Randy Knight taught introductory physics for 32 years at Ohio State University and California Polytechnic State University, where he is Professor Emeritus of Physics. Professor Knight received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley and was a post-doctoral fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics before joining the faculty at Ohio State University. It was at Ohio State that he began to learn about the research in physics education that, many years later, led to Five Easy Lessons: Strategies for Successful Physics Teaching and this book, as well as Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach. Professor Knight’s research interests are in the fields of laser spectroscopy and environmental science. When he’s not in front of a computer, you can find Randy hiking, sea kayaking, playing the piano, or spending time with his wife Sally and their five cats.

Brian Jones has won several teaching awards at Colorado State University during his 30 years teaching in the Department of Physics. His teaching focus in recent years has been the College Physics class, including writing problems for the MCAT exam and helping students review for this test. In 2011, Brian was awarded the Robert A. Millikan Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers for his work as director of the Little Shop of Physics, a hands-on science outreach program. He is actively exploring the effectiveness of methods of informal science education and how to extend these lessons to the college classroom. Brian has been invited to give workshops on techniques of science instruction throughout the United States and in Belize, Chile, Ethiopia, Azerbaijan, Mexico, Slovenia, Norway, and Namibia. Brian and his wife Carol have dozens of fruit trees and bushes in their yard, including an apple tree that was propagated from a tree in Isaac Newton’s garden.

Stuart Field has been interested in science and technology his whole life. While in school he built telescopes, electronic circuits, and computers. After attending Stanford University, he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, where he studied the properties of materials at ultralow temperatures. After completing a postdoctoral position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he held a faculty position at the University of Michigan. Currently at Colorado State University, Stuart teaches a variety of physics courses, including algebra-based introductory physics, and was an early and enthusiastic adopter of Knight’s Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Stuart maintains an active research program in the area of superconductivity. Stuart enjoys Colorado’s great outdoors, where he is an avid mountain biker; he also plays in local ice hockey leagues.

PART I Force and Motion

OVERVIEW The Science of Physics

1   Representing Motion

1.1 Motion: A First Look

1.2 Models and Modeling

1.3 Position and Time: Putting Numbers on Nature

1.4 Velocity

1.5 A Sense of Scale: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, and Units

1.6 Vectors and Motion: A First Look

1.7 Where Do We Go from Here?

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2 Motion in One Dimension

2.1 Describing Motion

2.2 Uniform Motion

2.3 Instantaneous Velocity

2.4 Acceleration

2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

2.6 Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems

2.7 Free Fall

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3.1 Using Vectors

3.2 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components

3.3 Motion on a Ramp

3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions

3.5 Projectile Motion

3.6 Projectile Motion: Solving Problems

3.7 Circular Motion

3.8 Relative Motion

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion

4.1 Motion and Forces

4.2 A Short Catalog of Forces

4.3 Identifying Forces

4.4 What Do Forces Do?

4.5 Newton’s Second Law

4.6 Free-Body Diagrams

4.7 Newton’s Third Law

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

5 Applying Newton’s Laws

5.1 Equilibrium

5.2 Dynamics and Newton’s

Second Law

5.3 Mass and Weight

5.4 Normal Forces

5.5 Friction

5.6 Drag

5.7 Interacting Objects

5.8 Ropes and Pulleys

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

6 Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity

6.1 Uniform Circular Motion

6.2 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion

6.3 Apparent Forces in Circular Motion

6.4 Circular Orbits and Weightlessness

6.5 Newton’s Law of Gravity

6.6 Gravity and Orbits

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

7 Rotational Motion

7.1 Describing Circular and Rotational Motion

7.2 The Rotation of a Rigid Body

7.3 Torque

7.4 Gravitational Torque and the Center of Gravity

7.5 Rotational Dynamics and Moment of Inertia

7.6 Using Newton’s Second Law for Rotation

7.7 Rolling Motion

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

8 Equilibrium and Elasticity

8.1 Torque and Static Equilibrium

8.2 Stability and Balance

8.3 Springs and Hooke’s Law

8.4 Stretching and Compressing Materials

8.5 Forces and Torques in the Body

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART I SUMMARY Force and Motion

