Petrology Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

by: Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert; Owens, Brent

ISBN 13:
9780716737438
ISBN 10:
0716737434
Edition: 3RD
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/11/2005
Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

Now in a thoroughly updated new edition (the first since 1995),Petrologyremains the most student-friendly undergraduate level text covering all three major rock groups. As always, the new edition organizes a vast body of literature from its wide-ranging subject, presenting what is essential to geology majors in a way that is accessible and at an appropriate level. The new edition welcomes Brent Owens as the new lead author for the chapters on igneous rocks, complementing Harvey Blatt's role for the sedimentary chapters, and Robert Tracy's for the metamorphic chapters. Petrology, Third Edition Text Art Download All text art is downloadable in a .zip file at http://www.whfreeman.com/college/pdfs/petrology.zip

Preface

Introduction: Why Study Petrology?

xvii

PART I IGNEOUS ROCKS

(212)

Introduction to Igneous Environments

(17)

What Is Igneous Petrology?

(1)

Some Reasons to Study Igneous Petrology

(1)

Plate Tectonics and Igneous Petrology

(1)

Igneous Environments: Intrusive versus Extrusive

(5)

Small-Scale Features

(1)

Types of Intrusions

(6)

Sills

(1)

Laccoliths

(1)

Lopoliths

(1)

Dikes and Veins

(1)

Batholiths and Stocks

(3)

Methods of Emplacement of Intrusive Rocks

(3)

Minerals and Their Textural Relations in Igneous Rocks

(30)

Minerals of Igneous Rocks

(9)

Silica Minerals

(3)

Feldspars

(1)

Pyroxenes

(2)

Olivine

(1)

Feldspathoids

(1)

Amphiboles

(1)

Micas and Other Sheet Silicates

(1)

Other Silicates

(1)

Oxides, Phosphates, Carbonates, and Sulfides

(1)

Igneous Rock Textures and Structures

(6)

Degree of Crystallinity, Grain Size, and Grain Shape

(1)

Fabrics

(6)

Common Plutonic Rocks

(7)

Granite and Alkali Granite

(2)

Syenite and Alkali Syenite

(2)

Nepheline Syenite

(1)

Monzonite

(1)

Diorite

(1)

Gabbro

(1)

Ultramafic Rocks

(3)

Common Volcanic Rocks

(8)

Rhyolite, Dacite, Obsidian, Vitrophyre, Pumice, Scoria

(1)

Trachyte

(1)

Phonolite

(1)

Latite

(1)

Andesite

(4)

Basalt

(4)

Chemistry, Physics, and Classification of Igneous Rocks

(21)

Physics and Physical Properties of Magma

(1)

Chemical Constituents of Igneous Rocks

(2)

Methods of Chemical Analysis

(2)

Wet Chemical Analysis

(1)

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

(1)

X-Ray Emission or X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy

(1)

Electron Microprobe (EMP) and Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)

(1)

Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy

(1)

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)

(1)

Mass Spectrometry (MS) Methods

(1)

The Chemical Compositions of Igneous Rocks

(1)

Measuring and Estimating Mineralogy

(1)

Weight and Volume Modes

(1)

The CIPW Norm

(1)

Mineralogic Classification

(8)

The IUGS Classification System

(5)

Other Aspects of Classification

(3)

Chemical Classification

(1)

Silica Saturation

(1)

Alumina Saturation

(1)

Chemical Classification of Volcanic Rocks

(1)

Chemical Trends

(5)

Harker Diagrams

(1)

AFM (or FMA) Diagrams

(1)

Differentiation Index

(1)

Alkali-Lime Index

(1)

Larsen Index

(1)

Spider Diagrams

(1)

Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC)

(3)

Volcanism

(21)

Volcanism as a Planetary Thermal-Regulatory Mechanism

(1)

Distribution of Volcanic Activity on Earth

(3)

Oceanic Volcanism

(2)

Continental Volcanism

(1)

Styles of Volcanic Eruptions: Effusive versus Explosive

(2)

Controls of Eruption

(4)

Composition and Rheology

(2)

Dissolved Magmatic Gases

(1)

Driving Forces, Flow Regimes, and Eruption Dynamics

(1)

Volcanic Products

(5)

Lava Flows

(2)

Pyroclastic Deposits

(2)

Extraterrestrial Volcanism

(6)

The Moon

(1)

Venus

(1)

Mars

(1)

