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The Nature and Properties of Soils

by: Brady, Nyle C.

The Nature and Properties of Soils

by: Brady, Nyle C.

ISBN 13:
9780138524449
ISBN 10:
0138524440
Edition: 12th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 06/01/1998
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

The bible for Introductory Soils courses in agronomy and soil science programs. Emphasizes soils as part of a Geosystem. New/expanded coverage of forests, landscapes, urban ecology, arid soils, irrigation, food and fiber. New vignettes and chapter-end questions. Expanded art program.

PREFACE

1 THE SOILS AROUND US

(28)

1.1 Functions of Soils in Our Ecosystem

(1)

1.2 Medium for Plant Growth

(3)

1.3 Regulator of Water Supplies

(1)

1.4 Recycler of Raw Materials

(1)

1.5 Habitat for Soil Organisms

(1)

1.6 Engineering Medium

(1)

1.7 Soil as a Natural Body

(2)

1.8 The Soil Profile and Its Layers (Horizons)

(2)

1.9 Topsoil and Subsoil

(1)

1.10 Soil: The Interface of Air, Minerals, Water, and Life

(3)

1.11 Mineral (Inorganic) Constituents of Soils

(2)

1.12 Soil Organic Matter

(2)

1.13 Soil Water: A Dynamic Solution

(1)

1.14 Soil Air: A Changing Mixture of Gases

(1)

1.15 Interaction of Four Components to Supply Plant Nutrients

(2)

1.16 Nutrient Uptake by Plant Roots

(2)

1.17 Soil Quality, Degradation, and Resilience

(1)

1.18 Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

Reference

(1)

2 FORMATION OF SOILS FROM PARENT MATERIALS

(42)

2.1 Weathering of Rocks and Minerals

(4)

2.2 Physical Weathering (Disintegration)

(1)

2.3 Chemical Weathering (Decomposition)

(3)

2.4 Factors Influencing Soil Formation

(1)

2.5 Parent Materials

(3)

2.6 Residual Parent Material

(1)

2.7 Colluvial Debris

(1)

2.8 Alluvial Stream Deposits

(3)

2.9 Marine Sediments

(1)

2.10 Parent Materials Transported by Glacial Ice and Meltwaters

(3)

2.11 Parent Materials Transported by Wind

(2)

2.12 Organic Deposits

(2)

2.13 Climate

(2)

2.14 Biota: Living Organisms

(4)

2.15 Topography

(2)

2.16 Time

(1)

2.17 Soil Formation in Action

(3)

2.18 The Soil Profile

(4)

2.19 Conclusion

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

References

(2)

3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

(46)

3.1 Concept of Individual Soils

(2)

3.2 Comprehensive Classification System: Soil Taxonomy

(5)

3.3 Categories and Nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy

(2)

3.4 Soil Orders

(4)

3.5 Entisols (Recent: Little If Any Profile Development)

(2)

3.6 Inceptisols (Few Diagnostic Features: Inception of B Horizon)

(1)

3.7 Andisols

(1)

3.8 Gelisols (Permafrost and Frost Churning)

(3)

3.9 Histosols (Organic Soils without Permafrost)

(2)

3.10 Aridisols (Dry Soils)

(2)

3.11 Vertisols (Dark, Swelling and Cracking Clays)

(3)

3.12 Mollisols (Dark, Soft Soils of Grasslands)

(3)

3.13 Alfisols (Argillic or Natric Horizon, Medium to High Bases)

102

(2)

3.14 Ultisols (Argillic Horizon, Low Bases)

104

(1)

3.15 Spodosols (Acid, Sandy, Forest Soils, Low Bases)

105

(2)

3.16 Oxisols (Oxic Horizon, Highly Weathered)

107

(1)

3.17 Lower-Level Categories in Soil Taxonomy

108

(6)

3.18 Conclusion

114

(1)

Study Questions

114

(2)

References

116

(1)

4 SOIL ARCHITECTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

117

(54)

4.1 Soil Color

118

(1)

4.2 Soil Texture (Size Distribution of Soil Particles)

119

(6)

4.3 Soil Textural Classes

125

(5)

4.4 Structure of Mineral Soils

130

(1)

4.5 Soil Density

134

(10)