ONE STEP BEYOND Dark Matter and the Structure of the Universe

PART I PROBLEMS

Detailed Contents

PART II Conservation Laws

OVERVIEW Why Some Things Stay the Same

9 Momentum

9.1 Impulse

9.2 Momentum and the Impulse-Momentum Theorem

9.3 Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems

9.4 Conservation of Momentum

9.5 Inelastic Collisions

9.6 Momentum and Collisions in Two Dimensions

9.7 Angular Momentum

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

10 Energy and Work

10.1 The Basic Energy Model

10.2 Work

10.3 Kinetic Energy

10.4 Potential Energy

10.5 Thermal Energy

10.6 Conservation of Energy

10.7 Energy Diagrams

10.8 Molecular Bonds and Chemical Energy

10.9 Energy in Collisions

10.10 Power

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

11 Using Energy

11.1 Transforming Energy

11.2 Energy in the Body

11.3 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat

11.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics

11.5 Heat Engines

11.6 Heat Pumps

11.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

11.8 Systems, Energy, and Entropy

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART II SUMMARY Conservation Laws

ONE STEP BEYOND Order Out of Chaos

PART II PROBLEMS

PART III Properties of Matter

OVERVIEW Beyond the Particle Model

12 Thermal Properties of Matter

12.1 The Atomic Model of Matter

12.2 The Atomic Model of an Ideal Gas

12.3 Ideal-Gas Processes

12.4 Thermal Expansion

12.5 Specific Heat and Heat of Transformation

12.6 Calorimetry

12.7 Specific Heats of Gases

12.8 Heat Transfer

12.9 Diffusion

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

13 Fluids

13.1 Fluids and Density

13.2 Pressure

13.3 Buoyancy

13.4 Fluids in Motion

13.5 Fluid Dynamics

13.6 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Equation

13.7 The Circulatory System

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART III SUMMARY Properties of Matter

ONE STEP BEYOND Size and Life

PART III PROBLEMS

PART IV Oscillations and Waves

OVERVIEW Motion That Repeats Again and Again

14 OSCILLATIONS

14.1 Equilibrium and Oscillation

14.2 Linear Restoring Forces and SHM

14.3 Describing Simple Harmonic Motion

14.4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

14.5 Pendulum Motion

14.6 Damped Oscillations

14.7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

15 Traveling Waves and Sound

15.1 The Wave Model

15.2 Traveling Waves

15.3 Graphical and Mathematical

Descriptions of Waves

15.4 Sound and Light Waves

15.5 Energy and Intensity

15.6 Loudness of Sound

15.7 The Doppler Effect and

Shock Waves

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

16 Superposition and Standing Waves

16.1 The Principle of Superposition

16.2 Standing Waves

16.3 Standing Waves on a String

16.4 Standing Sound Waves

16.5 Speech and Hearing

16.6 The Interference of Waves from Two Sources

16.7 Beats

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART IV SUMMARY Oscillations and Waves

