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Natural Hazards and Disasters

by: Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David

Natural Hazards and Disasters

by: Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David

ISBN 13:
9780534997601
ISBN 10:
0534997600
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/17/2005
Publisher: Brooks Cole
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Summary

1. Introduction. 2. Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards. 3. Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves. 4. Earthquake Prediction and Tectonic Environments. 5. Tsunami. 6. Volcanoes: Materials, Hazards, and Eruptive Mechanisms. 7. Volcanoes: Types, Behavior, and Risks. 8. Landslides. 9. Sinkholes, Land Subsidence, and Swelling Soils. 10. Climate and Weather Related To Hazards. 11. Streams and Flood Processes. 12. Floods and Human Interactions. 13. Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion. 14. Hurricanes and Nor'easters. 15. Thunder Storms and Tornadoes. 16. Wildfires. 17. Impact of Asteroids and Comets. 18. The Future: Where Do We Go From Here?

Preface

Natural Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophic Events in Nature

(11)

Living in Harm's Way

(2)

Avoiding Natural Disasters

(1)

Land Use Planning

(1)

Pointing the Blame Finger

(1)

Predicting Catastrophe

(1)

Randomness in Natural Events

(1)

Hazard and Risk

(2)

Population and Social Pressures

(1)

The Role of Public Education

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Plate Tectonics and Physical Hazards

(23)

Development of the Theory

(4)

Earth Structure

(17)

Where Plates Pull Apart (Spreading Zones or Divergent Boundaries)

(1)

Where Plates Come Together (Convergent Boundaries)

(5)

Where Plates Slide Past Each Other (Transform Faults)

(1)

Hotspot Volcanoes

(3)

Box 2.1 The Scientific Method

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Earthquakes and Their Damages: Shaking Ground, Collapsing Buildings

(29)

Earthquakes Up Close

Loma Prieta, 1989

(2)

Earthquakes and Earthquake Waves

(1)

Frequency and Wavelength

(1)

Seismographs

(1)

Box 3.1 Movement of a Pendulum

(2)

Faults and Earthquakes

(3)

Causes of Earthquakes

(2)

Locating Earthquakes

(1)

Earthquake Size and Characteristics

(6)

Mercalli Intensity Scale

(2)

Richter Magnitude Scale

(1)

Large-Earthquake Characteristics

(1)

Earthquake Frequency

(1)

Ground Acceleration, Shaking Time, and Displacement

(2)

Ground Motion and Failure During Earthquakes

(1)

Liquefaction

(1)

Case in Point

Mexico City Earthquake, 1985

(2)

Quick Clays

(1)

Landslides

(1)

Effect of Bedrock Structure

(1)

Damage Control

(1)

Case in Point

Armenian Earthquake, 1988

(4)

Case in Point

Kobe Earthquake, Japan, 1995

(2)

Earthquake Effects on Buildings

(3)

Building Vibration and Oscillation

(1)

Base Isolation

(2)

Key Points

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Earthquake Prediction and Tectonic Environments

(35)

Predicting Earthquakes

(1)

Earthquake Predictions and Consequences

(1)

Earthquake Precursors

(1)

Case in Point

Haicheng and Tangshan Earthquakes, China, 1975 and 1976

(7)

Seismic Gaps

(1)

Migrating Earthquakes

(1)

Earthquake Regularity

(1)

Paleoseismology

(1)

Water as a Triggering Mechanism?

(2)

Early Warning Systems

(1)

Long-Term Forecasts and Risk Maps

(1)

Psychics

(1)

Surviving Earthquakes

(1)

The San Andreas Fault

(12)

San Francisco Bay Area Earthquakes

(2)

Hayward and Rodgers Creek Faults

(2)

Los Angeles Area Earthquakes

(4)

Tectonic Environments of Major Earthquakes

(11)

Transform Faults

(2)

Subduction Zones

(1)

Blind Thrust Faults over an Active Subduction Zone

(1)

Continent-Continent Collision Zones

(2)

Blind Thrust Faults Associated with a Continental Collision Zone

(1)

Continental Spreading Zones

(2)

Intraplate Earthquakes without Obvious Tectonic Context

(3)

The Potential for Still Larger Events

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

(1)

Questions for Review

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

Tsunami: The Great Wave

(28)

Harbor Waves

(5)

Sumatra Tsunami: December 2004

(3)

Chile Tsunami: May 1960

102

(2)

Tsunami Generation

104

(2)

