Methods in Behavioral Research with PowerWeb

ISBN 13:
9780073271316
ISBN 10:
0073271314
Edition: 9th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/12/2006
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
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Summary

With its concise and strategic approach to decision making,Methods in Behavioral Researchby Paul C. Cozby continues to gain in popularity among instructors and students alike. Building on a strong foundation of pedagogy and well-chosen examples, the ninth edition incorporates learning objectives, new graphics and activities to increase student involvement, and an updated appendix on writing research reports as well as making poster presentations.

Preface

About the Author

1 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR

Uses of Research Methods

(1)

The Scientific Approach

(4)

Goals of Science

(3)

Basic and Applied Research

(4)

Study Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Activity Questions

(1)

Answers

(1)

2 WHERE TO START

(21)

Hypotheses and Predictions

(1)

Who We Study: A Note on Terminology

(1)

Sources of Ideas

(5)

Library Research

(10)

Anatomy of a Research Article

(2)

Study Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Activity Questions

(2)

3 ETHICAL RESEARCH

(29)

Milgram's Obedience Experiment

(1)

The Belmont Report

(1)

Assessment of Risks and Benefits

(3)

Informed Consent

(5)

The Importance of Debriefing

(1)

Alternatives to Deception

(2)

Justice and the Selection of Participants

(1)

Researcher Commitments

(1)

Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board

(3)

APA Ethics Code

(1)

Research With Human Participants

(2)

Ethics and Animal Research

(2)

Risks and Benefits Revisited

(2)

Misrepresentation

(2)

Study Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Activity Questions

(1)

Answers

(1)

4 STUDYING BEHAVIOR

(25)

Variables

(1)

Operational Definitions of Variables

(1)

Relationships Between Variables

(5)

Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Methods

(5)

Independent and Dependent Variables

(2)

Causality

(2)

Choosing a Method: Advantages of Multiple Methods

(3)

Evaluating Research: Three Validities

(1)

Study Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Activity Questions

(2)

Answers

(1)

5 MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS

(17)

Reliability of Measures

(5)

Construct Validity of Measures

(4)

Research on Personality and Individual Differences

101

(1)

Reactivity of Measures

101

(1)

Variables and Measurement Scales

102

(3)

Study Terms

105

(1)

Review Questions

106

(1)

Activity Questions

106

(2)

6 OBSERVING BEHAVIOR

108

(15)

Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

109

(1)

Naturalistic Observation

110

(4)

Systematic Observation

114

(3)

Case Studies

117

(1)

Archival Research

118

(3)

Study Terms

121

(1)

Review Questions

121

(1)

Activity Questions

121

(1)

Answers

122

(1)

7 ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT THEMSELVES: SURVEY RESEARCH

123

(26)

Why Conduct Surveys?

124

(2)

Constructing Questions to Ask

126

(3)

Responses to Questions

129

(4)

Finalizing the Questionnaire

133

(1)

Administering Surveys

134

(3)

Survey Designs to Study Changes Over Time

137

(1)

Sampling From a Population

138

(2)

Sampling Techniques

140

(4)

Evaluating Samples

144

(2)

Study Terms

146

(1)

Review Questions

147

(1)

Activity Questions

147

(1)

Answers

148

(1)

8 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

149

(16)

Confounding and Internal Validity

150

(1)

Basic Experiments

151

(3)

Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions

154

(1)

Independent Groups Design

155

(1)

Repeated Measures Design

156

(5)

Matched Pairs Design

161

(2)

Study Terms

163

(1)

Review Questions

163

(1)

Activity Questions

163

(2)

9 CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS

165

(21)

Selecting Research Participants

166

(1)

Manipulating the Independent Variable

166

(6)

Measuring the Dependent Variable

172

(4)

Additional Controls

176

(4)

Additional Considerations

180

(2)

Analyzing and Interpreting Results

182

(1)

Communicating Research to Others

183

(1)

