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People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

by: Fagan, Brian M.

People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

by: Fagan, Brian M.

ISBN 13:
9780132274081
ISBN 10:
0132274086
Edition: 12th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2010
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
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Summary

This internationally renowned text provides the only truly global account of human prehistory from the earliest times through the earliest civilizations. Written in an accessible way,People of the Earthshows how today's diverse humanity developed biologically and culturally over millions of years against a background of constant climatic change.

Preface

xviii

Author's Note

xxiii

About the Author

xxv

Introducing World Prehistory

(23)

Archaeology and Prehistory

(3)

Site: The Amesbury Archer

(1)

The Beginnings of World Prehistory

(1)

Who Needs the Past?

(5)

Science: Dating the Past

(1)

Cyclical and Linear Time

(2)

Written Records, Oral Traditions, and Archaeology

(1)

Studying Culture and Culture Change

(1)

Primary Cultural Processes

(1)

Theoretical Approaches: Culture as Adaptation

(3)

Climatic Change

(1)

Culture as Adaptation

(1)

Cultural Evolution and Cultural Ecology

(1)

Multilinear Evolution: Prestate and State-Organized Societies

(1)

Theoretical Approaches: Evolutionary Ecology and Hunter-Gatherers

(1)

Theoretical Approaches: People as Agents of Change

(5)

External and Internal Constraints

(1)

Interactions

(1)

Gender: Men and Women

(1)

Trade and Exchange

(1)

Ideologies and Beliefs

(1)

Summary

(1)

PART I BEGINNINGS

(86)

Human Origins

(40)

The Great Ice Age

(3)

The Origins of the Human Line

(5)

Aegyptopithecus

(1)

Miocene Primates

(3)

Molecular Biology and Human Evolution

(1)

The Ecological Problems Faced by Early Hominins

(2)

Adaptive Problems

(2)

Fossil Evidence: 7 to 3 MYA

(5)

Dating the Past: Potassium-Argon Dating

(1)

Toumai: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

(2)

Ardipithecus ramidus

(1)

Australopithecus anamensis

(1)

Australopithecus afarensis

(1)

Laetoli: Footprints of A. afarensis

(1)

Fossil Evidence: 3 to 2.5 Mya

(2)

Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus

(1)

Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus

(1)

Australopithecus garhi

(1)

Early Homo: 2.5 to 2.0 MYA

(1)

Homo habilis

(1)

A Burst of Rapid Change?

(1)

Who Was the First Human?

(4)

Special Feature Early Hominin Evolution: 7 to 1 MYA

(3)

Archaeological Evidence for Early Human Behavior

(6)

Evidence for ``Central Places''?

(1)

Site: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa

(3)

Hunting and Scavenging

(2)

Plant Foraging and ``Grandmothering''

(2)

Toolmaking

(4)

The Oldowan Industry

(3)

The Mind of the Earliest Humans

(1)

The Development of Language

(2)

Social Organization

(1)

Summary

(1)

Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens

(45)

Pleistocene Background

(3)

Lower Pleistocene (1.6 Million to c. 780,000 Years Ago)

(2)

Middle Pleistocene (c. 780,000 to 128,000 Years Ago)

(1)

Homo ergaster in Africa

(2)

The Radiation of Homo ergaster

(6)

Special Feature The Archaic World

(2)

Fire

(1)

Homo erectus in Asia

(3)

Southeast Asia

(1)

China

(1)

Early Asian Technology

(1)

The Settlement of Temperate Latitudes

(1)

Earliest Human Settlement in Southwest Asia and Europe

(1)

Southwest Asia

(1)

Europe

(1)

Archaic Human Technology

(5)

Hand Axes and Other Tools

(1)

Hand Axes and the Evolution of the Human Mind

(3)

Evidence for Behavior: Boxgrove, Schoningen, and Torralba

(3)

Site: A 400,000-Year-Old Hunt at Schoningen, Germany

(1)

Language

(1)

Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe: The Neanderthals

(5)

Dating the Past: Radiocarbon Dating

(3)

A More Complex Technology

(3)

Levallois and Disk-Core-Reduction Strategies

(1)

Tool Forms and Variability

(1)

The Origins of Burial and Religious Belief

100

(1)

The Origins of Modern Humans

101

(7)

Continuity or Replacement?

102

(1)

Homo sapiens in Africa

103

(2)

Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens

105

(1)

Ecology and Homo sapiens

106

(2)

The Spread of Homo sapiens

108

(1)

The Issue of Cognitive Ability

108

(1)

Homo sapiens in East Asia

108

(2)

Summary

110

(1)

PART II THE GREAT DIASPORA: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS

111

(100)

Europe and Eurasia

112

(30)

Special Feature The Spread of Modern Humans to 12,000 Years Ago

114

(3)

The Upper Pleistocene (c. 126,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.)

