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In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

by: Rothwell, J. Dan

In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

by: Rothwell, J. Dan

ISBN 13:
9780495007265
ISBN 10:
0495007269
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/23/2006
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

IN MIXED COMPANY: COMMUNICATING IN SMALL GROUPS AND TEAMS, the author uses the central unifying theme of cooperation and a communication competence model to guide discussions of key small group concepts and processes. Visually appealing and practical, this text will help you succeed in your small groups course.

Preface

xix

Communication Competence in Groups

(36)

Myths about Communication

(4)

Myth 1: Communication Is a Panacea

(1)

Myth 2: Communication Can Break Down

(1)

Myth 3: Effective Communication Is Merely Skill Building

(1)

Myth 4: Effective Communication Is Just Common Sense

(2)

Communication Defined

(8)

Communication as Transactional: The Four-Legged Perspective

(2)

Communication as a Process: The Continuous Flow

(1)

Communication as Sharing Meaning: Making Sense

(1)

Verbal Communication: Telling It Like It Isn't

(2)

Nonverbal Communication: Wordless Meaning

(2)

Verbal and Nonverbal Interconnectedness: Joined at the Hip

(1)

Context: The Communication Environment

(1)

Communication Competence

(8)

Effectiveness: Achieving Goals

(1)

A Matter of Degree: From Deficiency to Proficiency

(1)

We (Not Me) Oriented: Primacy of Groups

(1)

Focus on Culture: Individualism versus Collectivism: A Basic Cultural Difference

(5)

Appropriateness: Following the Rules

(1)

Achieving Communication Competence

(8)

Knowledge: Learning the Rules

(1)

Skills: Showing, Not Just Knowing

(1)

Sensitivity: Receptive Accuracy

(1)

Commitment: A Passion for Excellence

(1)

Ethics: The Right and Wrong of Communication

(2)

Focus on Gender: Gender and Communication Competence

(2)

Definition of a Group

(5)

Groups: More Than People Standing at a Bus Stop

(2)

Interpersonal Communication and Public Speaking: Ungroups

(3)

Groups as Systems

(31)

Interconnectedness of Parts

(10)

Ripple Effect: A Chain Reaction

(3)

Closer Look: Dealing with Difficult Group Members

(3)

Synergy: One Plus One Equals a Ton

(1)

Negative Synergy: Results beyond Bad

(3)

Adaptability to Change

(10)

Dynamic Equilibrium: Managing Stability and Change

(1)

Boundary Control: Regulating Input

(1)

Methods of Boundary Control: Erecting Barriers

(1)

Physical Barriers: Protecting Group Space

(1)

Psychological Barriers: Member in Name Only

(1)

Linguistic Barriers: Having to Speak the Language

(1)

Rules: Permission Not Granted

(1)

Closer Look: Cult Boundary Control: Bound and Gagged

(1)

Roles: Staying in Bounds

(2)

Networks: Controlling Information Flow

(2)

Boundary Control and Group Effectiveness: Open and Closed Systems

(2)

Influence of Size

(8)

Group Size and Complexity

(1)

Quantitative Complexity: Exponentially Complicated

(1)

Complexity and Group Transactions: Size Matters

(2)

An Organization: A Group of Groups

(5)

Group Development

(40)

Primary Dimensions of Groups

(3)

Task and Social Dimensions: Working and Socializing

(1)

Building Cohesiveness: Bringing Us Together

(1)

Closer Look: The Case of ``Hormones with Feet''

(1)

Periodic Phases of Group Development

(29)

Forming: Why We Join Groups

(1)

Need to Belong: No One's an Island

(1)

Interpersonal Attraction: The Drawing Power of Others

(1)

Attraction to Group Activities: Joining for Fun and Frolic

(1)

Attraction to Group Goals: A Purpose-Driven Membership

(1)

Establishment of Meaning and Identity: Groups-R-Us

(1)

Fulfillment of Unrelated Needs: Our Miscellaneous Reasons

(1)

Storming: Feeling the Tension

(1)

Primary Tension: Initial Uneasiness

(1)

Secondary Tension: Later Stress and Strain

(2)

Norming: Regulating the Group

(1)

Types of Norms: Explicit and Implicit

(1)

Purpose and Sources of Norms: Achieving Group Goals

(1)

Degree of Conformity: Strength of Group Pressure

(2)

Why We Conform: Fitting In

(1)