Study Terms

184

(1)

Review Questions

184

(1)

Activity Questions

185

(1)

Answers

185

(1)

10 COMPLEX EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

186

(17)

Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent Variable

187

(1)

Increasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial Designs

188

(13)

Study Terms

201

(1)

Review Questions

201

(1)

Activity Questions

201

(1)

Answers

202

(1)

11 SINGLE CASE, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH

203

(22)

Single Case Experimental Designs

204

(4)

Program Evaluation

208

(2)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

210

(8)

Developmental Research Designs

218

(3)

Study Terms

221

(1)

Review Questions

222

(1)

Activity Questions

222

(3)

12 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION

225

(22)

Scales of Measurement: A Review

226

(1)

Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations

227

(2)

Frequency Distributions

229

(2)

Descriptive Statistics

231

(1)

Graphing Relationships

232

(1)

Correlation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of Relationships

233

(5)

Effect Size

238

(1)

Statistical Significance

239

(1)

Regression Equations

239

(1)

Multiple Correlation

240

(2)

Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable Problem

242

(1)

Structural Models

243

(1)

Study Terms

244

(1)

Review Questions

245

(1)

Activity Questions

245

(1)

Answers

246

(1)

13 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: STATISTICAL INFERENCE

247

(24)

Samples and Populations

248

(1)

Inferential Statistics

248

(1)

Null and Research Hypotheses

249

(1)

Probability and Sampling Distributions

250

(3)

Example: The t and F Tests

253

(6)

Type I and Type II Errors

259

(3)

Choosing a Significance Level

262

(1)

Interpreting Nonsignificant Results

262

(2)

Choosing a Sample Size: Power Analysis

264

(1)

The Importance of Replications

265

(1)

Significance of a Pearson r Correlation Coefficient

265

(1)

Computer Analysis of Data

266

(2)

Selecting the Appropriate Significance Test

268

(1)

Study Terms

269

(1)

Review Questions

269

(1)

Activity Questions

270

(1)

14 GENERALIZING RESULTS

271

(16)

Generalizing to Other Populations of Research Participants

272

(3)

Cultural Considerations

275

(2)

Generalizing to Other Experimenters

277

(1)

Pretests and Generalization

277

(1)

Generalizing from Laboratory Settings

278

(1)

The Importance of Replications

279

(3)

Evaluating Generalizations via Literature Reviews and Meta-Analysis

282

(2)

Using Research to Improve Lives

284

(1)

Study Terms

285

(1)

Review Questions

285

(1)

Activity Questions

286

(1)

APPENDIX A: WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS

287

(55)

Introduction

287

(1)

Writing Style

288

(4)

Organization of the Report

292

(11)

The Use of Headings

303

(1)

Citing and Referencing Sources

304

(7)

Abbreviations

311

(2)

Some Grammatical Considerations

313

(3)

Reporting Numbers and Statistics

316

(1)

Conclusion

317

(1)

Paper and Poster Presentations

318

(1)

Sample Paper

319

(23)

APPENDIX B: STATISTICAL TESTS

342

(22)

Descriptive Statistics

342

(3)

Statistical Significance Tests

345

(15)

Correlation and Effect Size

360

(4)

APPENDIX C: STATISTICAL TABLES

364

(12)

Table C.1 Random Number Table

366

(4)

Table C.2 Critical Values of Chi-Square

370

(1)

Table C.3 Critical Values of t

371

(1)

Table C.4 Critical Values of F

372

(3)

Table C.S Critical Values of r (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)

375

(1)

APPENDIX D: CONSTRUCTING A LATIN SQUARE

376

(2)

Glossary

378

(8)

References

386

(11)

Credits

397

(2)

Index

399

Methods in Behavioral Research with PowerWeb

9780073271316

0073271314

Summary

Table of Contents

Write a Review

Methods in Behavioral Research with PowerWeb

9780073271316

0073271314

Summary

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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