9780073512167

This is an outstanding text with a long history that has been updated and given a fresh look. The Physical Universeis also accompanied by strong media component with the Connect online homework system, personal response system ("clicker") questions, more extensive online quizzing, and PowerPoint lectures. Aimed at presenting the essentials of physics, chemistry, earth science, and astronomy in a clear, easy-to-understand way, The Physical Universeshows students how science works, how scientists approach problems, and why science constantly evolves in its search for understanding. The text can also be packaged with its long time companion student study guide, which includes a review of chapter terms and concepts; self quizzing for extra practice; and additional solved problems.

1 The Scientific Method
How Scientists Study Nature
1.1 The Scientific Method
1.2 Why Science Is Successful
The Solar System
1.3 A Survey of the Sky
1.4 The Ptolemaic System
1.5 The Copernican System
1.6 Kepler's Laws
1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right
Universal Gravitation
1.8 What Is Gravity?
1.9 Why the Earth Is Round
1.10 The Tides
1.11 The Discovery of Neptune
How Many of What
1.12 The SI System
2 Motion
Describing Motion
2.1 Speed
2.2 Vectors
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Distance, Time, and Acceleration
Acceleration due to Gravity
2.5 Free Fall
2.6 Air Resistance
Force and Motion
2.7 First law of Motion
2.8 Mass
2.9 Second law of Motion
2.10 Mass and Weight
2.11 Third law of Motion
Gravitation
2.12 Circular Motion
2.13 Newton's Law of Gravity
2.14 Artificial Satellites
3 Energy
Work
3.1 The Meaning of Work
3.2 Power
Energy
3.3 Kinetic Energy
3.4 Potential Energy
3.5 Energy Transformations
3.6 Conservation of Energy
3.7 The Nature of Heat
Momentum
3.8 Linear Momentum
3.9 Rockets
3.10 Angular Momentum
Relativity
3.11 Special Relativity
3.12 Rest Energy
3.13 General Relativity
Energy and Civilization
3.14 The Energy Problem
3.15 The Future
4 Energy and the Future
The Energy Problem
4.1 Population and Prosperity
4.2 Energy Consumption
4.3 Global Warming
4.4 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
Fossil Fuels
4.5 Liquid Fuels
4.6 Natural Gas
4.7 Coal
Alternative Sources
4.8 A Nuclear World?
4.9 Clean Energy I
4.10 Clean Energy II
4.11 Energy Storage
4.12 Biofuels
Strategies for the Future
4.13 Conservation
4.14 What Governments Must Do
5 Matter and Heat
Temperature and Heat
5.1 Temperature
5.2 Heat
5.3 Metabolic Energy
Fluids
5.4 Density
5.5 Pressure
5.6 Buoyancy
5.7 Gas Laws
Kinetic Theory of Matter
5.8 Kinetic Theory of Gases
5.9 Molecular Motion and Temperature
Changes of State
5.10 Heat Transfer
5.11 Liquids and Solids
5.12 Evaporation and Boiling
5.13 Melting
Energy Transformations
5.14 Heat Engines
5.15 Thermodynamics
5.16 Fate of the Universe
5.17 Entropy
6 Electricity and Magnetism
Electric Charge
6.1 Positive and Negative Charge
6.2 What Is Charge?
6.3 Coulomb's Law
6.4 Force on an Uncharged Object
Electricity and Matter
6.5 Matter in Bulk
6.6 Conductors and Insulators
6.7 Superconductivity
Electric Current
6.8 The Ampere
6.9 Potential Difference
6.10 Ohm's Law
6.11 Electric Power
Magnetism
6.12 Magnets
6.13 Magnetic Field
6.14 Oersted's Experiment
6.15 Electromagnets
Using Magnetism
6.16 Magnetic Force on a Current
6.17 Electric Motors
6.18 Electromagnetic Induction
6.19 Transformers
7 Waves
Wave Motion
7.1 Water Waves
7.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
7.3 Describing Waves
7.4 Standing Waves
Sound Waves
7.5 Sound
7.6 Doppler Effect
7.7 Musical Sounds
Electromagnetic Waves
7.8 Electromagnetic Waves
7.9 Types of EM Waves
7.10 Light "Rays"
Wave Behavior
7.11 Reflection
7.12 Refraction
7.13 Lenses
7.14 The Eye
7.15 Color
7.16 Interference
7.17 Diffraction
8 The Nucleus
Atom and Nucleus
8.1 Rutherford Model of the Atom
8.2 Nuclear Structure
Radioactivity
8.3 Radioactive Decay
8.4 Half-Life
8.5 Radiation Hazards
Nuclear Energy
8.6 Units of Mass and Energy
8.7 Binding Energy
8.8 Binding Energy per Nucleon
Fission and Fusion
8.9 Nuclear Fission
8.10 How a Reactor Works
8.11 Plutonium
8.12 A Nuclear World?
8.13 Nuclear Fusion
Elementary Particles
8.14 Antiparticles
8.15 Fundamental Interactions
8.16 Leptons and Hadrons
9 The Atom
Quantum Theory of Light
9.1 Photoelectric Effect
9.2 Photons
9.3 What Is Light?
9.4 X-Rays
Matter Waves
9.5 De Broglie
9.6 Waves of What?
9.7 Uncertainty Principle
The Hydrogen Atom
9.8 Atomic Spectra
9.9 The Bohr Model
9.10 Electron Waves and Orbitals
9.11 The Laser
Quantum Theory of the Atom
9.12 Quantum Mechanics
