 Capacitors in AC circuits

21.4 Inductors in AC circuits

21.5 RLC series circuit

21.6 Resonance in an RLC circuit

21.7 Converting AC to DC; filters

PART FOUR: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND OPTICS

Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves

22.1 Accelerating charges produce electromagnetic waves

22.2 Maxwell’s equations

22.3 Antennas

22.4 The electromagnetic spectrum

22.5 Speed of EM waves in vacuum and in matter

22.6 Characteristics of electromagnetic waves in vacuum

22.7 Energy transport by EM waves

22.8 Polarization

22.9 The Doppler effect for EM waves

Chapter 23: Reflection and Refraction of Light

23.1 Wavefronts, rays, and Huygens’ principle

23.2 The reflection of light

23.3 The refraction of light: Snell’s law

23.4 Total internal reflection

23.5 Brewster’s angle

23.6 The formation of images through reflection or refraction

23.7 Plane mirrors

23.8 Spherical mirrors

23.9 Thin lenses

Chapter 24: Optical Instruments

24.1 Lenses in combination

24.2 Cameras

24.3 The eye

24.4 The simple magnifier

24.5 Compound microscopes

24.6 Telescopes

24.7 Aberrations of lenses and mirrors

Chapter 25: Interference and Diffraction

25.1 Constructive and destructive interference

25.2 The Michelson interferometer

25.3 Thin films

25.4 Young’s double slit experiment

25.5 Gratings

25.6 Diffraction and Huygens’ principle

25.7 Diffraction by a single slit

25.8 Diffraction and the resolution of optical instruments

25.9 X-ray diffraction

25.10 Holography

PART FIVE: QUANTUM AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Chapter 26: Relativity

26.1 Postulates of relativity

26.2 Simultaneity and ideal observers

26.3 Time dilation

26.4 Length contraction

26.5 Velocities in different reference frames

26.6 Relativistic momentum

26.7 Mass and energy

26.8 Relativistic kinetic energy

Chapter 27: Early Quantum Physics and the Photon

27.1 Quantization

27.2 Blackbody radiation

27.3 The photoelectric effect

27.4 X-ray production

27.5 Compton scattering

27.6 Spectroscopy and early models of the atom

27.7 The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom; atomic energy levels

27.8 Pair annihilation and pair production

Chapter 28: Quantum Physics

28.1 The wave-particle duality

28.2 Matter waves

28.3 Electron microscopes

28.4 The uncertainty principle

28.5 Wave functions for a confined particle

28.6 The hydrogen atom: wave functions and quantum numbers

28.7 The exclusion principle: electron configurations for atoms other than hydrogen

28.8 Electron energy levels in a solid

28.9 Lasers

28.10 Tunneling

Chapter 29: Nuclear Physics

29.1 Nuclear structure

29.2 Binding energy

29.3 Radioactivity

29.4 Radioactive decay rates and half-lives

29.5 Biological effects of radiation

29.6 Induced nuclear reactions

29.7 Fission

29.8 Fusion

Chapter 30: Particle Physics

30.1 Fundamental particles

30.2 Fundamental interactions

30.3 Unification

30.4 “Who ordered that?”

30.5 Twenty-first-century particle physics

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Mathematics Review

A.1 Algebra

A.2 Solving equations

A.3 Exponents and logarithms

A.4 Proportions and ratios

A.5 Geometry

A.6 Trigonometry

A.7 Approximations

A.8 Vectors

Appendix B: Table of Selected Isotopes

Answers to Selected Questions and Problems