(4)

Origin of Magmas Through Melting of the Mantle and Crust

(24)

Laboratory Experiments on Magmas

(1)

Equilibrium and the Phase Rule

(3)

Equilibrium

(1)

Phases

(1)

Components

(1)

The Phase Rule

(1)

Derivation of the Phase Rule

(1)

Two-Component Systems

(2)

Geometric-Topologic Properties

(2)

Phase Diagrams and Rock Melting

(1)

Melting in Binary Systems

(2)

Simple Binary Eutectic Systems

(2)

Two-Component Systems with an Incongruently Melting Phase

100

(3)

Geometric-Topologic Properties

100

(2)

Melting in Binary Systems with Peritectic Points

102

(1)

Binary Systems with Complete Solid Solution

102

(1)

Ternary Systems

103

(2)

Simple Ternary Systems

103

(2)

Melting in Ternary Systems

105

(3)

Simple Ternary Eutectic Systems

105

(2)

Ternary Systems with Congruent Intermediate Compounds

107

(1)

Forsterite-Diopside-Silica: A Model for Mantle Melting and the Origin of Basaltic Magmas

108

(2)

Low-Pressure Phase Relations

108

(1)

High-Pressure Phase Relations

109

(1)

Albite-Orthoclase-Quartz: A Model for Crustal Melting and Crystallization of Granites

110

(3)

Low-Pressure Phase Relations

110

(2)

High-Pressure Phase Relations

112

(1)

Equilibrium and Fractional Melting: Do They Actually Occur in Nature?

113

(3)

Crystallization of Magmas

116

(20)

Equilibrium Crystallization

116

(1)

Fractional Crystallization

117

(6)

Binary Eutectic and Peritectic Systems

117

(3)

Ternary Eutectic Systems

120

(2)

Volumetric Relationships

122

(1)

Layered Gabbroic Intrusions: A Natural Example of Fractional Crystallization

123

(8)

Crystallization Sequence in Layered Intrusions

124

(4)

Physical Characteristics of Cumulate Layers in Layered Intrusions

128

(1)

New Ideas Regarding Layered Instrusions

129

(2)

Magma Contamination

131

(3)

Physical and Chemical Access

132

(1)

Thermal and Energy Effects

133

(1)

Effects on Basaltic Magma Composition

134

(1)

Magma Mixing

134

(2)

Petrology of the Mantle

136

(15)

Gross Vertical Structure of the Interior

136

(3)

Crust

137

(1)

Upper Mantle

137

(1)

Transition Zone

138

(1)

Lower Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core

139

(1)

Lithosphere and Asthenosphere

139

(1)

Physical Characteristics of the Mantle

139

(4)

Horizontal Density Heterogeneity

139

(1)

Temperature Distribution

140

(1)

Mantle Convection

141

(2)

Mineralogy and Chemical Composition of the Mantle and Core

143

(3)

Sources of Information

143

(2)

Estimates of Mantle Chemistry

145

(1)

Mantle Petrology

146

(5)

Petrologic Significance of the Asthenosphere

147

(4)

Igneous Rocks of the Oceanic Lithosphere

151

(17)

The Nature of the Mid-Ocean Ridges

151

(10)

Petrographic and Chemical Characteristics of MORBs

157

(2)

Petrogenesis of Seafloor Basalts

159

(2)

Ocean Island Basalts and Related Rocks

161

(7)

Chemical and Mineralogic Characteristics of Ocean Island Rocks

162

(2)

Petrogenesis of Ocean Island Magmas

164

(4)

Igneous Rocks of Convergent Margins

168

(23)

Igneous Rocks of Convergent Oceanic Plates

169

(7)

Chemistry and Petrography of Island Arc Volcanics

170

(3)

Petrogenesis of Island Arc Magmas

173

(3)

Igneous Rocks of the Continental Margins

176

(11)

The Ophiolite Suite

177

(3)

Continental Magmatic Arcs

180

(1)

Chemical Compositions and Petrography

181

(2)

Petrogenesis of Continental Arc Magmas

183

(1)

The Role of Secondary Melting: Introduction to the Granite Problem

184

(3)

Continent-Continent Collision

187

(4)

Igneous Rocks of Continental Lithosphere

191

(22)

Continental Basalt Provinces

191

(6)

Flood Basalts

191

(3)

Layered Mafic Intrusions

194

(1)

Komatiites

195

(2)