117

(1)

Modern Humans in Southwest Asia

117

(2)

The Upper Paleolithic Transition

119

(2)

A Cultural Explosion?

120

(1)

Modern Humans in Europe

121

(2)

European Hunter-Gatherers (45,000 Years Ago to 8000 B.C.)

123

(4)

Settlement Strategies and Lifeways

123

(3)

Social Life and Group Size

126

(1)

Upper Paleolithic Art

127

(6)

Site: Grotte de Chauvet, France

128

(1)

Paintings and Engravings

129

(2)

Explaining Upper Paleolithic Art

131

(2)

Human Settlement in Eurasia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)

133

(4)

Siberia (?33,000 to 13,000 Years Ago)

137

(2)

The Settlement of Far Northeast Asia

138

(1)

Bifaces, Microblades, and the First Americans

139

(2)

Summary

141

(1)

The First Americans

142

(30)

The First Settlement of the Americas

142

(4)

Ice Sheets and the Bering Land Bridge

146

(2)

The First Settlement of Alaska

148

(1)

Biological and Linguistic Evidence for the First Americans

149

(2)

The Earliest Sites South of the Ice Sheets

151

(3)

Settlement Routes: Ice-Free Corridors and Seacoasts

151

(1)

Late Wisconsin Settlement in North America?

152

(1)

Central and South America?

153

(1)

A Scenario for First Settlement

154

(1)

The Paleo-Indians: Clovis and Others

154

(3)

Big-Game Extinctions

157

(1)

Later Hunters and Gatherers

158

(1)

Plains Hunters

159

(2)

The Desert West

161

(2)

Eastern North America

163

(5)

Site: Koster, Illinois

166

(2)

Specialized Foraging Societies in Central and South America

168

(1)

Aleuts and Inuit (Eskimo)

169

(2)

Summary

171

(1)

Africans and Australians

172

(18)

African Hunter-Gatherers, Past and Present

172

(7)

Sunda and Sahul: The First Settlement of Island Southeast Asia

179

(2)

Site: Exotic Islanders: Homo floresiensis

180

(1)

New Guinea and Adjacent Islands

181

(2)

Australia

183

(6)

Ice Age Wallaby Hunters in Tasmania

186

(1)

Later Australian Cultures

187

(2)

Summary

189

(1)

Intensification and Complexity

190

(21)

The Holocene (After 10,000 B.C.)

192

(3)

Coping with Environmental Variation

195

(5)

Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe

200

(4)

Site: Star Carr, England

202

(2)

Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia

204

(2)

The Maglemose Period (7500 to 5700 B.C.)

204

(1)

The Kongemose Period (5700 to 4600 B.C.)

204

(1)

The Ertebolle Period (4600 to 3200 B.C.)

204

(2)

Hunter-Gatherer Complexity

206

(1)

Conditions for Greater Complexity

206

(1)

Attributes of Greater Complexity

206

(1)

Debates About Social Complexity

207

(1)

Hunter-Gatherer Societies in Southwest Asia

207

(3)

Summary

210

(1)

PART III FIRST FARMERS

211

(120)

A Plenteous Harvest

212

(22)

Theories About the Origins of Food Production

212

(6)

Early Hypotheses

214

(1)

Multivariate Theories

214

(2)

Site: Guila Naquitz, Mexico

216

(2)

Differing Dates for Food Production

218

(1)

Studying Early Food Production

219

(2)

Dating the Past: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Radiocarbon Dating

220

(1)

Why Did Food Production Take Hold So Late?

221

(1)

Consequences of Food Production

221

(2)

Nutrition and Early Food Production

223

(1)

Herding: Domestication of Animals

224

(1)

Plant Cultivation

225

(2)

Technology and Domestication

227

(6)

Special Feature Early Food Production

230

(3)

Summary

233

(1)

The Origins of Food Production in Southwest Asia

234

(16)

A Scenario for Early Agriculture

236

(2)

The First Farmers: Netiv Hagdud, Abu Hureyra, and Jericho

238

(4)

Netiv Hagdud

238

(1)

Abu Hureyra

238

(2)

Jericho

240

(2)

Diverse Farming Economies and Trade

242

(1)

The Zagros and Mesopotamia

242

(2)

Zawi Chemi Shanidar

243

(1)

Ganj Dareh

243

(1)

Jarmo

243

(1)

Ali Kosh and the Lowlands

243

(1)

Site: Ritual Buildings in Southeastern Turkey

244

(1)

Early Farmers in Anatolia

244

(4)

Hacilar and Catalhoyuk

246

(2)

Two Stages of Farming Development

248

(1)

Summary

249

(1)

The First European Farmers

250

(18)

Mesolithic Prelude

250

(3)

The Transition to Farming in Europe

253

(1)

Farming in Greece and Southern Europe

254

(1)