9.13 Quantum Numbers
9.14 Exclusion Principle
10 The Periodic Law
Elements and Compounds
10.1 Chemical Change
10.2 Three Classes of Matter
10.3 The Atomic Theory
The Periodic Law
10.4 Metals and Nonmetals
10.5 Chemical Activity
10.6 Families of Elements
10.7 The Periodic Table
10.8 Groups and Periods
Atomic Structure
10.9 Shells and Subshells
10.10 Explaining the Periodic Table
Chemical Bonds
10.11 Types of Bond
10.12 Covalent Bonding
10.13 Ionic Bonding
10.14 Ionic Compounds
10.15 Atoms Groups
10.16 Naming Compounds
10.17 Chemical Equations
11 Crystals, Ions, and Solutions
Solids
11.1 Ionic and Covalent Crystals
11.2 The Metallic Bond
11.3 Molecular Crystals
Solutions
11.4 Solubility
11.5 Polar and Nonpolar Liquids
11.6 Ions in Solution
11.7 Evidence for Dissociation
11.8 Water
11.9 Water Pollution
Acids and Bases
11.10 Acids
11.11 Strong and Weak Acids
11.12 Bases
11.13 The pH Scale
11.14 Salts
12 Chemical Reactions
Quantitative Chemistry
12.1 Phlogiston
12.2 Oxygen
12.3 The Mole
12.4 Formula Units
Chemical Energy
12.5 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
12.6 Chemical Energy and Stability
12.7 Activation energy
Fuels
12.8 Liquid Fuels
12.9 Gas Fuels
12.10 Solid Fuels
Reaction Rates
12.11 Temperature
12.12 Other Factors
12.13 Chemical Equilibrium
12.14 Altering an Equilibrium
Oxidation and Reduction
12.15 Electrolysis
12.16 Electrochemical cells
13 Organic Chemistry
Carbon Compounds
13.1 Carbon Bonds
13.2 Alkanes
13.3 Petroleum Products
Structures of Organic Molecules
13.4 Structural Formulas
13.5 Isomers
13.6 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13.7 Benzene
Organic Compounds
13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups
13.9 Functional Groups
13.10 Polymers
Chemistry of Life
13.11 Carbohydrates
13.12 Photosynthesis
13.13 Lipids
13.14 Proteins
13.15 Soil Nitrogen
13.16 Nucleic Acids
13.17 Origin of Life
14 Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
The Atmosphere
14.1 Regions of the Atmosphere
14.2 Atmospheric Moisture
14.3 Clouds
Weather
14.4 Atmospheric Energy
14.5 The Seasons
14.6 Winds
14.7 General Circulation of the Atmosphere
14.8 Middle-Latitude Weather Systems
Climate
14.9 Tropical Climates
14.10 Middle- and High-Latitude Climates
14.11 Climatic Changes
14.12 Origins of Climatic Change
The Hydrosphere
14.13 Ocean Basins
14.14 Ocean Currents
15 The Rock Cycle
Rocks
15.1 Composition of the Crust
15.2 Minerals
15.3 Igneous Rocks
15.4 Sedimentary Rocks
15.5 Metamorphic Rocks
Within the Earth
15.6 Earthquakes
15.7 Structure of the Earth
15.8 The Earth's Interior
15.9 Geomagnetism
Erosion
15.10 Weathering
15.11 Stream Erosion
15.12 Glaciers
15.13 Groundwater
15.14 Sedimentation
Vulcanism
15.15 Volcanoes
15.16 Intrusive Rocks
15.17 The Rock Cycles
16 The Evolving Earth
Tectonic Movement
16.1 Types of Movement
16.2 Mountain Building
16.3 Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
16.4 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
16.5 The Ocean Floors
16.6 Ocean-Floor Spreading
16.7 Plate Tectonics
Methods of Historical Geology
16.8 Principles of Uniform Change
16.9 Rock Formations
16.10 Radiometric Dating
16.11 Fossils
16.12 Geologic Time
Earth History
16.13 Precambrian Time
16.14 The Paleozoic Era
16.15 Coal and Petroleum
16.16 The Mesozoic Era
16.17 The Cenozoic Era
16.18 Human History
17 The Solar System
The Family of the Sun
17.1 The Solar System
17.2 Comets
17.3 Meteors
The Inner Planets
17.4 Mercury
17.5 Venus
17.6 Mars
17.7 Is There Life On Mars?
17.8 Asteroids
The Outer Planets
17.9 Jupiter
17.10 Saturn
17.11 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
The Moon
17.12 Phases
17.13 Eclipses
17.14 Lunar Surface and Interior
17.15 Evolution of the Lunar Landscape
17.16 Origin of the Moon
18 The Stars
Tools of Astronomy
18.1 The Telescope
18.2 The Spectrometer
18.3 Spectrum Analysis
The Sun
18.4 Properties of the Sun
18.5 The Aurora
18.6 Sunspots
18.7 Solar Energy
The Stars
18.8 Stellar Distances
18.9 Variable Stars
18.10 Stellar Motions
18.11 Stellar Properties
Life Histories of the Stars
18.12 H-R Diagrams
18.13 Stellar Evolution
18.14 Supernovas
18.15 Pulsars
18.16 Black Holes
19 The Universe
Galaxies
19.1 The Milky Way
19.2 Stellar Populations
19.3 Radio Astronomy
19.4 Galaxies
19.5 Cosmic Rays
The Expanding Universe
19.6 Red Shifts
19.7 Quasars
Evolution of the Universe
19.8 Dating the Universe
19.9 After the Big Bang
19.10 Origin of the Solar System
Extraterrestrial Life
19.11 Extrasolar Planets
19.12 Interstellar Travel
19.13 Interstellar Communication
Math Refresher
The Elements
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