Continental Rifts

197

(5)

Petrography, Composition, and Petrogenesis of Continental Rift Magmas

199

(2)

Carbonatites

201

(1)

Anorogenic Granitoids

202

(4)

Anorthosites

206

(3)

Lunar Anorthosites

206

(1)

Archean Megacrystic Anorthosites

206

(1)

Massif Anorthosites

207

(2)

Kimberlites and Lamproites

209

(4)

PART II SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

213

(124)

The Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks

215

(17)

Destruction of the Rock Record

216

(1)

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

216

(2)

Mudrocks

217

(1)

Sandstones

217

(1)

Carbonate Rocks

217

(1)

Depositional Basins and Plate Tectonics

218

(11)

Divergent Margins

222

(1)

Convergent Margins

222

(3)

Intracratonic Basins

225

(4)

Climate

229

(3)

Weathering and Soils

232

(12)

The Soil Profile

232

(2)

Reactions and Products

234

(2)

Chemical Composition

234

(1)

Structural Integrity

234

(1)

Crystallinity

235

(1)

Chemical Character of the Environment

235

(1)

The Structure of Clay Minerals

236

(1)

Soil Types

237

(3)

Duricrusts

237

(3)

Paleosols

240

(4)

Using Paleosols to Intrepret Paleoclimate

240

(4)

Conglomerates and Sandstones

244

(26)

Field Observations

244

(2)

Grain Size

244

(1)

Dispersal Pattern and Transport Distance

244

(2)

Conglomerates

246

(2)

Poway Conglomerate (Cretaceous), Southern California

246

(2)

Gravel Mixed with Sand or Clay

248

(1)

Laboratory Studies

248

(1)

Textural Maturity

248

(1)

Mineral Composition

249

(1)

Sandstones

249

(7)

Quartz

249

(1)

Feldspars

250

(2)

Lithic Fragments

252

(1)

Accessory Minerals

253

(2)

Micas

255

(1)

Classification

256

(1)

Interpretive Petrology

256

(4)

Tectonics and Detrital Mineral Composition

256

(1)

Climate and Detrital Mineral Composition

256

(2)

Transporting Agent, Depositional Environment, and Detrital Mineral Composition

258

(1)

Recycling of Sediment

259

(1)

Diagenesis

260

(10)

Compaction

260

(1)

Cementation

260

(6)

Albitization

266

(1)

Intrastratal Solution

266

(1)

Porosity and Permeability

267

(1)

Plate Tectonic Controls of Diagenesis

268

(2)

Mudrocks

270

(12)

Field Observations

270

(3)

Textures

270

(1)

Structures

270

(2)

Paleocurrent Indicators

272

(1)

Colors

272

(1)

Fossils

273

(1)

Laboratory Studies

273

(1)

Mineral Composition

273

(9)

Clay Minerals

275

(1)

Quartz

276

(1)

Feldspar

277

(1)

Carbonate Minerals

277

(1)

Organic Matter

277

(1)

Heavy Minerals

277

(1)

Sulfidic Black Shales

277

(1)

Bentonite

278

(1)

Pierre Shale

279

(3)

Limestones and Dolomites

282

(28)

Textures

283

(1)

Grains

283

(4)

Fossils

284

(1)

Coated Grains

284

(2)

Peloids

286

(1)

Compound Grains

286

(1)

Matrix

287

(1)

Grain Size, Sorting, and Rounding

288

(1)

Insoluble Residues

288

(1)

Classification

288

(1)

Primary Structures

289

(2)

Current-Generated Structures

289

(2)

Planar Lamination

291

(1)

Calcium Carbonate Depositional Sites

291

(5)

Platform and Shelf Carbonates

292

(2)

Organic Reefs

294

(1)

Reefs Without Frameworks

294

(1)

Deep-Sea Carbonates

295

(1)

Lacustrine Carbonates

296

(1)

Diagenesis

296

(6)

Seafloor Alterations

296

(1)

Cementation

297

(1)

Dissolution

298

(1)

Mechanical Compaction

299

(1)

Chemical Compaction

300

(2)

Recrystallization and Replacement

302

(1)

Dolomite

302

(8)

Field Observations

302

(1)

Laboratory Studies

303

(1)

Geochemistry of Dolomite

304

(1)

Environments of Formation

304

(2)

Kinetic Factors

306

(1)

Recrystallization

307

(1)