4.6 Pore Space of Mineral Soils

144

(5)

4.7 Formation and Stabilization of Soil Aggregates

149

(5)

4.8 Tillage and Structural Management of Soils

154

(7)

4.9 Soil Properties Relevant to Engineering Uses

161

(7)

4.10 Conclusion

168

(1)

Study Questions

168

(1)

References

169

(2)

5 SOIL WATER: CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR

171

(42)

5.1 Structure and Related Properties of Water

172

(2)

5.2 Capillary Fundamentals and Soil Water

174

(2)

5.3 Soil Water Energy Concepts

176

(7)

5.4 Soil Moisture Content and Soil Water Potential

183

(7)

5.5 The Flow of Liquid Water in Soil

190

(5)

5.6 Infiltration and Percolation

195

(3)

5.7 Water Vapor Movement in Soils

198

(2)

5.8 Qualitative Description of Soil Wetness

200

(4)

5.9 Factors Affecting Amount of Plant-Available Soil Water

204

(4)

5.10 Mechanisms by Which Plants Are Supplied with Water

208

(2)

5.11 Conclusion

210

(1)

Study Questions

211

(1)

References

212

(1)

6 SOIL AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

213

(52)

6.1 The Global Hydrologic Cycle

214

(2)

6.2 Fate of Precipitation and Irrigation Water

216

(4)

6.3 The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum

220

(7)

6.4 Efficiency of Water Use

227

(3)

6.5 Control of Evapotranspiration (ET)

230

(1)

6.6 Control of Surface Evaporation (E)

231

(2)

6.7 Liquid Losses of Water from the Soil

233

(3)

6.8 Percolation and Groundwaters

236

(5)

6.9 Enhancing Soil Drainage

241

(6)

6.10 Septic Tank Drain Fields

247

(7)

6.11 Irrigation Principles and Practices

254

(8)

6.12 Conclusion

262

(1)

Study Questions

263

(1)

References

263

(2)

7 SOIL AERATION AND TEMPERATURE

265

(42)

7.1 The Nature of Soil Aeration

265

(1)

7.2 Soil Aeration in the Field

266

(2)

7.3 Means of Characterizing Soil Aeration

268

(2)

7.4 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential

270

(3)

7.5 Factors Affecting Soil Aeration

273

(3)

7.6 Ecological Effects of Soil Aeration

276

(3)

7.7 Aeration in Relation to Soil and Plant Management

279

(1)

7.8 Wetlands and Their Poorly Aerated Soils

280

(6)

7.9 Processes Affected by Soil Temperature

286

(7)

7.10 Absorption and Loss of Solar Energy

293

(1)

7.11 Thermal Properties of Soils

294

(6)

7.12 Soil Temperature Control

300

(4)

7.13 Conclusion

304

(1)

Study Questions

304

(1)

References

305

(2)

8 SOIL COLLOIDS: THEIR NATURE AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

307

(36)

8.1 General Properties of Soil Colloids

308

(1)

8.2 Types of Soil Colloids

308

(3)

8.3 Adsorbed Cations

311

(2)

8.4 Fundamentals of Layer Silicate Clay Structure

313

(2)

8.5 Mineralogical Organization of Silicate Clays

315

(4)

8.6 Genesis of Soil Colloids

319

(3)

8.7 Geographic Distribution of Clays

322

(1)

8.8 Sources of Charges on Soil Colloids

323

(1)

8.9 Constant Charges on Silicate Clays

323

(2)

8.10 pH-Dependent Charges

325

(3)

8.11 Cation Exchange

328

(1)

8.12 Cation Exchange Capacity

329

(6)

8.13 Exchangeable Cations in Field Soils

335

(1)

8.14 Cation Exchange and the Availability of Nutrients

335

(1)

8.15 Anion Exchange

336

(2)

8.16 Sorption of Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination

338

(1)

8.17 Physical Properties of Colloids

339

(1)

8.18 Environmental Uses of Swelling-Type Clays

339

(2)

8.19 Conclusion

341

(1)

Study Questions

342

(1)

References

342

(1)

9 SOIL REACTION: ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY

343

(35)

9.1 Sources of Hydrogen and Hydroxide Ions

344

(5)

9.2 Classification of Soil Acidity

349

(1)