Conditions for Conformity: When We Bow to Pressure

(1)

Closer Look: High School Cliques: A Lesson in Conformity

(2)

Closer Look: Hazing Rituals: From Water Torture to Liver Swallowing

(3)

Addressing Nonconformity: When Groups Get Tough

(3)

Performing: Group Output

(1)

Motivation to Perform: Social Loafing and Social Compensation

(2)

When Groups Outperform Individuals: Three Heads Are Better Than One

(2)

When Individuals Outperform Groups: No Magic in Groups

(2)

Risk-Taking and Polarization: From Gambling to Guarded

100

(3)

Newcomers and Group Development

103

(5)

Nature of the Group: The Challenge of Acceptance

103

(1)

Newcomer Strategies: Gaining Acceptance

104

(1)

Focus on Gender/Ethnicity: Member Diversity and Group Development

105

(3)

Developing the Group Climate

108

(30)

Competition and Cooperation

110

(14)

Definitions: Conceptual Clarity

110

(1)

Competition: Winners Take All

110

(1)

Cooperation: Winners All

111

(1)

Individual Achievement: Going It Alone

111

(1)

Hypercompetitiveness: Winning Is Everything

112

(1)

Constructive Competition: Tempering the Need to Win

113

(1)

Focus on Gender: Gender and Hypercompetitiveness

114

(1)

Necessary Conditions: A Trinity

114

(4)

Competition and Communication Competence: Can Me Be We?

118

(1)

Intragroup Competition and Cooperation: Challenging Orthodoxy

119

(1)

Group Productivity: Achievement and Performance on Tasks

119

(1)

Group Cohesiveness: Social Relationships among Group Members

120

(1)

Intergroup Competition and Cooperation: Them versus Us

120

(2)

Focus on Culture: Competition and Culture

122

(2)

Communication and Group Climate

124

(14)

Defensive and Supportive Communication: Shaping Group Climate

124

(1)

Evaluation versus Description

124

(4)

Control versus Problem Orientation

128

(1)

Manipulation versus Assertiveness

129

(1)

Indifference versus Empathy

130

(1)

Superiority versus Equality

131

(1)

Certainty versus Provisionalism

131

(2)

Reciprocal Patterns: Like Begets Like

133

(1)

Competitive and Noncompetitive Listening: Shifting and Supporting

133

(1)

Shift Response versus Support Response: Focusing on Me or Thee

134

(1)

Competitive Interrupting: Seizing the Floor

135

(1)

Ambushing: Preparing Rebuttals

135

(3)

Roles and Leadership in Groups

138

(38)

Group Roles

140

(10)

Influence of Roles: Not Just Playing Games

140

(1)

Role Reversal: When Students Become Teachers

140

(1)

Closer Look: The Stanford Prison Study

141

(3)

Role Conflict: Torn between Two Roles

144

(1)

Types of Roles: Formal and Informal

145

(3)

Role Emergence: Springing to Life

148

(1)

Group Endorsement: Accepting a Bid

148

(1)

Role Specialization: Settling into One's Role

149

(1)

Role Fixation: Stuck Playing One Part

149

(1)

Leadership

150

(26)

Definition of Leadership: An Evolving Consensus

151

(1)

Leadership and Influence: A Two-Way Process

151

(1)

Leadership and Followership: It Takes Two to Tango

151

(1)

Leader versus Manager: Interpersonal versus Positional Influence

152

(1)

Leadership and Communication: Duct-Taped Together

153

(1)

Gaining and Retaining Leadership: Getting There Is Just the Start

154

(1)

How Not to Become a Leader: Thou Shalt Not

154

(1)

General Pattern of Leader Emergence: Process of Elimination

155

(2)

Retaining the Leader Role: Hanging onto Power

157

(1)

Focus on Gender/Ethnicity: Gender and Ethnic Bias in Leader Emergence

158

(4)

Perspectives on Effective Leadership: An Evolving View

162

(1)

Traits Perspective: The Born Leader View

163

(2)

Styles Perspective: One Style Doesn't Fit All

165

(1)

Situational (Contingency) Perspective: Matching Styles with Circumstances

166

(3)

Functional Perspective: Leadership Responsibilities

169

(2)

Culture and Leadership: Are Leadership Theories Universal?

