Multiculturalism, Crime, and Criminal Justice

Multiculturalism, Crime, and Criminal Justice provides an overview of the problems and promises of cultural diversity in society and within all facets of the criminal justice system. It focuses on how different marginalized groups--African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, the LGBTQ community, the elderly, and juveniles--are impacted by law enforcement, the courts, and correctional agencies, addressing the issues that each group faces. It also examines how multiculturalism affects those who work within the criminal justice system, including members of minority groups.

Robert McNamara received his PhD in Sociology from Yale University and is Professor of Criminal Justice at The Citadel.

Ronald Burns is Chair of the Criminal Justice Department at Texas Christian University.

Each chapter ends with a Summary, Key Terms, Discussion Questions, and Endnotes.
PART 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO MULTICULTURALISM
Chapter 1. Introduction
Race
Ethnicity
Minority Groups
Distinguishing Physical or Cultural Traits
Unequal Treatment by Those in Power
Involuntary Membership
Solidarity of Members
In-Group Marriage
Types of Minority Groups
Racial Groups
Ethnic Groups
Religious Groups
Gender Groups
Creating Subordinate Groups
Migration
Annexation
Colonialism
The Consequences of Subordinate Group Status
Prejudice and Discrimination
Racism
Where Does Multiculturalism Fit Into the Discussion?
Is Multiculturalism in America a Good Thing?
--Multiculturalism divides people
--Multiculturalism fosters discrimination
--Multiculturalism prevents equality
--The Value of Multiculturalism
Chapter 2. Group Dynamics, Communication, and Social Interaction
Erving Goffman and the Nature of Social Interaction
Impression Management
Social Interaction and the Criminal Justice System
The Criminal Justice "System"?
Groups
What Constitutes a Group?
Groups in the Criminal Justice System
Communication
The Communication Process
Nonverbal Communication
Obstacles Affecting Communication
Differential Treatment and Symbolism
Social Interaction and Multiculturalism
Status and Roles
Socially Constructing Reality
PART II: CULTURAL SPECIFICS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Chapter 3. African Americans and the Criminal Justice System
Historical Background
Slavery
The Post-Slavery Era
The Civil Rights Movement
Civil Disobedience
Martin Luther King Jr. and the Riots
The Rise of Black Power
The Nation of Islam and Black Identity
African Americans Today: The Rise of the Black Middle Class
The Historical Treatment of African Americans in the Criminal Justice System
African Americans and the Criminal Justice System Today
The Police
--Public Opinion and the Police
--Violent Crime
--Arrests
--Use of Force
--Deadly Force
--Profiling and Other Forms of Abuse
The Courts and African Americans: Sentencing Issues
The Death Penalty and African Americans
Corrections and African Americans
Race, Fear, and Crime
Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?
Chapter 4. Hispanic Americans and the Criminal Justice System
Chicanos and Mexicans
Immigration
Chicanos Today
Cubans
Cubans Today
Puerto Ricans
The Influence of Central and South America
Hispanic Involvement in the Criminal Justice System
Immigration and Crime
Chapter 5. Asian Americans and the Criminal Justice System
A Brief Profile of Asian Americans
Model Minority Myth
Income Data
Hate Crimes and Racial Profiling
Far East Asians
Chinese Americans
Japanese
Koreans
Southeast Asian Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Hawaiians
Filipinos
Indian Subcontinent
Asian Indians
Asian and the Criminal Justice System
Crime Statistics
Asian Gangs
Human Smuggling
Transnational Organized Crime
Chapter 6. Native Americans and the Criminal Justice System
Historical Presence of Native Americans
Legislating for the People
Termination
Government Involvement in Indian Affairs
Native Americans Today
Employment and Income
Casino Gambling
Educational Achievement
Health Care
Native Americans and the Criminal Justice System
Crime Rates