9.3 Colloidal Control of Soil Reaction

350

(1)

9.4 Buffering of Soils

351

(2)

9.5 Buffering Capacity of Soils

353

(1)

9.6 Variability in Soil pH

354

(5)

9.7 Soil Reaction: Correlations

359

(4)

9.8 Determination of Soil pH

363

(1)

9.9 Methods of Intensifying Soil Acidity

364

(1)

9.10 Decreasing Soil Acidity: Liming Materials

365

(2)

9.11 Reactions of Lime in the Soil

367

(1)

9.12 Lime Requirements: Quantities Needed

367

(3)

9.13 Practical Considerations

370

(4)

9.14 Ameliorating Acidity in Subsoils

374

(1)

9.15 Conclusion

375

(1)

Study Questions

376

(1)

References

376

(2)

10 ALKALINE AND SALT-AFFECTED SOILS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

378

(26)

10.1 Sources of Alkalinity

378

(2)

10.2 Nonsaline Alkaline Soils of Dry Areas

380

(2)

10.3 Development of Salt-Affected Soils

382

(3)

10.4 Measuring Salinity and Alkalinity

385

(2)

10.5 Classes of Salt-Affected Soils

387

(4)

10.6 Growth of Plants on Saline and Sodic Soils

391

(1)

10.7 Selective Tolerance of Higher Plants to Saline and Sodic Soils

391

(2)

10.8 Management of Saline and Sodic Soils

393

(2)

10.9 Reclamation of Saline Soils

395

(2)

10.10 Reclamation of Saline-Sodic and Sodic Soils

397

(4)

10.11 Management of Reclaimed Soils

401

(1)

10.12 Conclusion

401

(1)

Study Questions

402

(1)

References

402

(2)

11 ORGANISMS AND ECOLOGY OF THE SOIL

404

(42)

11.1 The Diversity of Organisms in the Soil

404

(3)

11.2 Organisms in Action

407

(3)

11.3 Organism Abundance, Biomass, and Metabolic Activity

410

(2)

11.4 Earthworms

412

(3)

11.5 Termites

415

(3)

11.6 Soil Microanimals

418

(4)

11.7 Roots of Higher Plants

422

(2)

11.8 Soil Algae

424

(1)

11.9 Soil Fungi

425

(7)

11.10 Soil Actinomycetes

432

(1)

11.11 Soil Bacteria

433

(1)

11.12 Conditions Affecting the Growth of Soil Microorganisms

434

(1)

11.13 Beneficial Effects of Soil Organisms

435

(1)

11.14 Soil Organisms and Damage to Higher Plants

436

(3)

11.15 Ecological Relationships Among Soil Organisms

439

(3)

11.16 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms

442

(2)

11.17 Conclusion

444

(1)

Study Questions

444

(1)

References

444

(2)

12 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER

446

(45)

12.1 The Global Carbon Cycle

446

(3)

12.2 The Process of Decomposition in Soils

449

(4)

12.3 Factors Controlling Rates of Decomposition and Mineralization

453

(7)

12.4 Humus: Genesis and Nature

460

(3)

12.5 Composts and Composting

463

(3)

12.6 Direct Influences of Organic Matter on Plant Growth

466

(2)

12.7 Influence of Organic Matter on Soil Properties and the Environment

468

(1)

12.8 Management of Amount and Quality of Soil Organic Matter

468

(4)

12.9 Carbon Balance in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System

472

(2)

12.10 Factors and Practices Influencing Soil Organic Matter Levels

474

(8)

12.11 Soils and the Greenhouse Effect

482

(3)

12.12 Organic Soils (Histosols)

485

(2)

12.13 Conclusion

487

(1)

Study Questions

488

(1)

References

489

(2)

13 NITROGEN AND SULFUR ECONOMY OF SOILS

491

(49)

13.1 Influence of Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Development

492

(2)

13.2 Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen

494

(1)

13.3 The Nitrogen Cycle

495

(1)

13.4 Immobilization and Mineralization

495

(2)

13.5 Ammonium Fixation by Clay Minerals

497

(1)

13.6 Ammonia Volatilization

498

(1)

13.7 Nitrification

499

(3)

13.8 The Nitrate Leaching Problem

502

(4)