Late Diagenetic Dolomite

307

(3)

Other Types of Sedimentary Rocks

310

(27)

Evaporites

310

(9)

Abundance

310

(2)

Mineralogy

312

(1)

Distinguishing Marine from Nonmarine Evaporites

312

(1)

Distinguishing Primary from Secondary Features

313

(1)

Sedimentary Structures

313

(1)

Sinkholes

314

(1)

Laboratory Studies

314

(1)

Gulf Coast Salt Basin

315

(1)

Ochoan Series, Delaware Basin

315

(3)

Origin of Giant Marine Evaporite Deposits

318

(1)

Summary of Evaporites

319

(1)

Chert

319

(4)

Occurrences

319

(1)

Chert in Shallow-Water Limestones

320

(1)

Bedded Cherts at Plate Margins

321

(1)

Cherts in Saline, Alkaline Lakes

321

(1)

Laboratory Studies

322

(1)

Chemical Considerations

322

(1)

Summary of Cherts

323

(1)

Iron-Rich Rocks

323

(5)

Iron Formations

324

(1)

Mineral Composition

324

(1)

Textures and Structures

324

(1)

Field Relationships

325

(1)

Iron Formations and the Precambrian Atmosphere

326

(1)

Ironstones

327

(1)

Summary of Iron-Rich Rocks

328

(1)

Phosphorites

328

(5)

Field Observations

329

(1)

Laboratory Studies

329

(2)

Chemical Considerations

331

(1)

Summary of Phosphorites

332

(1)

Coal

333

(4)

PART III METAMORPHIC ROCKS

337

(128)

Introduction to Metamorphism: Isograds, Facies, and P-T Evolution

339

(20)

A Definition of Metamorphism

340

(1)

Metamorphic Isograds

341

(2)

Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series

343

(3)

Metamorphic Facies

343

(3)

Facies Series

346

(1)

Pressure-Temperature-Time Models for Metamorphism

346

(5)

A Thermal Model for Contact Metamorphism

347

(1)

A Thermal Model for Regional Metamorphism

348

(2)

Thermal Evolution of Granulite Facies Terranes

350

(1)

Influence of Tectonics on Metamorphic P-T-t Paths

351

(8)

Convergent Margins with Subduction

351

(2)

Continent-Continent Collision

353

(1)

The Alpine Example

353

(1)

The Appalachian Example

354

(5)

Metamorphism and the Macroscopic Properties of Metamorphic Rocks

359

(22)

The Origins of Metamorphic Petrology

359

(1)

Types of Metamorphism

360

(1)

Metamorphic Minerals

361

(4)

Metamorphic Orthosilicates

361

(3)

Metamorphic Chain Silicates

364

(1)

Nonsilicates

365

(1)

Metamorphic Textures and Structures

365

(3)

Metamorphic Recrystallization

368

(3)

Initiation of Metamorphism

368

(1)

Increase in Grain Size

368

(2)

Growth of Porphyroblasts

370

(1)

Common Metamorphic Rock Types

371

(3)

Mudrocks

371

(1)

Calcareous Rocks

372

(1)

Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks

372

(1)

Other Rock Types

373

(1)

Field Observations of Metamorphic Rocks

374

(7)

Regional Metamorphic Rocks

378

(1)

Contact Metamorphic Rocks

378

(1)

Identification of Rock Types

378

(3)

Assemblages, Reactions, and Equilibrium in Metamorphic Rocks

381

(15)

Components, Phases, and Assemblages

381

(2)

The Concept of Equilibrium

383

(1)

Application of Equilibrium Concepts to Metamorphic Rocks

384

(1)

Reactions and the Phase Rule

385

(3)

Graphical Representation of Assemblages and Reactions

388

(8)

Fundamental Principles

388

(2)

More Complex Systems: ACF, A'KF, and AFM Diagrams

390

(6)

Metamorphic Reactions

396

(15)

Environmental Controls

396

(3)

Temperature and Pressure

396

(2)

Compositions of Metamorphic Fluids

398

(1)

Fluid Inclusions

398

(1)

Metamorphic Reactions

399

(3)

Reaction Mechanisms

402

(1)

Types of Metamorphic Reactions

403

(8)

Discontinuous (Univariant) Reactions

404

(1)

Continuous (Divariant) Reactions and Distribution Coefficients

405

(1)

Simple Solid-Solid Reactions

406

(2)