ONE STEP BEYOND Waves in the Earth and the

Ocean

PART IV PROBLEMS

PART V Optics

OVERVIEW Light Is a Wave

17 Wave Optics

17.1 What Is Light?

17.2 The Interference of Light

17.3 The Diffraction Grating

17.4 Thin-Film Interference

17.5 Single-Slit Diffraction

17.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

18 Ray Optics

18.1 The Ray Model of Light

18.2 Reflection

18.3 Refraction

18.4 Image Formation by Refraction

18.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

18.6 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors

18.7 The Thin-Lens Equation

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

19 Optical Instruments

19.1 The Camera

19.2 The Human Eye

19.3 The Magnifier

19.4 The Microscope

19.5 The Telescope

19.6 Color and Dispersion

19.7 Resolution of Optical Instruments

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART V SUMMARY Optics

ONE STEP BEYOND Scanning Confocal Microscopy

PART V PROBLEMS

PART VI Electricity and Magnetism

OVERVIEW Charges, Currents, and Fields

20 Electric Fields and Forces

20.1 Charges and Forces

20.2 Charges, Atoms, and Molecules

20.3 Coulomb’s Law

20.4 The Concept of the Electric Field

20.5 The Electric Field from Arrangements of Charges

20.6 Conductors and Electric Fields

20.7 Forces and Torques in Electric Fields

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

21 Electric Potential

21.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential

21.2 Sources of Electric Potential

21.3 Electric Potential and Conservation of Energy

21.4 Calculating the Electric Potential

21.5 Connecting Potential and Field

21.6 The Electrocardiogram

21.7 Capacitance and Capacitors

21.8 Energy and Capacitors

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

22 Current and Resistance

22.1 A Model of Current

22.2 Defining and Describing Current

22.3 Batteries and emf

22.4 Connecting Potential and Current

22.5 Ohm’s Law and Resistor Circuits

22.6 Energy and Power

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

23  Circuits

23.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams

23.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws

23.3 Series and Parallel Circuits

23.4 Measuring Voltage and Current

23.5 More Complex Circuits

23.6 Capacitors in Parallel and Series

23.7 RC Circuits

23.8 Electricity in the Nervous System

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

24 Magnetic Fields and Forces

24.1 Magnetism

24.2 The Magnetic Field

24.3 Electric Currents Also Create Magnetic Fields

24.4 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current

24.5 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Moving Charges

Detailed Contents xxxiii

24.6 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Currents

24.7 Magnetic Fields Exert Torques on Dipoles

24.8 Magnets and Magnetic Materials

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

25 EM Induction and EM Waves

25.1 Induced Currents

25.2 Motional emf

25.3 Magnetic Flux and Lenz’s Law

25.4 Faraday’s Law

25.5 Electromagnetic Waves

25.6 The Photon Model of

Electromagnetic Waves

25.7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

26 AC Electricity

26.1 Alternating Current

26.2 AC Electricity and Transformers

26.3 Household Electricity

26.4 Biological Effects and Electrical Safety

26.5 Capacitor Circuits

26.6 Inductors and Inductor Circuits

26.7 Oscillation Circuits

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

PART VI SUMMARY Electricity and Magnetism

ONE STEP BEYOND The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

PART VI PROBLEMS

Part VII Modern Physics

OVERVIEW New Ways of Looking at the World

27 Relativity

27.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?

27.2 Galilean Relativity

27.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity

27.4 Events and Measurements

27.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity

27.6 Time Dilation

27.7 Length Contraction

27.8 Velocities of Objects in Special Relativity

27.9 Relativistic Momentum

27.10 Relativistic Energy

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

28 Quantum Physics

28.1 X Rays and X-Ray Diffraction

28.2 The Photoelectric Effect

28.3 Photons

28.4 Matter Waves

28.5 Energy Is Quantized

28.6 Energy Levels and Quantum Jumps

28.7 The Uncertainty Principle

28.8 Applications and Implications of Quantum Theory

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

29 Atoms and Molecules

29.1 Spectroscopy

29.2 Atoms

29.3 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization

29.4 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom

29.5 The Quantum-Mechanical

Hydrogen Atom

29.6 Multi-electron Atoms

29.7 Excited States and Spectra

29.8 Molecules      

29.9 Stimulated Emission and Lasers

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

30 Nuclear Physics

30.1 Nuclear Structure

30.2 Nuclear Stability

30.3 Forces and Energy in the Nucleus

30.4 Radiation and Radioactivity

30.5 Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives

30.6 Medical Applications of Nuclear

Physics

30.7 The Ultimate Building Blocks of Matter

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

ONE STEP BEYOND The Physics of Very Cold Atoms

PART VII PROBLEMS

Appendix A Mathematics Review

Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements

Appendix C Atomic and Nuclear Data

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

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