171

(1)

Closer Look: ``Chainsaw Al'' and the Ethics of Leadership

172

(4)

Developing Effective Teams

176

(34)

How Teams Differ from Groups

179

(3)

Level of Cooperation: The Working Together Imperative

179

(2)

Diversity of Skills: Looking for Complementarity

181

(1)

Group Identity: Operating as a Unit

181

(1)

Time and Resources: Commitment to the Team

181

(1)

Team Members

182

(5)

Team Slayers: Members' Bad Attitudes

183

(1)

Egocentrism: Me-Deep in Omnipotence

183

(1)

Cynicism: Can't-Do Attitude

184

(1)

Team Member Removal: Purging the Rotten Egg

184

(1)

Team Builders: Choosing and Developing Team Members

185

(1)

Experience and Problem-Solving Abilities: Core Competencies

185

(1)

Cultural Diversity: Members with Different Perspectives

185

(1)

Communication Training: Developing Members' Competence

186

(1)

Building Teamwork

187

(18)

Developing Goals: The Four C's

187

(1)

Clear Goals: Everyone on the Same Page

187

(1)

Cooperative Goals: Interdependent Challenges

188

(1)

Challenging Goals: Denting the Universe

189

(1)

Closer Look: The U.S. Women's Olympic Basketball Team

190

(1)

Commitment to Goals: A Passion to Succeed

191

(1)

Developing a Team Identity: Unifying Members

192

(1)

Symbolic Convergence: Developing Fantasy Themes

192

(1)

Solidarity Symbols: Unifying with Uniforms

193

(1)

Team Talk: The Language of We

193

(2)

Designating Clear, Appropriate Roles: Room for One Quarterback

195

(1)

Appropriate Roles for Team Members: Choosing Wisely

196

(1)

Formal Role Designations: Spreading Responsibility

196

(2)

Structuring Team Empowerment: Enhancing Members' Capabilities

198

(1)

Definition of Empowerment: Four Dimensions

198

(1)

Hierarchical Organizations: The Enemy of Empowerment

199

(1)

Quality Circles: Lame First Attempt

199

(1)

Self-Managing Work Teams: The IDEO Model

200

(1)

Impediments to Team Empowerment: No Buy In

201

(1)

Closer Look: IDEO and Team Empowerment

202

(2)

Establishing Individual Accountability: Minimum Standards

204

(1)

Competent Team Leadership

205

(5)

Foster Participative Leadership: Nurturing Empowerment

205

(1)

Insist on a Cooperative Climate: Jerks Need Not Apply

206

(1)

Structure Decision Making and Problem Solving: Using a Plan

207

(3)

Group Discussion: Defective Group Decision Making and Problem Solving

210

(38)

Information Overload: Too Much of a Good Thing

213

(6)

Scope of the Problem: The Information Avalanche

213

(1)

Consequences: The Downside of Information

214

(1)

Impairs Critical Thinking: Separating Wheat from Chaff

214

(1)

Indecisiveness: Conclusion Irresolution

215

(1)

Information Bulimia: Binging and Purging

215

(1)

Group Attention Deficit Disorder: Difficulty Concentrating

215

(1)

Coping with Information Overload: Wrestling the Beast

215

(1)

Closer Look: Technology and the Bias of Speed

216

(1)

Screening Information: Separating the Useful from the Useless

216

(1)

Shutting Off Technology: Hitting the Off Switch

217

(1)

Specializing: Knowing More and More about Less and Less

217

(1)

Becoming Selective: On a Need-to-Know Basis

218

(1)

Limiting the Search: When Enough Is Enough

218

(1)

Narrowing the Search: Databases and Patterns

219

(1)

Information Underload: Poor Sharing

219

(2)

Mindsets: Critical Thinking Frozen Solid

221

(4)

Confirmation Bias: One-Sided Information Searches

221

(1)

The Problem: Poor Decisions and Solutions

221

(2)

Combating Confirmation Bias: A Plan

223

(1)

False Dichotomies: Either-Or Thinking

224

(1)

Collective Inferential Error: Uncritical Thinking

225

(13)

Prevalence of the Problem: It's a Group Thing

226

(1)

General Sources of Inferential Errors: Quality and Quantity

227

(1)

Faulty Information Base: The Problem of Misinformation

227

(3)

Limited Information Base: Information Insufficiency

230

(1)

Closer Look: The Blandina Chiapponi Case

231

(1)

Specific Sources of Inferential Errors

232

(1)