Dehydration and Decarbonation Reactions

408

(3)

Metamorphism of Mafic and Ultramafic Igneous Rocks

411

(16)

Seafloor Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Alteration

411

(2)

Burial Metamorphism

413

(2)

Low- and Medium-Pressure Regional Metamorphism

415

(7)

Greenschist Facies

415

(2)

Amphibolite Facies

417

(4)

Granulite Facies

421

(1)

High-Pressure Regional Metamorphism

422

(5)

Blueschist Facies

422

(1)

Eclogite Facies

423

(4)

Metamorphism of Aluminous Clastic Rocks

427

(19)

Aluminous Rock Compositions

427

(2)

Very Low Grade Metamorphism

429

(1)

Metamorphism at Moderate MFG: The Barrovian Sequence

430

(9)

Chlorite Zone

431

(1)

Biotite Zone

432

(1)

Garnet Zone

433

(1)

Staurolite Zone

434

(1)

Kyanite Zone

435

(1)

Sillimanite Zone

436

(1)

Sillimanite-Orthoclase and Higher-Grade Zones

437

(1)

Influence of Minor Components

438

(1)

Metamorphism at High MFG--Low-Pressure Sequences

439

(1)

Low-Pressure Metamorphism in Northeast Scotland

440

(1)

Metamorphism at Low MFG--High-Pressure Sequences

440

(1)

UHP Metamorphism

441

(1)

Melting of Aluminous Rocks

442

(4)

Metamorphism of Calcareous Rocks

446

(19)

The Role and Behavior of Metamorphic Fluids

446

(4)

Mixed Volatile Equilibria

446

(2)

Internal Control of Fluid Compositions

448

(1)

Infiltration and Buffering of Fluid Composition

449

(1)

Metamorphic Reactions and Assemblages in Marbles

450

(6)

Regional Metamorphism

450

(3)

Contact Metamorphism of Marbles

453

(3)

Metamorphism of Calc-Silicate Rocks

456

(9)

Prograde Assemblages in Calc-Silicates

457

(4)

Further Observations on Calc-Silicate Rocks

461

(4)

APPENDIX 1 Calculation of the CIPW Norm

465

(6)

Mode and Norm---What and Why

465

(1)

CIPW Norm Calculation

466

(5)

APPENDIX 2 Pressure-Temperature Determination

471

(11)

General Principles

471

(3)

Exchange Thermometry

471

(2)

Solvus Thermometry

473

(1)

Net-Transfer Equilibria

473

(1)

Other Geothermobarometers

473

(1)

Igneous Rock Geothermobarometry

474

(1)

Temperature Determination

474

(1)

Pressure Determination

475

(1)

Metamorphic Rock Geothermobarometry

475

(3)

Temperature Determination

475

(1)

Pressure Determination

476

(1)

Thermodynamic Database Approaches

477

(1)

Uncertainties in Quantitative P-T Estimation

478

(1)

Sedimentary Rock Thermometry

478

(4)

Vitrinite Reflectance

478

(2)

Conodont Color Alteration

480

(2)

APPENDIX 3 Isotopes in Petrology

482

(8)

Isotopic Basics

482

(1)

Measurement of Stable, Radioactive, and Radiogenic Isotopes

483

(1)

Stable Isotopes in Petrology and Geochemistry

483

(3)

Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes

484

(1)

Carbon Isotopes

485

(1)

Sulfur Isotopes

485

(1)

Nitrogen Isotopes

485

(1)

Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes

486

(4)

Potassium-Argon

486

(1)

Rubidium-Strontium

487

(1)

Samarium-Neodymium

488

(1)

Uranium-Thorium-Lead

488

(2)

APPENDIX 4 Applications of Trace-Element Data in Igneous Petrology

490

(9)

Trace-Element Partitioning

490

(1)

Rare-Earth Elements as an Example of Trace-Element Partitioning

491

(2)

Trace-Element Modeling

493

(2)

Partial Melting

493

(1)

Fractional Crystallization

494

(1)

Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization

494

(1)

Other Uses of Trace Elements

495

(4)

General Comparisons

495

(1)

Classification

495

(1)

Interpretation of Tectonic Setting

496

(3)

Glossary

499

(16)

Index

515

Petrology Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

9780716737438

0716737434

Summary

Table of Contents

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Petrology Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

9780716737438

0716737434

Summary

Table of Contents

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