The Spread of Agriculture into Temperate Europe

255

(3)

The Balkans

257

(1)

Bandkeramik Cultures

257

(1)

Frontiers and Transitions

258

(1)

Social Changes, Lineages, and the Individual

259

(2)

The Introduction of the Plow

261

(1)

Plains Farmers: Tripolye

261

(1)

Mediterranean and Western Europe

262

(1)

The Megaliths

263

(3)

Site: Easton Down and the Avebury Landscape

266

(1)

Summary

266

(2)

First Farmers in Egypt and Tropical Africa

268

(10)

Hunter-Gatherers on the Nile

270

(2)

Agricultural Origins Along the Nile

272

(2)

Saharan Pastoralists

274

(1)

Early Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

275

(2)

Summary

277

(1)

Asia and the Pacific

278

(20)

The Origins of Rice Cultivation

278

(2)

Early Farming in China

280

(4)

Southern and Eastern China

281

(1)

Northern China

282

(2)

Jomon and Early Agriculture in Japan

284

(2)

Early Agriculture in Southeast Asia

286

(2)

Site: The Princess of Khok Phanom Di, Thailand

287

(1)

Rice and Root Cultivation in Island Southeast Asia

288

(2)

Agriculture in the Pacific Islands

290

(1)

The Lapita Cultural Complex and the Settlement of Melanesia and Western Polynesia

290

(2)

Long-Distance Voyaging in the Pacific

292

(5)

Science: Indigenous Pacific Navigation

293

(1)

The Settlement of Micronesia and Eastern Polynesia

293

(2)

The Settlement of New Zealand

295

(2)

Summary

297

(1)

The Story of Maize

298

(33)

The First Plant Domestication

301

(4)

The Origins of Maize Agriculture

301

(4)

Beans and Squash

305

(1)

Early Food Production in the Andes

305

(4)

The Highlands

305

(1)

The Peruvian Coast

306

(3)

Early Farmers in Southwestern North America

309

(7)

Hohokam

310

(1)

Mogollon

311

(1)

Ancestral Pueblo

311

(1)

Site: The Chaco Phenomenon

312

(4)

Preagricultural and Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America

316

(1)

Moundbuilder Cultures

316

(11)

Adena

317

(1)

Hopewell

318

(3)

Mississippian

321

(6)

Human Settlement in the Caribbean

327

(3)

First Settlement (Preceramic Cultures)

327

(1)

Saladoid Migrations

328

(1)

Taino Chiefdoms

328

(2)

Summary

330

(1)

PART IV OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS

331

(140)

The Development of Civilization

332

(20)

Civilization

332

(2)

Cities

334

(2)

Six Classic Theories of the Emergence of States

336

(7)

V. Gordon Childe and the ``Urban Revolution''

336

(1)

Ecology and Irrigation

337

(2)

Technology and Trade

339

(2)

Warfare

341

(1)

Cultural Systems and Civilization

341

(1)

Environmental Change

342

(1)

Social Theories

343

(7)

Power in Three Domains

344

(1)

Site: The Lord of Sican at Huaca Loro, Peru

345

(1)

Chiefly Cycling: Processes and Agents

346

(2)

Special Feature Old World Civilizations

348

(2)

The Collapse of Civilizations

350

(1)

Summary

351

(1)

Early Civilizations in Southwest Asia

352

(20)

Upland Villages

355

(2)

Settlement of the Lowlands

357

(3)

Environmental Change

358

(1)

Archaeological Evidence

358

(1)

Site: The Temple at Eridu, Iraq

359

(1)

Uruk: The Mesopotamian City

360

(3)

Sumerian Civilization

363

(2)

Exchange on the Iranian Plateau

365

(2)

The Widening of Political Authority

367

(1)

The Akkadians

368

(1)

Babylon

369

(1)

The Assyrians

369

(2)

Summary

371

(1)

Egypt, Nubia, and Africa

372

(34)

The Origins of the Egyptian State

372

(8)

Ancient Monopoly?

372

(3)

Naqada, Nekhen, and Maadi

375

(3)

Writing

378

(1)

A Scenario for Unification

379

(1)

Intensification of Agriculture and Irrigation

379

(1)

Archaic Egypt and the Creation of the Great Culture (2920 to 2575 B.C.)

380

(2)

The Old Kingdom and the Pyramids (c. 2575 to 2180 B.C.)

382

(3)

Site: The Step Pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt

384

(1)

The Egyptian State

385

(2)

The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom (2180 to 1640 B.C.)

387

(1)

The Second Intermediate Period (1640 to 1530 B.C.)

388

(1)

The New Kingdom (1530 to 1070 B.C.)

388

(6)

The ``Estate of Amun''

389

(1)

Amarna and Akhenaten

390

(1)

Mummies and Mummification

391

(1)

The Restoration of Amun

392

(2)

The Late Period (1070 to 332 B.C.)