13.9 Gaseous Losses by Denitrification

506

(6)

13.10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation

512

(2)

13.11 Symbiotic Fixation with Legumes

514

(4)

13.12 Symbiotic Fixation with Nonlegumes

518

(1)

13.13 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

519

(1)

13.14 Addition of Nitrogen to Soil in Precipitation

520

(1)

13.15 Reactions of Nitrogen Fertilizers

521

(1)

13.16 Practical Management of Soil Nitrogen in Agriculture

522

(2)

13.17 Importance of Sulfur

524

(1)

13.18 Natural Sources of Sulfur

525

(4)

13.19 The Sulfur Cycle

529

(1)

13.20 Behavior of Sulfur Compounds in Soils

530

(2)

13.21 Sulfur Oxidation and Reduction

532

(3)

13.22 Sulfur Retention and Exchange

535

(1)

13.23 Sulfur and Soil Fertility Maintenance

536

(1)

13.24 Conclusion

536

(1)

Study Questions

537

(1)

References

538

(2)

14 SOIL PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM

540

(45)

14.1 Role of Phosphorus in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

541

(2)

14.2 Effects of Phosphorus on Environmental Quality

543

(6)

14.3 The Phosphorus Cycle

549

(3)

14.4 Organic Phosphorus in Soils

552

(2)

14.5 Inorganic Phosphorus in Soils

554

(4)

14.6 Solubility of Inorganic Phosphorus in Acid Soils

558

(3)

14.7 Inorganic Phosphorus Availability at High pH Values

561

(1)

14.8 Phosphorus-Fixation Capacity of Soils

562

(4)

14.9 Practical Control of Phosphorus Availability

566

(3)

14.10 Potassium: Nature and Ecological Roles

569

(1)

14.11 Potassium in Plant and Animal Nutrition

570

(1)

14.12 The Potassium Cycle

571

(3)

14.13 The Potassium Problem in Soil Fertility

574

(2)

14.14 Forms and Availability of Potassium in Soils

576

(3)

14.15 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation in Soils

579

(1)

14.16 Practical Aspects of Potassium Management

580

(2)

14.17 Conclusion

582

(1)

Study Questions

582

(1)

References

583

(2)

15 MICRONUTRIENT ELEMENTS

585

(27)

15.1 Deficiency versus Toxicity

586

(1)

15.2 Role of the Micronutrients

587

(3)

15.3 Source of Micronutrients

590

(1)

15.4 General Conditions Conducive to Micronutrient Deficiency

591

(2)

15.5 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Micronutrient Cations

593

(5)

15.6 Organic Compounds as Chelates

598

(4)

15.7 Factors Influencing the Availability of the Micronutrient Anions

602

(3)

15.8 Need for Nutrient Balance

605

(1)

15.9 Soil Management and Micronutrient Needs

606

(3)

15.10 Conclusion

609

(1)

Study Questions

610

(1)

References

610

(2)

16 PRACTICAL NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

612

(56)

16.1 Goals of Nutrient Management

612

(4)

16.2 Environmental Quality

616

(5)

16.3 Nutrient Resources

621

(1)

16.4 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Nutrient Cycles

622

(3)

16.5 Recycling Nutrients through Animal Manures

625

(5)

16.6 Storage, Treatment, and Management of Animal Manures

630

(2)

16.7 Industrial and Municipal By-Products

632

(1)

16.8 Sewage Effluent and Sludge

633

(3)

16.9 Practical Utilization of Organic Nutrient Sources

636

(2)

16.10 Integrated Recycling of Wastes

638

(1)

16.11 Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers

638

(7)

16.12 The Concept of the Limiting Factor

645

(2)

16.13 Fertilizer Application Methods

647

(4)

16.14 Timing of Fertilizer Application

651

(2)

16.15 Diagnostic Tools and Methods

653

(1)

16.16 Plant Symptoms and Field Observations

653

(1)

16.17 Plant Analysis and Tissue Testing

653

(3)

16.18 Soil Analysis

656

(3)

16.19 Site-Specific Nutrient Management

659

(2)

16.20 Broader Aspects of Fertilizer Practice

661

(3)

16.21 Conclusion

664

(1)

Study Questions

664

(2)