Victimization
Native Americans in the Federal System
The Role of Alcohol and Native American Crime
Questioning the Relationship between Native Americans and Crime Statistics
Native Americans and the Police
The Administration of Justice: Tribal Courts
Native Americans and the Correctional System
Chapter 7. Women and the Criminal Justice System
The Fight for Rights
Women as a Distinct Culture
Female Arrestees and Victims
Trends in Arrest Rates
Victimization
Women and Policing
Policewomen
Interaction with the Police
Females and the Courts
Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Females
Female Courtroom Personnel
Females and Corrections
Female Incarceration
Women in Jail
Females in Prison
Females Working in Corrections
Chapter 8. LGBTs and the Criminal Justice System
Public Attitudes about Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, and Transgender
Operationalization of Terms: Gay vs. Homosexuality
Differences Between Male and Female Sexuality
The History of Homosexuality and Gay Identities in the United States
LGBT's and the Criminal Justice System
Hate Crimes and Victimization
Challenges for LGBT and PLWHIV in the Criminal Justice System
LGBTs/PLWHIV and The Police
Gay Police Officers
The Courts and LGBTs/ PLWIHIV
LGBT/PLWHIV and Prison Life
Chapter 9. The Elderly and the Criminal Justice System
Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y
Elderly Crime
Elderly Victims
Elderly Offenders
Types of Elderly Offenders
Shoplifting
Homicide
Sex Offenses
Drunk Driving
Formal Reactions to the Elderly Criminal
Elderly Inmates
Chapter 10. Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System
Definitions of Juvenile Delinquency
History of Juvenile Delinquency in the United States
Nineteenth-Century United States
Delinquency in the Early Twentieth Century
Delinquency in the 1960s-1970s
Delinquency from the 1980s and into the New Millennium
The Juvenile Population
Juvenile Victims
Juvenile Offenders
Juveniles and the Police
Juveniles and the Courts
Relative Rate Index
Juveniles and Corrections
Short-term Facilities
Institutional Life for Delinquents
Mental Illness and Detention
Suicide and Institutionalized Youth
Delinquency, Detention, and Public Policy
PART III: INTERNAL ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND MULTICULTURALISM
Chapter 11. Policing and Multiculturalism
Historical Policing
The Roots of U.S. Policing
Historical U.S. Policing
Slave Patrols and Black Codes
Three Eras of Policing
Police Personnel Issues
Legislating Diversity in Policing
Integrating Policing
Steps to Diversify Policing
Police Practices
Police Discretion
Organizational Variables
Situational Factors
Officer Characteristics
Neighborhood and Community Influences
Police-Community Relations
Chapter 12. Courts and Multiculturalism
Initial Appearance
Notice of Charges
Counsel and the Initial Appearance
Pretrial Release
Preliminary Hearing/Grand Jury
Arraignment
Trials
Jury Selection
Constructing the Venire
Voir Dire
The Body of the Trial
Jury Nullification
Enhancing Jury Trials
Sentencing
Discriminatory Sentencing?
Sentencing Structures
Appellate Courts
Multiculturalism and Courtroom Personnel
Chapter 13. Corrections and Multiculturalism
The Organization of Corrections
The Correctional Population
Incarceration
Prison
Multiculturalism and Challenges in Prison
Jail
Community Corrections
Probation
Release from Prison and Parole
Correctional Staff and Training
Diversity and Correctional Staff
Chapter 14. Preparing for Multiculturalism and Diversity: Training and Policies
Training and Multiculturalism
The Role of Education
Training and Law Enforcement
Multiculturalism and Courtroom Personnel Training
Multiculturalism and Correctional Staff Training
The Limitations of Training
Policies and Multiculturalism
Chapter 15. The Future of Multiculturalism in Criminal Justice: Strategies for Success
Forecasting the Future
Forecasting Multiculturalism in the Criminal Justice System
Critical Issues Affecting Multiculturalism and Criminal Justice
Racial and Ethnic Profiling
Hate Crimes
Immigration
Globalism and International Crime
Progress?