Earthquake-Generated Tsunami

104

(1)

Volcano-Generated Tsunami

105

(1)

Tsunami from Fast-Moving Landslides or Rockfalls

105

(1)

Case in Point

Anchorage, Alaska, 1964

106

(2)

Case in Point

Hokkaida, Japan, 1993

108

(1)

Case in Point

Lituya Bay, Alaska, 1958

109

(1)

Case in Point

Glacier Bay, Alaska

110

(1)

Case in Point

Krakatau

111

(3)

Tsunami from Volcano Flank Collapse

111

(3)

Tsunami from Asteroid Impact

114

(1)

Velocity and Height

114

(2)

Coastal Effects and Vulnerability

116

(6)

Tsunami from Great Earthquakes in the Pacific North west

118

(4)

Tsunami Hazard Mitigation

122

(1)

Surviving a Tsunami

122

(1)

Tsunami Examples

122

(1)

Seiches

122

(2)

The Potential for Giant Tsunami

124

(1)

Key Points

125

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

126

(1)

Questions for Review

126

(1)

Further Reading

126

(1)

Volcanoes: Materials, Hazards, and Eruptive Mechanisms

127

(24)

Volcanoes Up Close

Mount St. Helens Eruption, 1980

128

(2)

Mount St. Helens Eruption, May 18, 1980

130

(4)

Preamble to the May 18 Eruption

131

(3)

Types of Volcanic Hazards and Products

134

(8)

Lava Flows

134

(2)

Oceanic Ridges

136

(1)

Continental Flood Basalts

136

(1)

Ash Falls

137

(1)

Ash Flows, Glowing Avalanches, and Surges

138

(4)

Magma Chambers and the Driving Force behind Eruptions

142

(7)

Magma Chambers

142

(1)

Explosive Eruptions

143

(1)

Volcanic Mudflows

143

(2)

Poisonous Gases

145

(1)

Volcanic Behavior: Relationships to Viscosity, Volatiles, and Volume

146

(3)

Key Points

149

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

150

(1)

Questions for Review

150

(1)

Further Reading

150

(1)

Volcanoes: Types, Behavior, and Risks

151

(36)

Basaltic Volcanoes

151

(6)

Shield Volcanoes

151

(4)

Cinder Cones

155

(2)

Andesitic Volcanoes: Stratovolcanoes

157

(1)

Case in Point

The High Cascades

157

(8)

Mount St. Helens

159

(1)

Mount Hood

159

(1)

Mount Rainier

159

(2)

Mount Lassen

161

(1)

Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)

162

(1)

Three Sisters

163

(1)

Mount Shasta

164

(1)

Rhyolitic Volcanoes

165

(1)

Lava Domes

165

(1)

Case in Point

Mount Pelee, Martinique, West Indies

166

(4)

Giant Continental Calderas

168

(2)

Case in Point

Yellowstone Volcano

170

(1)

Volcanic Eruptions and Products

171

(2)

Explosive Eruption Styles

172

(1)

Assessment of Hazard and Risk of Volcanoes

173

(1)

Ancient Eruptions

173

(1)

Case in Point

Santorini, Greece

174

(4)

Eruption Warnings: Volcanic Precursors

176

(2)

Case in Point

Mount Pinatubo

178

(2)

Case in Point

Vesuvius and Its Neighbors

180

(5)

Violent Eruptions and Active Subduction Zones

185

(1)

A Look Ahead

185

(1)

Key Points

185

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

186

(1)

Questions for Review

186

(1)

Further Reading

186

(1)

Landslides and Other Downslope Movements: Falling Mountains

187

(41)

Factors Controlling Downslope Movement of Landslides

187

(1)

Landslides Up Close

La Conchita, California

188

(2)

Load

189

(1)

Slope

189

(1)

Slope Material: Strength and Friction

190

(8)

Friction

190

(1)

A Little Water

191

(1)

Too Much Water

191

(2)

Clays and Clay Behavior

193

(1)

Liquefaction and Earthquakes

194

(1)

Quick Clays

194

(1)

Earthquakes Trigger Many Landslides

195

(1)

Internal Surfaces

196

(2)

Old Landslides

198

(1)

Types of Downslope Movement

198

(2)

Rockfalls and Rock Avalanches

198

(2)

Debris Avalanches

200

(1)

Case in Point

Rockfall Hazards West of Denver

200

(1)

Case in Point

Rockville Rockfall, Southwestern Utah

201

(1)