References

666

(2)

17 SOIL EROSION AND ITS CONTROL

668

(55)

17.1 Significance of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation

669

(4)

17.2 On-Site and Off-Site Effects of Accelerated Soil Erosion

673

(5)

17.3 Mechanics of Water Erosion

678

(3)

17.4 Models to Predict the Extent of Water-Induced Erosion

681

(1)

17.5 Factors Affecting Interrill and Rill Erosion

682

(9)

17.6 Conservation Tillage

691

(5)

17.7 Vegetative Barriers

696

(1)

17.8 Control of Gully Erosion and Mass Wasting

696

(3)

17.9 Control of Accelerated Erosion on Range and Forest Land

699

(3)

17.10 Erosion and Sediment Control on Construction Sites

702

(5)

17.11 Wind Erosion: Importance and Factors Affecting It

707

(3)

17.12 Predicting and Controlling Wind Erosion

710

(3)

17.13 Land Capability Classification as a Guide to Conservation

713

(4)

17.14 Progress in Soil Conservation

717

(2)

17.15 Conclusion

719

(1)

Study Questions

720

(1)

References

721

(2)

18 SOILS AND CHEMICAL POLLUTION

723

(36)

18.1 Toxic Organic Chemicals

724

(1)

18.2 Kinds of Pesticides

725

(2)

18.3 Behavior of Organic Chemicals in Soil

727

(5)

18.4 Effects of Pesticides on Soil Organisms

732

(3)

18.5 Regional Vulnerability to Pesticide Leaching

735

(1)

18.6 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals

736

(4)

18.7 Contamination with Toxic Inorganic Substances

740

(2)

18.8 Potential Hazards of Chemicals in Sewage Sludge

742

(2)

18.9 Reactions of Inorganic Contaminants in Soils

744

(2)

18.10 Prevention and Elimination of Inorganic Chemical Contamination

746

(2)

18.11 Landfills

748

(5)

18.12 Soils as Organic Waste Disposal Sites

753

(1)

18.13 Radionuclides in Soil

753

(2)

18.14 Radon Gas from Soils

755

(1)

18.15 Conclusion

755

(1)

Study Questions

756

(1)

References

756

(3)

19 GEOGRAPHIC SOILS INFORMATION

759

(29)

19.1 Soil Spatial Variability in the Field

759

(5)

19.2 Techniques and Tools for Mapping Soils

764

(4)

19.3 Modern Technology for Soil Investigations

768

(1)

19.4 Remote Sensing Tools for Soils Investigations

769

(2)

19.5 Air Photos

771

(4)

19.6 Satellite Imagery

775

(3)

19.7 Soil Surveys

778

(2)

19.8 The Country Soil Survey Report and Its Utilization

780

(3)

19.9 Geographic Information Systems

783

(1)

19.10 Conclusion

784

(1)

Study Questions

785

(2)

References

787

(1)

20 GLOBAL SOIL QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES

788

(27)

20.1 The Concept of Soil Quality/Soil Health

788

(4)

20.2 Sustaining Biological Productivity

792

(1)

20.3 The Population Explosion

792

(1)

20.4 Intensified Agriculture--The Green Revolution

793

(2)

20.5 Effects of Intensified Agriculture on Soil Quality or Health

795

(3)

20.6 Unplanned Production Intensification

798

(3)

20.7 Prospects for the Future

801

(2)

20.8 Modified Intensive Agricultural Systems

803

(2)

20.9 Improving Low-Yielding Agricultural Systems

805

(1)

20.10 Improving Soil Quality in sub-Saharan Africa

806

(6)

20.11 Improving Soil Quality in Asia and Latin America

812

(1)

20.12 Conclusion

813

(1)

Study Questions

813

(1)

References

813

(2)

APPENDIX A U.S. TAXONOMY SUBORDER MAP AND LEGEND

815

(4)

APPENDIX B CANADIAN AND FAO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

819

(4)

APPENDIX C SI UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS AND PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

823

(4)

GLOSSARY

827

(36)

INDEX

863

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The Nature and Properties of Soils

The Nature and Properties of Soils

9780138524449

0138524440

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Nature and Properties of Soils

The Nature and Properties of Soils

9780138524449

0138524440

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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