Vividness: The Grim, Grisly, and Graphic

232

(3)

Unrepresentativeness: Distorting the Facts

235

(1)

Correlation Inferred as Causation: Covariation

236

(1)

Error Correction: Practicing Critical Thinking

237

(1)

Groupthink: Critical Thinking in Suspended Animation

238

(10)

General Conditions: Excessive Cohesiveness and Concurrence Seeking

239

(1)

Identification of Groupthink: Main Symptoms

240

(1)

Overestimation of the Group's Power and Morality: Arrogance

240

(1)

Closed-Mindedness: Clinging to Assumptions

241

(1)

Pressures toward Uniformity: Presenting a United Front

241

(2)

Preventing Groupthink: Promoting Vigilance

243

(5)

Group Discussion: Effective Decision Making and Problem Solving

248

(43)

Discussion Procedures

251

(16)

Phases and Functions: General Considerations

251

(1)

Multiple Sequence Model: Phases of Decision Making

251

(1)

Functional Perspective: Being Systematic

252

(1)

The Standard Agenda: Structuring Group Discussion

252

(1)

Problem Identification: What's the Question?

253

(1)

Problem Analysis: Causes and Effects

253

(1)

Solution Criteria: Setting Standards

254

(1)

Solution Suggestions: Generating Alternatives

255

(1)

Solution Evaluation and Selection: Deciding by Criteria

255

(1)

Solution Implementation: Follow-through

256

(2)

Closer Look: Murphy's Law

258

(2)

Group Decision-Making Rules: Majority, Minority, Unanimity

260

(1)

Majority Rule: Tyrannical or Practical

260

(2)

Minority Rule: Several Types

262

(1)

Unanimity Rule: Consensus

263

(1)

Focus on Culture: Japan's Nuclear Emergency and Consensus Decision Making

264

(3)

Participation

267

(2)

Cultural Diversity and Participation: Is Silence Golden?

267

(1)

Increasing Constructive Participation: Jump-Starting Low-Participators

268

(1)

Conducting Effective Meetings

269

(3)

Group Meetings: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

269

(1)

Chair's Responsibilities: Controlling the Meeting Monster

270

(2)

Critical Thinking and Effective Decision Making

272

(7)

Gathering Information: Accumulating Input

273

(1)

Evaluating Information: Applying Criteria

274

(1)

Credibility: Is It Believable?

274

(1)

Currency: Is It Up-to-Date?

275

(1)

Relevance: Looking for Logical Connections

275

(1)

Representativeness: Reflecting the Facts

275

(1)

Closer Look: The Internet: Resource for Information and Misinformation

276

(2)

Sufficiency: When Enough Really Is Enough

278

(1)

Creative Problem Solving

279

(12)

General Overview

279

(1)

Specific Creative Techniques

280

(1)

Brainstorming and Nominal Group Techniques: Generating Lots of Ideas

280

(4)

Framing/Reframing: It's All in the Wording

284

(2)

Integrative Problem Solving: Satisfying Everyone

286

(5)

Power in Groups: A Central Dynamic

291

(46)

Power Defined

294

(2)

The Nature of Power: No One Is Powerless

294

(1)

Forms of Power: Competition and Cooperation Revisited

295

(1)

Indicators of Power

296

(5)

General Indicators: Labeling, Following, and Opposing

297

(1)

Verbal Indicators: Powerless and Powerful Speech

297

(1)

Focus on Gender/Culture: Powerful Language Differences

298

(2)

Nonverbal Indicators: Silent Power

300

(1)

Power Resources

301

(12)

Information: Restricted or Scarce

302

(1)

Expertise: Knowing and Showing

303

(2)

Rewards and Punishments: Carrots and Sticks

305

(3)

Personal Qualities: A Powerful Presence

308

(1)

Legitimate Authority: You Will Obey

309

(1)

Closer Look: The Milgram Studies

310

(3)

Effects of Power Imbalances

313

(2)

Physical Violence and Aggression: Waging Power Struggles

314

(1)

Verbal and Nonverbal Contempt: Insulting Others

315

(1)

Addressing Power Imbalances

315

(22)

Focus on Culture: Power Distance and Cultural Differences

316

(2)

Compliance: Group Power

318

(1)

Alliance: Coalition Formation

319

(1)

Resistance: Dragging Your Feet

320

(1)

Strategic Stupidity: Smart Members Acting Dense

320

(1)