Case in Point

Madison Slide, Montana

202

(1)

Case in Point

Frank Slide, Alberta

203

(1)

Case in Point

Elam, Switzerland

204

(1)

Case in Point

Yungay, Peru

205

(5)

Rotational Slides and Slumps

206

(1)

Stresses on the Shear Surface: Method of Slices

207

(1)

Sackung

208

(1)

Translational Slides

208

(2)

Case in Point

The Vaiont Landslide

210

(6)

Lateral-Spreading Slides

212

(1)

Debris Flows

212

(4)

Case in Point

A Tropical Climate Debris-Flow and Flood Disaster

216

(4)

Danger Signs: Evidence for Former Debris Flows

219

(1)

Mudflows and Earthflows

220

(2)

Soil Creep

221

(1)

Rates of Downslope Movements

222

(1)

Submarine Slides

222

(2)

Volcano Flank Collapse

222

(1)

Failure of Landslide Dams

223

(1)

Landslide Influences and Hazard Maps

224

(1)

Why Do People Build in Landslide-Prone Areas?

224

(2)

Key Points

226

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

227

(1)

Questions for Review

227

(1)

Further Reading

227

(1)

Sinkholes, Land Subsidence, and Swelling Soils

228

(17)

Ground Collapse and Sinkholes

228

(1)

Formation of Cavities in Limestone

228

(3)

Collapsing Cavities

230

(1)

Sinkholes in Different Regions

231

(2)

Central Florida Sinkholes

231

(1)

Sinkhole Problems in Central and Eastern Pennsylvania

232

(1)

Sinkholes in Kentucky

233

(1)

Collapse over a Salt Mine in Western New York

233

(1)

Land Subsidence

233

(2)

Mining Groundwater and Petroleum

233

(2)

Case in Point

San Joaquin Valley of California

235

(3)

Drainage of Organic Soils

237

(1)

Ground Subsidence with Drying of Clays

237

(1)

Case in Point

Venice, Italy

238

(2)

Swelling Soils

240

(2)

Case in Point

Denver's Swelling Soils

242

(2)

Key Points

244

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

244

(1)

Questions for Review

244

(1)

Further Reading

244

(1)

Climate and Weather Related to Hazards: Storms on the Horizon

245

(23)

Global Warming

245

(3)

Atmospheric Cooling

248

(1)

Case in Point

Mount Tambora

248

(1)

Climatic Cycles?

248

(3)

Days

249

(1)

Seasons

249

(1)

Precession of the Equinoxes: ~26,000 Years

249

(1)

Change in the Tilt of Earth's Axis: ~41,000 Years

249

(1)

Change in the Elliptical Shape of Earth's Orbit: ~100,000-Year Cycles

249

(2)

Basic Elements of Weather

251

(9)

Hydrologic Cycle and Humidity

251

(1)

Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation

252

(1)

Atmospheric Pressure and Weather

253

(1)

Coriolis Effect

254

(2)

Global Air Circulation

256

(1)

Jet Stream

257

(1)

Weather Fronts

258

(2)

El Nino

260

(2)

Normal Pattern

260

(1)

El Nino Conditions

261

(1)

Predicting El Nino

262

(1)

North Atlantic Oscillation

262

(1)

Climate Controls on Flooding

263

(2)

Importance of Duration and Intensity of Rainfall

264

(1)

Dry Climates

265

(1)

Strong Winds Not Associated with Storms

265

(1)

Chinook Winds

265

(1)

Santa Ana Winds

265

(1)

Key Points

265

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

266

(1)

Questions for Review

266

(1)

Further Reading

267

(1)

Streams and Flood Processes: Rising Waters

268

(29)

Stream Flow and Sediment Transport Processes

269

(1)

Stream Flow and Gradient

269

(1)

Floods Up Close

Big Thompson Canyon, Northwest of Denver

270

(7)

Bankfull Channel Width, Depth, and Capacity

272

(1)

Sediment Transport and Stream Equilibrium

273

(4)

Sediment Transport Mechanisms

277

(1)

Stream Types

277

(5)

Meandering Streams

277

(3)

Braided Streams

280

(1)

Bedrock Streams

281

(1)

The Hydrograph

282

(2)

Precipitation Intensity and Runoff

282

(1)

Stream Order and Hydrograph Shape

283

(1)

Flood Crests Move Downstream

283

(1)

Floods on Frozen or Water-Saturated Ground

284

(1)