394

(1)

Egypt and Africa

394

(1)

Nubia: The Land of Kush

394

(2)

Meroe and Aksum

396

(2)

North Africa

398

(1)

Jenne-jeno and the Rise of African States

399

(2)

Ghana

400

(1)

Mali

400

(1)

Songhay

401

(1)

Farmers and Traders in Eastern and Southern Africa

401

(3)

Towns and Trade on the East African Coast

401

(1)

Great Zimbabwe

402

(2)

Europe and Africa

404

(1)

Summary

405

(1)

Early States in South and Southeast Asia

406

(22)

The Roots of South Asian Civilization

408

(2)

Highlands and Lowlands: The Kulli Complex

410

(1)

A Rapid Transition

411

(1)

Mature Harappan Civilization

412

(4)

Who Were the Harappans?

414

(2)

Harappan Beliefs

416

(1)

South Asia After the Harappans

416

(2)

Southeast Asian States

418

(5)

Dong Son

421

(1)

Trade and Kingdoms

421

(2)

The Rise of the God-Kings

423

(1)

The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430)

423

(4)

Site: Angkor Wat, Cambodia

424

(3)

Summary

427

(1)

Early Chinese Civilization

428

(10)

The Origins of Chinese Civilization

428

(5)

Longshan and Liangzhu

430

(2)

Shoulder Blades and Oracles

432

(1)

Xia and Shang

433

(2)

Capitals and Sepulchers

433

(1)

The Shang Royal Burials

434

(1)

The Bronze Smiths

434

(1)

The Warlords

435

(2)

Site: The Burial Mound of Emperor Shihuangdi, China

436

(1)

Summary

437

(1)

Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans

438

(18)

Early Towns in Anatolia

440

(1)

Balance of Power: The Hittites

441

(3)

The Sea Peoples and the Rise of Israel

444

(1)

The Phoenicians

444

(1)

The Aegean and Greece

445

(1)

The Minoans

446

(3)

The Mycenaeans

449

(3)

Site: The Mycenaean Shrine at Phylakopi, Melos Island, Greece

451

(1)

Greek City-States After Mycenae

452

(1)

The Etruscans and the Romans

453

(2)

The Etruscans

453

(1)

The Romans

454

(1)

Summary

455

(1)

Europe Before the Romans

456

(15)

Early Copper Working

458

(1)

Battle Axes and Beakers

459

(3)

Site: Otzi the Iceman, Similaun Glacier, Italian Alps

461

(1)

The European Bronze Age

462

(3)

Bronze Age Warriors

465

(2)

The Scythians and Other Steppe Peoples

467

(1)

The First Ironworking

467

(1)

The Hallstatt Culture

468

(1)

La Tene Culture

469

(1)

Summary

470

(1)

PART V NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

471

(69)

Mesoamerican Civilizations

472

(38)

Village Farming

472

(6)

Special Feature Native American Civilizations

474

(4)

Preclassic Peoples in Mesoamerica

478

(3)

Early Preclassic

478

(1)

Middle Preclassic: The Olmec

478

(2)

Late Preclassic

480

(1)

The Rise of Complex Society in Oaxaca

481

(1)

Monte Alban

482

(1)

Teotihuacan

483

(4)

Maya Civilization

487

(13)

Maya Origins

487

(2)

Water Management

489

(1)

Kingship: Sacred Space and Time

490

(3)

Political Organization

493

(1)

Classic and Late Classic Maya Political History

494

(5)

Site: Architecture as a Political Statement: The Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copan, Honduras

499

(1)

The Ninth-Century Collapse

500

(2)

The Toltecs

502

(1)

Aztec Civilization and the Spanish Conquest

503

(6)

Summary

509

(1)

South American Chiefdoms and States

510

(30)

The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization

514

(1)

Coastal Foundations: The Initial Period

515

(4)

Caral

515

(1)

El Paraiso and Huaca Florida

516

(3)

Chavin de Huantar

519

(3)

Paracas: Textiles and Coastal Prehistory

522

(1)

Complex Society in the Southern Highlands: Chiripa and Pukara

523

(1)

The Early Intermediate Period

524

(1)

The Moche State

524

(5)

Site: The Lords of Sipan, Peru

525

(4)

The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari

529

(2)

Tiwanaku

529

(1)

Wari

529

(2)

The Late Intermediate Period: Sican and Chimor

531

(2)

The Late Horizon: The Inca State

533

(3)

Amazonia

536

(1)

The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)

537

(2)

Summary

539

(1)

Glossary of Cultures and Sites

540

(8)

Glossary of Technical Terms

548

(6)

Bibliography of World Prehistory

554

(24)

Credits

578

(3)

Index

581

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People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

9780132274081

0132274086

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory

9780132274081

0132274086

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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