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The Physical Universe

The Physical Universe

0073512168

Summary

Table of Contents

How Scientists Study Nature

1.1 The Scientific Method

1.2 Why Science Is Successful

The Solar System

1.3 A Survey of the Sky

1.4 The Ptolemaic System

1.5 The Copernican System

1.6 Kepler's Laws

1.7 Why Copernicus Was Right

Universal Gravitation

1.8 What Is Gravity?

1.9 Why the Earth Is Round

1.10 The Tides

1.11 The Discovery of Neptune

How Many of What

1.12 The SI System

2 Motion

Describing Motion

2.1 Speed

2.2 Vectors

2.3 Acceleration

2.4 Distance, Time, and Acceleration

Acceleration due to Gravity

2.5 Free Fall

2.6 Air Resistance

Force and Motion

2.7 First law of Motion

2.8 Mass

2.9 Second law of Motion

2.10 Mass and Weight

2.11 Third law of Motion

Gravitation

2.12 Circular Motion

2.13 Newton's Law of Gravity

2.14 Artificial Satellites

3 Energy

Work

3.1 The Meaning of Work

3.2 Power

Energy

3.3 Kinetic Energy

3.4 Potential Energy

3.5 Energy Transformations

3.6 Conservation of Energy

3.7 The Nature of Heat

Momentum

3.8 Linear Momentum

3.9 Rockets

3.10 Angular Momentum

Relativity

3.11 Special Relativity

3.12 Rest Energy

3.13 General Relativity

Energy and Civilization

3.14 The Energy Problem

3.15 The Future

4 Energy and the Future

The Energy Problem

4.1 Population and Prosperity

4.2 Energy Consumption

4.3 Global Warming

4.4 Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect

Fossil Fuels

4.5 Liquid Fuels

4.6 Natural Gas

4.7 Coal

Alternative Sources

4.8 A Nuclear World?

4.9 Clean Energy I

4.10 Clean Energy II

4.11 Energy Storage

4.12 Biofuels

Strategies for the Future