Loss of Motor Function: Attack of the Clumsies

321

(1)

The Misunderstanding Mirage: Feigning Confusion

322

(1)

Selective Amnesia: Forgetting the Distasteful

322

(1)

Tactical Tardiness: Not So Grand an Entrance

323

(1)

Purposeful Procrastination: Intentional Delaying Tactic

323

(2)

Defiance: Digging in Your Heels

325

(1)

Threat of Contagion: Spreading Dissension

325

(1)

Variable Group Reaction: Discriminative Defiance

326

(1)

Defiant Member's Influence: Alone against the Group

327

(1)

Significance: Self-Empowerment

328

(1)

Assertiveness: Neither Doormat nor Foot Wiper

328

(3)

Increasing Personal Power Resources: Mentoring and Networking

331

(6)

Conflict Management in Groups

337

(33)

Definition of Conflict

340

(2)

General Definition: Interconnectedness, Incompatibility, and Interference

340

(1)

Destructive and Constructive Conflict: It's All in the Communication

341

(1)

Styles of Conflict Management

342

(7)

Collaborating: Problem Solving

343

(1)

Confrontation: Addressing the Problem

343

(1)

Integration: Seeking Joint Gains

344

(1)

Smoothing: Calming Troubled Waters

344

(1)

Accommodating: Yielding

344

(1)

Compromising: Halving the Loaf

345

(1)

Avoiding: Withdrawing

345

(1)

Competing: Power-Forcing

346

(1)

Comparing Styles: Likelihood of Success

347

(2)

Situational Factors

349

(8)

Types of Conflict: Task, Relationship, and Value

349

(1)

Task Conflict: Routine or Nonroutine

349

(1)

Relationship Conflict: It's Personal

350

(1)

Interconnectedness of Task and Relationship Conflict: A Critical Concern

350

(1)

Values Conflict: Deeply Felt Struggles

351

(1)

Closer Look: Kill Radio Conflict Case Study

352

(3)

Culture and Conflict: Stylistic Differences

355

(2)

Negotiating Strategies

357

(7)

Tit for Tat: Do unto Others

357

(1)

Reformed Sinner: Spreading Redemption

358

(1)

Positional Bargaining: Hard and Soft Negotiating

359

(1)

Principled Negotiation: Interest-Based Bargaining

360

(1)

The Four Principles: Appropriate Rules

360

(2)

Remaining Unconditionally Constructive: Sound Judgment

362

(1)

The BATNA: Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement

363

(1)

Anger Management

364

(6)

Constructive and Destructive Anger: Intensity and Duration

364

(1)

Managing Your Own Anger: Taking Control

365

(1)

Managing the Anger of Others: Communication Jujitsu

366

(4)

Technology and Virtual Groups

370

(22)

Technological Group Options

372

(3)

Text-Messaging: Typing Gone High-Tech

372

(1)

Audioconferences: Voice-Only Technology

373

(1)

Videoconferences: Sight and Sound

373

(2)

Benefits and Challenges of Virtual Groups

375

(8)

Time and Space: The Death of Distance

375

(1)

Decision Making: Quality of the Output

375

(2)

Social Relationships: Developing Personal Connections

377

(1)

Power Distance: Prominence of Status Cues

377

(1)

Conflict: Constructive and Destructive

378

(2)

Member Participation: Motivation to Perform

380

(1)

Social Anxiety: Reticence to Participate

380

(1)

Social Loafing: Virtually Unproductive

380

(2)

Conversational Documentation: Transactional Transcripts

382

(1)

Virtual Group Effectiveness

383

(9)

General Factors: Getting Set for Success

383

(1)

Temporality: Long-Term versus Short-Term Virtual Groups

383

(1)

Media Richness: The Lean and Meaty Theory

384

(1)

Media Synchronicity: Extending MRT

385

(1)

Specific Suggestions: Tentative Advice

386

(1)

Choosing Media: Richness and Synchronicity

386

(2)

Closer Look: ComCorp Case Study

388

(1)

Conducting Virtual Meetings: Special Challenges

388

(4)

Appendix A: Group Oral Presentations

392

(14)

Appendix B: Critical Thinking Revisited: Arguments and Fallacies

406

(5)

Glossary

411

(11)

References

422

(28)

Index

450

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

9780495007265

0495007269

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

In Mixed Company Communicating in Small Groups and Teams

9780495007265

0495007269

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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