Destructive Energy of Floods

285

(1)

Stream Power

285

(1)

Flood Frequency and Recurrence Intervals

285

(1)

Recurrence Intervals and Discharge

285

(1)

Case in Point

Spring Thaw from the South on a North-Flowing River

286

(2)

Case in Point

Guadalupe River Upstream of New Braunfels, Texas

288

(4)

Problems with Recurrence Intervals

290

(2)

Floodplains and 100-Year Floodplains

292

(2)

Flood Insurance

293

(1)

Key Points

294

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

295

(1)

Questions for Review

295

(1)

Further Reading

296

(1)

Floods and Human Interactions

297

(29)

Effects of Development on Floodplains

297

(1)

Levees

297

(9)

The Great Mississippi River Basin Flood of 1993

299

(4)

Intentional Levee Breaks

303

(1)

Levees, Safety, and Costs

304

(1)

Avulsion

305

(1)

Channelization

305

(1)

Case in Point

Yellow (Huang-Ho) River of China

306

(2)

Case in Point

New Orleans

308

(2)

Case in Point

A Channelized Old World River

310

(2)

Flood Control and Multipurpose Dams

311

(1)

Floods Caused by Failure of Human-Made Dams

311

(1)

Case in Point

Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley, California

312

(3)

Urbanization

314

(1)

Case in Point

Failure of the Teton Dam, Idaho

315

(2)

Flash Flood Hazards

316

(1)

Changes Imposed on Streams

317

(3)

Forest Fires and Range Fires

317

(1)

Logging and Overgrazing

317

(1)

Hydraulic Placer Mining

317

(1)

Dams and Stream Equilibrium

318

(1)

Bridges

319

(1)

Mining of Stream Sand and Gravel

319

(1)

Paleoflood Analysis

320

(1)

Early Postflood Evidence

320

(1)

Case in Point

Channel Deepening and Groundwater Loss from Gravel Mining

321

(2)

Paleoflood Markers

322

(1)

Review of Factors That Influence Floods

323

(1)

Complexity, or ``Coincident Criticality'' and Floods

324

(1)

Key Points

324

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

325

(1)

Questions for Review

325

(1)

Further Reading

325

(1)

Waves, Beaches, and Coastal Erosion: Rivers of Sand

326

(25)

Living on Dangerous Coasts

326

(1)

Waves

327

(2)

Beaches

329

(3)

Wave Refraction and Longshore Drift

329

(2)

Waves on Rocky Coasts

331

(1)

Beach Slope: An Equilibrium Profile

331

(1)

Rip Currents

332

(1)

Loss of Sand from the Beach

332

(1)

People Move to the Beach

332

(1)

Beach Erosion and Hardening

333

(5)

Reduction of Sand Supply

333

(1)

Artificial Barriers to Wave Action

333

(4)

Areas of Severe Erosion

337

(1)

Beach Replenishment

338

(9)

Erosion of Gently Sloping Coasts and Barrier Islands

341

(1)

Dunes

341

(2)

Barrier Bars at Estuaries and Inlets

343

(4)

Erosion Along Cliff-Bound Coasts

347

(2)

Letting Nature Take Its Course

349

(1)

Key Points

349

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

350

(1)

Questions for Review

350

(1)

Further Reading

350

(1)

Hurricanes and Nor'Easters: The Big Winds

351

(46)

Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones

351

(1)

Hurricanes Up Close

Hurricane Hugo

352

(3)

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

355

(1)

Formation of Hurricanes and Cyclones

355

(2)

Case in Point

Hurricane Camille

357

(1)

Case in Point

Hurricane Isabel

358

(4)

Extratropical Cyclones, Including Nor'easters

362

(3)

Winter Windstorms and Heavy Snow

364

(1)

Case in Point

Superstorm, March 1993

365

(1)

Case in Point

Tropical Storm Allison

365

(3)

Storm Surges

368

(4)

Case in Point

Galveston Hurricane

372

(2)

Waves and Wave Damages

374

(1)

Winds and Wind Damages

375

(3)

Rainfall and Flooding

378

(1)

Case in Point

Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd, 1999

379

(3)

Deaths in Hurricanes

382

(1)

Case in Point

Hurricane Andrew

383

(1)

Poor Countries: Different Problems

384

(1)

Building Restrictions

385

(1)

Case in Point

Hurricane Mitch

386

(3)

Case in Point

Cyclones of Bangladesh and Calcutta, India

389

(2)

Hurricane Prediction and Warnings

391

(3)

Categories of Hurricane Warning

392

(2)

Hurricane Modification?

394

(1)

A More Damaging Hurricane than Any in Historic Time?

394

(1)

Key Points

395

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

396

(1)

Questions for Review

396

(1)

Further Reading

396

(1)

Thunderstorms and Tornadoes

397

(18)

Thunderstorms

397

(4)

Lightning

398

(3)

Downbursts

401

(1)

Hail

401

(1)

Tornadoes

401

(10)

The Fujita Scale

402

(5)

Tornado Development

407

(1)

Tornado Damage and Risks

407

(4)

Case in Point

Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak

411

(1)

Case in Point

Superoutbreak of 1974

412

(1)

Key Points

413

Important Words and Concepts

141

(273)

Questions for Review

414

(1)

Further Reading

414

(1)

Wildfires: Fanned Flames

415

(13)

Wildfires Up Close

The Black Mountain Fire, Missoula, Montana

416

(1)

Fire Process and Behavior

417

(1)

Case in Point

Storm King Mountain, Colorado

418

(2)

Case in Point

Southern California Firestorm, 2003

420

(2)

Fire Suppression and Prevention

422

(1)

Erosion Following Wildfires

422

(1)

Some Concerns

423

(1)

Case in Point

Bitterroot Valley Fires, Summer 2000

424

(2)

Key Points

426

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

426

(1)

Questions for Review

427

(1)

Further Reading

427

(1)

Impact of Asteroids and Comets

428

(16)

Projectiles from Space: The Ultimate Catastrophe?

428

(2)

Chondrites

430

(1)

Achondrites

430

(1)

Identification of Meteorites

430

(1)

Collision Course?

430

(1)

Evolution of an Impact Crater

431

(1)

Some Key Points and Evidence for an Impact

432

(1)

Case in Point

Meteor Crater, Arizona

433

(1)

Case in Point

Popigai Crater in Northern Siberia

434

(2)

Case in Point

The Sudbury Complex, Ontario

436

(1)

Case in Point

Ries Crater in Germany

437

(1)

Chances of a Large Asteroid Impact on Earth

437

(1)

Likely Consequences of Impacts with Earth

437

(1)

Impact of a Large Asteroid

437

(1)

Case in Point

Chicxulub Impact Crater

438

(1)

A Modest-Sized Asteroid Impact

439

(1)

Doomsday?

439

(1)

What Could We Do About an Incoming Asteroid?

439

(2)

Falling Rocks: Your Personal Chance of Being Hit by a Meteorite?

440

(1)

Other Consequences of a Major Asteroid Impact

441

(1)

Lunar Maria

441

(1)

Case in Point

Tungusika, Siberia

441

(1)

Summary

441

(1)

Key Points

442

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

442

(1)

Questions for Review

442

(1)

Further Reading

443

(1)

The Future: Where Do We Go from Here?

444

(7)

We Are the Problem

444

(2)

Hazard Assessment and Mitigation

446

(1)

Societal Attitudes

446

(2)

Education

447

(1)

Different Ground Rules for the Poor

448

(2)

Key Points

450

(1)

Important Words and Concepts

450

(1)

Questions for Review

450

(1)

Further Reading

450

(1)

APPENDIX 1 Geological Time Scale

451

(1)

APPENDIX 2 Mineral and Rock Characteristics Related to Hazards

452

(11)

Igneous Rocks

452

(1)

Sedimentary Rocks

452

(1)

Metamorphic Rocks

453

(1)

Weak Rocks and Strong Rocks

453

(1)

Common Rock-Forming Minerals

453

(4)

Common Rocks

457

(5)

Granite

457

(1)

Gabbro

457

(1)

Rhyolite

458

(1)

Andesite and Dacite

459

(1)

Basalt

459

(1)

Shale and Mudstone

460

(1)

Sandstone

460

(1)

Limestone

460

(1)

Slate

460

(1)

Schist

461

(1)

Gneiss

461

(1)

Serpentinite

462

(1)

Rocks, Landscapes, and Hazards

462

(1)

APPENDIX 3 Conversion Factors

463

(2)

Glossary

465

(15)

Index

480

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Natural Hazards and Disasters

Natural Hazards and Disasters

9780534997601

0534997600

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Natural Hazards and Disasters

Natural Hazards and Disasters

9780534997601

0534997600

Summary

Table of Contents

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